Page 1 of 10

1. Core Abstraction
Answer:
Use an abstract class MediaItem to define common properties and enforce the play()
method for all media.
An abstract class is suitable because:

• All media share implementation of properties (id, title, duration).

• Enforcing a base behavior (play() must be implemented).

Code:
public abstract class MediaItem {
protected String id;
protected String title;
protected int duration; // seconds

public MediaItem(String id, String title, int duration) {

this.id = id;
this.title = title;
this.duration = duration;
}

public abstract void play();

public String getId() { return id; }

public String getTitle() { return title; }

@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) return true;
if (!(obj instanceof MediaItem)) return false;
if (this.getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;

MediaItem other = (MediaItem) obj;

return id.equals(other.id) && title.equals(other.title);
}

@Override
public int hashCode() {
return id.hashCode() + title.hashCode();
}
}

Page 2 of 10
2. Optional Behaviors
Answer:
Use Downloadable and Rateables interfaces to define optional capabilities.
Interfaces avoid polluting Media Item with methods irrelevant to some subclasses.

Downloadable.java
public interface Downloadable {
void download();
}
Rateable.java
public interface Rateable {
void rate(int stars);
}

3. Polymorphism & Collections

Answer:
Polymorphism ensures that play() on each MediaItem calls the correct subclass version,
even from a shared collection like ArrayList<MediaItem>.

Subclasses:

Song.java
public class Song extends MediaItem implements Downloadable, Rateable {
private String artist;

public Song(String id, String title, int duration, String artist) {

super(id, title, duration);
this.artist = artist;
}

@Override
public void play() {
System.out.println("Playing song by " + artist + ": " + title);
}

@Override
public void download() {
System.out.println("Downloading song: " + title);
}

@Override
public void rate(int stars) {

Page 3 of 10
 System.out.println("Rated song '" + title + "' with " + stars + "
stars.");
}
}
Movie.java
public class Movie extends MediaItem implements Rateable {
private String director;

public Movie(String id, String title, int duration, String director) {

super(id, title, duration);
this.director = director;
}

@Override
public void play() {
System.out.println("Playing movie directed by " + director + ": " +
title);
}

@Override
public void rate(int stars) {
System.out.println("Rated movie '" + title + "' with " + stars + "
stars.");
}
}
Podcast.java
public class Podcast extends MediaItem implements Downloadable {
private String host;

public Podcast(String id, String title, int duration, String host) {

super(id, title, duration);
this.host = host;
}

@Override
public void play() {
System.out.println("Streaming podcast by " + host + ": " + title);
}

@Override
public void download() {
System.out.println("Downloading podcast: " + title);
}
}

Page 4 of 10
4. Subtyping vs. Inheritance
Answer:

• A Podcast is-a MediaItem → Inheritance

• A Podcast behaves-as Downloadable → Subtyping

This allows behavior composition without forcing all MediaItem subclasses to implement
unrelated methods.

5. Generics & Playlists

Answer:
Use Playlist<T extends MediaItem> for type-safe playlists, and wildcards for mixed
playlists.

Playlist.java
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Playlist<T extends MediaItem> {

private List<T> items = new ArrayList<>();

public void addItem(T item) {

if (!items.contains(item)) {
items.add(item);
}
}

public void playAll() {

for (T item : items) {
item.play();
}
}
}
Mixed Playlist Usage
Playlist<MediaItem> mixed = new Playlist<>();
mixed.addItem(new Song("1", "Chill Vibes", 200, "Lo-Fi"));
mixed.addItem(new Podcast("2", "TechTalk", 1800, "Alex"));
mixed.playAll();

Page 5 of 10
6. Equality & Downcasting
Answer:

• Use getClass() in equals() to ensure a Song ≠ Movie even with same ID/title.

• Downcasting risk: Causes ClassCastException.

Mitigation: Use instanceof before casting:

Code:
if (item instanceof Song) {
Song s = (Song) item;
s.rate(5);
}

7. Runtime Type Checks

Answer:
Use instanceof to find downloadable items safely:

Code:
for (MediaItem item : mediaList) {
if (item instanceof Downloadable) {
((Downloadable) item).download();
}
}

8. Complete code implementation:

Class Downloadable:
public interface Downloadable {
void download();
}

Class MediaItem:
public abstract class MediaItem {
protected String id;
protected String title;
protected int duration; // in seconds

public MediaItem(String id, String title, int duration) {

this.id = id;

Page 6 of 10
 this.title = title;
this.duration = duration;
}

public abstract void play();

public String getId() { return id; }

public String getTitle() { return title; }

@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) return true;
if (!(obj instanceof MediaItem)) return false;
if (this.getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;

MediaItem other = (MediaItem) obj;

return id.equals(other.id) && title.equals(other.title);
}

@Override
public int hashCode() {
return id.hashCode() + title.hashCode();
}
}

Class Rateable:
public interface Rateable {
void rate(int stars);
}

Class Song:
public class Song extends MediaItem implements Downloadable, Rateable {
private String artist;

public Song(String id, String title, int duration, String artist) {

super(id, title, duration);
this.artist = artist;
}

@Override
public void play() {
System.out.println("Playing song by " + artist + ": " + title);
}

@Override
public void download() {
System.out.println("Downloading song: " + title);

Page 7 of 10
 }

@Override
public void rate(int stars) {
System.out.println("Rated song '" + title + "' with " + stars + "
stars.");
}
}

Class Movie:
public class Movie extends MediaItem implements Rateable {
private String director;

public Movie(String id, String title, int duration, String director) {

super(id, title, duration);
this.director = director;
}

@Override
public void play() {
System.out.println("Playing movie directed by " + director + ": " +
title);
}

@Override
public void rate(int stars) {
System.out.println("Rated movie '" + title + "' with " + stars + "
stars.");
}
}

Class Podcast:
public class Podcast extends MediaItem implements Downloadable {
private String host;

public Podcast(String id, String title, int duration, String host) {

super(id, title, duration);
this.host = host;
}

@Override
public void play() {
System.out.println("Streaming podcast by " + host + ": " + title);
}

@Override
public void download() {

Page 8 of 10
 System.out.println("Downloading podcast: " + title);
}
}

Class Playlist:
import java.util.*;

public class Playlist<T extends MediaItem> {

private List<T> items = new ArrayList<>();

public void addItem(T item) {

if (!items.contains(item)) {
items.add(item);
}
}

public void playAll() {

for (T item : items) {
item.play();
}
}
}
Class MediaLibraryApp:
import java.util.*;

public class MediaLibraryApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {
List<MediaItem> mediaLibrary = new ArrayList<>();

Song song = new Song("S1", "Imagine", 210, "John Lennon");

Movie movie = new Movie("M1", "Inception", 8880, "Christopher
Nolan");
Podcast podcast = new Podcast("P1", "TechTalk", 1800, "Jane Doe");

mediaLibrary.add(song);
mediaLibrary.add(movie);
mediaLibrary.add(podcast);

System.out.println("Playing all media:");

for (MediaItem item : mediaLibrary) {
item.play();
}

System.out.println("\nDownloading items:");
for (MediaItem item : mediaLibrary) {
if (item instanceof Downloadable) {
((Downloadable) item).download();

Page 9 of 10
 }
}

System.out.println("\nRating applicable items:");

for (MediaItem item : mediaLibrary) {
if (item instanceof Rateable) {
((Rateable) item).rate(5);
}
}

System.out.println("\nCreating a Song-only playlist:");

Playlist<Song> songPlaylist = new Playlist<>();
songPlaylist.addItem(song);
songPlaylist.playAll();

System.out.println("\nCreating a mixed-media playlist:");

Playlist<MediaItem> mixedPlaylist = new Playlist<>();
mixedPlaylist.addItem(song);
mixedPlaylist.addItem(movie);
mixedPlaylist.addItem(podcast);
mixedPlaylist.playAll();
}
}

Output:

Page 10 of 10