Saksham (सक्षम) MPPSC FOUNDATION

Batch 2024-2025

DAILY
CLASS NOTES
Computer
Lecture – 03
Internet
 Internet

Internet
Introduction
❖ Internet, short for"interconnected networks" is a global network system that connects
millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.
❖ The development of the internet Was done by. Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in the 1970s,
connected people, services, and devices around the world, allowing them to share
information and communicate with each other.
❖ There were 692.0 million internet users in India in January 2023.
❖ India's internet penetration rate in 2023 is 48.7 percent of the total population.
Background Network

1960 1960 was the decade of the internet concept. It began in the early 1990s when
the U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
funded research into time-sharing computers.

1969 First packet-switched network ARPANET Launched.

1970 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) were developed
in the decade of, Which created the basic communication language of the
Internet.

1971 Invention of email Ray Tomlinson has 1971 I did, Which established a
fundamental method of communication on the Internet.

1973 ethernet, widely used (Local Area Network) technology was also developed
during the same period.

1983 Domain Name System (DNS)1983 was started, Thereby using easy-to-
remember domain names (e.g. IP addresses) rather than numerical IP
addresses.www.example.com) Can be used. This made accessing websites more
user-friendly.

1989 The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.

1990 Decade of commercialization and global expansion

1994-95 Companies such as Amazon and eBay were founded and Internet service
providers (ISPs) began offering dial-up connections to homes.
 2000 Facebook in the decade of, Social media platforms like Twitter and YouTube
emerged, Which changed the way people communicate and share information
online.

❖ A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices, such as computers,

servers, printers, and other hardware, that are linked together to facilitate
communication and sharing of resources.
Types of computer networks

❖ LAN (Local Area Network): LAN is a network limited to a small geographic area,
such as a building or a campus.
➢ It covers a distance of about 1 km.
➢ Bus topology, ring topology, and star topology are used in this type of network.
➢ Example-ethernet

❖ WAN (Wide Area Network): WANs cover a wide geographic area, potentially spanning
cities, countries, or continents.
❖ The Internet is the most widespread example of a WAN.

❖ MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A MAN falls between a LAN and a WAN in terms
of geographic scope. It covers a larger geographic area than a LAN but smaller than
a WAN, usually spanning a single city.

❖ PAN (Personal Area Network): A small network that is used to connect devices within
range of a person, such as connecting smartphones, tablets, and laptops via Bluetooth.

❖ CAN (Campus Area Network): Interconnects LANs within a specific geographic area,
such as a university campus or corporate campus.
Protocol:
❖ The Internet Protocol (IP) serves as the foundation of the Internet, it governs the
rules and standards for data transmission and communication. It acts as the Internet's
postal service, ensuring that data packets are sent, received, and routed efficiently
across the network.
 Transmission Control ❖ TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that includes TCP, which
Protocol (TCP) / ensures reliable and error-free delivery of data, and
Internet Protocol (IP) ❖ IP is responsible for addressing and routing packets of data
so that they can travel across the network and reach the
correct destination.

Hypertext Transfer ❖ HTTP is a protocol used to transfer web pages over the
Protocol (HTTP) / Internet.
Hypertext Transfer ❖ HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP, where data is
Protocol Secure encrypted for security during transmission and is commonly
(HTTPS) used for online banking, shopping, and other sensitive
transactions.

File Transfer Protocol ❖ FTP is used to transfer files between computers on a network.
(FTP): It provides a way to upload or download files from your
computer.

Domain Name System ❖ DNS translates domain names (such as www.example.com)

(DNS): into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other
on the network. It's the Internet's address book.

Virtual Private ❖ OpenVPN, L2TP/IPsec, PPTP: These protocols are used in

Network (VPN) VPNs to create secure, encrypted connections, allowing users
Protocol: to securely access private networks over the Internet.

User Datagram ❖ User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core

Protocol (UDP) communications protocols of the Internet Protocol suite that
is used to send messages (carried as datagrams in packets)
to other hosts over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Within
an IP network, UDP does not require prior communication
to establish a communication channel or data path.

Other protocols
❖ Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
❖ Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
❖ Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
❖ Post Office Protocol (POP)
❖ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Internet Protocol (IP):
❖ IP is a fundamental protocol that assigns unique numerical addresses to devices on a
network. There are two versions of IP in use today: IPv4 and IPv6.

Internet Protocol Version (IPV)

Internet Protocol version (IPV) refers to the specific version of the Internet Protocol used
for communications over a network. There are two prevalent versions of Internet Protocol:
❖ IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4): IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol.
IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numerical labels.
❖ IPv4 addresses are expressed in dotted decimal format (for example, 192.168.0.1).
❖ IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6): IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numerical labels.
❖ They are expressed in hexadecimal format (for example,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

Server
❖ Servers in computer networking are specialized computers or software applications
designed to provide various services, resources, or data to other computers, known as
clients, on a network.
Some common types of servers in computer networking:
❖ File server: A file server stores, manages, and provides access to files and folders within
a network.
❖ Web Server: Web servers host websites and deliver Web content to users over the
Internet or intranet.
❖ Database server: Database servers store and manage databases, allowing clients to
access, retrieve, and modify data. They are important for applications that rely on
databases, such as content management systems, e-commerce platforms, and
enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.
❖ Application Server: Application servers host and execute software applications for
clients over a network.
❖ Email Server: They handle sending, receiving, and storing emails. Common email
server protocols include Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) (for sending email) and
Internet Message Access Protocol/Post Office Protocol IMAP/POP (for receiving email).
❖ Print server: Print servers manage printers within a network.
❖ DNS Server: Domain Name System (DNS) servers translate human-readable domain
names (such as www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers use to identify
each other on the network.
❖ FTP Server: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers allow users to upload and download
files using the File Transfer Protocol.
❖ Game Server: Game servers host multiplayer online games, allowing players to
connect, interact, and compete in real-time.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
❖ Every web page that appears on the Internet has a unique address associated with it.
This specific address is called a URL. It was discovered by Tim Berners Lee (1994)
Languages used on WWW
HTML
❖ Introduction: It is a software language for creating web pages on WWW.
❖ Full name: Hyper Text Markup Language
❖ Start: 1989
❖ Hyper Text and Hyperlink are used in this.
❖ Using this the document can be published on the web page.
XML
❖ Introduction: This is the language for creating webpages on WWW.
❖ Full name: Extensible Markup Language
❖ Start: 1996
❖ In this, emphasis is given on storing data and transferring data.
Dial-up connection
❖ It is a medium to connect to the Internet with the help of a telephone line.
❖ It is also called an analog connection.
❖ Due to low speed its use has almost ended.
Broadband
❖ Its full name is Broad Bandwidth.
❖ This is a High-Speed Internet Connection.
❖ Wideband frequencies can be used in this.
❖ Telephone companies use this connection.
Wireless connection
❖ In this, the facility of using the Internet is provided with the help of radio frequency
without wires.
❖ This connection is always on.
❖ Type - Wi-fi, Li-fi
ISDN
❖ Full name – Integrated Services Digital Network
❖ It establishes the connection through the phone line.
❖ It carries a digital signal in place of the analog signal.
❖ It does not require a modem.
DSL
❖ Full name – Digital Subscriber Line.
❖ A two-wire telephone line is used in this.
❖ This facility becomes available with a landline connection.
❖ In this, while using the internet, the consumer can also use the landline.
Router
❖ The Router is the most important component in a computer network. The router is
an internetworking device. The job of a router is to connect two or more different
networks and establish communication between those networks. Another important
work of the router is to tell the correct and easiest route to the data, that is, to tell
the right path so that the data reaches the destination quickly.
Bridge
❖ Its main function is to receive and pass data between two LANs.
❖ This amplifies the signal. It works as a link with the repeater.
❖ It is completely different from a router because it connects the same network together
whereas the router connects different networks.
OSI model
❖ The full name of the OSI model is the Open System Interconnection Model. OSI model
is a reference model which is not used in real life, it is used only as a reference model.
The OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization
in 1984. The OSI model details how data or information will be sent and received
across networks. The OSI model is a reference model for communication between two
users in a network.
Browsing and data retrieval
❖ Web browser: Web browsers (such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, etc.) interpret the data
received from the server, displaying websites, images, videos, and other content to
users.

Web browser Company Peoples

Chrome Google
❖ It was launched by Google in 2008
❖ It is a cross-platform web browser

Safari Apple
❖ Safari is Apple's web browser
❖ It started in January 2003
❖ Apple has recently launched a new version of
Safari, Safari 4.

Firefox Mozilla
❖ It was developed by Mozilla Foundation in the year Foundation
2002
❖ This browser was also made available for mobile
phones, tablets, etc.
❖ Location-aware browsing was made available with
Firefox

Edge Microsoft
❖ Microsoft Edge is a cross-platform browser
developed by Microsoft.
❖ It was first released in 2015 as part of Windows
10 and Xbox One
❖ It can be ported to Android OS, Apple iOS and
macOS, Linux, and older versions of Windows,
including Windows 7 and later.

Opera opera
❖ The Opera web browser was released on April 10, software
1995.
❖ The current version of the browser is based on
Chromium.
❖ Opera is available on Windows, macOS, Linux,
Android, and iOS (Safari WebKit engine)
❖ There are also mobile versions called Opera Mobile
and Opera Mini.

Vivaldi Vivaldi
❖ Vivaldi web browser is made by a company named Technology
Vivaldi Technologies.
❖ You can install this browser on your computer as
well as your mobile phone.
❖ It was started in the year 2018
Brave Brave
❖ Brave is developed by Brave Software, Inc., based Software
on the Chromium web browser. is a free and open-
source web browser developed by
❖ It was first developed in October 2016
❖ Brave is a privacy-focused browser that
automatically blocks most ads and website
trackers in its default settings.

Popular search engines

Search engine Parent Company Peoples

Google Alphabet Inc.

❖ Google was established on 4 September
1998
❖ Google's algorithm, like Featured
Snippets, aims to meet users' needs
directly on Google, so they don't have to
click on any links.

Bing Microsoft
❖ It was launched in 2009.
❖ Bing is the default search engine in
Microsoft's web browser.
❖ Microsoft's Search engine provides a
variety of services including maps as well
as image, web, and video searches

Yahoo Yahoo
❖ Yahoo was launched in 1995.
❖ Yahoo is the most searched search
engine after Google and Bing.
❖ On Yahoo you can get information about
Calendar, News, Images, Finance,
Gadget, Real State, Yahoo Mail, Music,
Sports, Movies, etc.
❖ Like Gmail, Yahoo also has a mail
service.

Baidu Baidu
❖ It was founded in January 2000 by
Chinese entrepreneur, Eric Xu
❖ Baidu is the most used search engine in
China.
❖ It offers some other services including
maps, news, cloud storage, and more

Yandex Yandex N.V.

❖ Launched in 1997, Yandex is the most
used search engine in Russia.
❖ Yandex also has a strong presence in
Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and
Türkiye

Duck Duck go Duck Duck go

❖ It was founded in 2008 in California by
Gabriel Weinberg
❖ They have partnered with Yahoo, Bing,
and Yumli
❖ Unlike Ask.com, they are quite open
about what they use to generate search
results.
 Ask.com IAC
❖ Founded in 1995, Ask.com, formerly (InterActiveCorp)
known as Ask Jeeves
❖ Their main concept was to deliver search
results based on a simple question-
answer web format.
❖ It integrates large amounts of collection
data to answer your question.

Internet in India
NICNET
❖ National Information Center Network is a satellite-based network of the National
Informatics Center that connects the district headquarters of all the states.
INFLIBNET
❖ It was started by the University Grants Commission. It is an information and library
network for universities and colleges.
❖ On August 15, 1995, the first internet service for the public was started by VSNL
(Vishesh Sanchar Nigam Limited).
❖ This is India's second internet service provider company Satyam Info (1998).
❖ The name of BSNL's broadband service is Data One.
❖ The first e-mail service provider in India is Hotmail (1996).
❖ NIC (National Informatics Centre) located in New Delhi is the first institute in India
to use an internet connection.
Internet services
E-mail
❖ Introduction It is a way of sending letters from a computer or other device through
the Internet.
❖ Full Name - Electronic mail inventor = Ray Tomlinson (called the father of e-mail.)
❖ Work = In this it is possible to send text, video, audio, and pictures at low cost and
at high speed.
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