Python & SQL Cheat Sheet (One-

Day Revision)
1. Getting Started with Python


Interpreted, dynamically typed language.




Variables: No need to declare type (x = 5).




Basic I/O:




Data Types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, dict, set.




Type Conversion:

2. Python Programming Fundamentals



Operators:

OperatorMeaning+Addition-Subtraction*Multiplication/
Division%Modulus//Floor Division**Exponentiation




Comparison Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.

 


Logical Operators: and, or, not.




Membership Operators: in, not in.

3. Conditional and Looping Constructs

Conditional Statements

x = 10
if x > 5:
print("Greater than 5")
elif x == 5:
print("Equal to 5")
else:
print("Less than 5")

Loops


Loops in Python



1. While Loop (Runs until a condition is False)

python
CopyEdit
x=5
while x > 0:
print("Counting down:", x)
x -= 1 # Decrease x by 1

1.
 Explanation:

2.

The loop runs as long as the condition (x > 0) is True.

o
o

Each iteration, x decreases by 1, and when x = 0, the

loop stops.

1.

2. For Loop (Runs a fixed number of times)

2.

python
CopyEdit
for i in range(5):
print("Iteration:", i)

1.

Explanation:

2.

range(5) generates values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

o
o

The loop executes once for each value in the range.

1.
 3. For Loop with Lists

2.

python
CopyEdit
fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]
for fruit in fruits:
print("Fruit:", fruit)

1.

Explanation:

2.

Loops through each item in the list and prints it.

1.

4. Nested Loops (Loop inside a loop)

2.

python
CopyEdit
for i in range(3):
for j in range(2):
print(f"Outer loop {i}, Inner loop {j}")

1.

Explanation:

2.

The inner loop runs completely for each outer loop

iteration.

o
 o

Output:

1.

5. Loop Control Statements

2.

break → Stops the loop immediately.

o
o

continue → Skips the current iteration and moves to

the next.

o
o

pass → Does nothing, acts as a placeholder.

python
CopyEdit
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break # Stops loop when i is 3
print(i)

for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue # Skips when i is 2
print(i)

for i in range(5):
pass # Placeholder, loop does nothing

4. Lists in Python
Lists in Python
A list is a collection of items stored in a single variable. It can
contain integers, floats, strings, or even other lists. Lists are
mutable (can be changed after creation).

1. Creating a List
fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
mixed = [1, "Hello", 3.14, True]
empty_list = []

Lists can have different data types




Empty lists can be created using [] or list()

2. Accessing List Elements

fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]

print(fruits[0]) # Apple
print(fruits[1]) # Banana
print(fruits[-1]) # Cherry (Negative index accesses from end)

Indexing starts from 0




Negative indexing allows access from the end (-1 for last
item, -2 for second last, etc.)
 

3. Slicing a List
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]

print(numbers[1:4]) # [20, 30, 40]

print(numbers[:3]) # [10, 20, 30] (From start to index 3)
print(numbers[3:]) # [40, 50, 60] (From index 3 to end)
print(numbers[::2]) # [10, 30, 50] (Every second element)
print(numbers[::-1]) # [60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10] (Reversed list)

4. Modifying Lists
Changing Elements

fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]

fruits[1] = "Mango" # Changes Banana to Mango
print(fruits) # ['Apple', 'Mango', 'Cherry']

5. Adding Elements to a List

Using append() (Adds at the end)

fruits.append("Orange")
print(fruits) # ['Apple', 'Mango', 'Cherry', 'Orange']

Using insert() (Adds at a specific position)

fruits.insert(1, "Grapes") # Adds 'Grapes' at index 1

print(fruits) # ['Apple', 'Grapes', 'Mango', 'Cherry', 'Orange']

Using extend() (Merges two lists)

fruits.extend(["Pineapple", "Watermelon"])
print(fruits) # ['Apple', 'Grapes', 'Mango', 'Cherry', 'Orange',
'Pineapple', 'Watermelon']
6. Removing Elements from a List
fruits.pop(2) # Removes 'Cherry'
print(fruits) # ['Apple', 'Grapes', 'Orange', 'Pineapple', 'Watermelon']

last_item = fruits.pop() # Removes last item

print(last_item) # Watermelon

Using remove() (Removes first occurrence of a value)

fruits.remove("Mango")
print(fruits) # ['Apple', 'Grapes', 'Cherry', 'Orange', 'Pineapple',
'Watermelon']

Using pop() (Removes element at a given index, default

is last)

Using del (Deletes specific index or entire list)

del fruits[1] # Removes 'Grapes'

print(fruits) # ['Apple', 'Orange', 'Pineapple']

del fruits # Deletes entire list

Using clear() (Empties the list)

fruits.clear()
print(fruits) # []

7. Looping Through Lists

Using for Loop

fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]

for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

Using while Loop

i=0
while i < len(fruits):
print(fruits[i])
i += 1

Using List Comprehension

uppercase_fruits = [fruit.upper() for fruit in fruits]

print(uppercase_fruits) # ['APPLE', 'BANANA', 'CHERRY']

8. Checking if an Item Exists

fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]
if "Apple" in fruits:
print("Yes, Apple is in the list")

9. Sorting & Reversing a List

Using sort()

numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1, 5, 6]
numbers.sort()
print(numbers) # [1, 2, 5, 5, 6, 9]

Using sorted() (Returns a sorted copy)

sorted_numbers = sorted(numbers, reverse=True)

print(sorted_numbers) # [9, 6, 5, 5, 2, 1]

Reversing a List

numbers.reverse()
print(numbers) # [6, 5, 5, 2, 1, 9]

10. Copying a List

copy_fruits = fruits.copy()
# OR
copy_fruits = list(fruits)
# OR
copy_fruits = fruits[:]

11. List Methods Summary

Method Description

append(x
Adds x to the end of the list
)

insert(i,
Inserts x at index i
x)

remove( Removes the first occurrence of

x) x

Removes and returns item at

pop(i)
index i (default: last)

clear() Empties the list

index(x) Returns the index of x

Returns the count of x in the

count(x)
list

Sorts the list in ascending

sort()
order

reverse() Reverses the order of elements

Returns a shallow copy of the

copy()
list

12. List Comprehension (Shortcut for

Creating Lists)
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
print(squares) # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
even_numbers = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]
print(even_numbers) # [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

Dictionary in Python
A dictionary in Python is an unordered, mutable collection of
key-value pairs. It is used to store data in a structured way, like a
real-world dictionary where words (keys) have meanings (values).

1. Creating a Dictionary
python
CopyEdit
student = {
"name": "Dhairya",
"age": 17,
"class": "11th",
"subjects": ["Math", "Physics", "Chemistry"]
}

empty_dict = {} # Empty dictionary

Keys must be unique and immutable (strings, numbers,

tuples).




Values can be any data type (strings, lists, dictionaries, etc.).

2. Accessing Dictionary Values

python
CopyEdit
print(student["name"]) # Dhairya
print(student["subjects"]) # ['Math', 'Physics', 'Chemistry']

Using .get() (Avoids KeyError)

python
CopyEdit
print(student.get("age")) # 17
print(student.get("marks", "Not Available")) # Default value if key is
missing

3. Adding & Updating Values

python
CopyEdit
student["age"] = 18 # Update existing value
student["school"] = "XYZ High School" # Add new key-value pair
print(student)

4. Removing Items
Using pop() (Removes key and returns value)

python
CopyEdit
age = student.pop("age")
print(age) # 18
print(student)

Using del (Deletes key or entire dictionary)

python
CopyEdit
del student["class"] # Deletes a specific key
del student # Deletes entire dictionary

Using popitem() (Removes the last inserted item)

python
CopyEdit
student.popitem()
print(student)

Using clear() (Empties the dictionary)

python
CopyEdit
student.clear()
print(student) # {}

5. Looping Through a Dictionary

Looping Through Keys

python
CopyEdit
for key in student:
print(key) # name, age, subjects, school

Looping Through Values

python
CopyEdit
for value in student.values():
print(value) # Dhairya, 18, ['Math', 'Physics', 'Chemistry'], 'XYZ High
School'

Looping Through Key-Value Pairs

python
CopyEdit
for key, value in student.items():
print(key, ":", value)

6. Checking if a Key Exists

python
CopyEdit
if "name" in student:
print("Name exists in dictionary")

7. Dictionary Methods Summary

 Method Description

dict.keys() Returns all keys

dict.values() Returns all values

Returns all key-

dict.items()
value pairs

Returns value of
dict.get(key,
key, or default if key
default)
not found

Removes and
dict.pop(key) returns value of the
key

Removes and
returns the last
dict.popitem()
inserted key-value
pair

Empties the
dict.clear()
dictionary

dict.update(other_di Merges another

ct) dictionary

8. Dictionary Comprehension (Shortcut

for Creating Dictionaries)
python
CopyEdit
squares = {x: x**2 for x in range(5)}
print(squares) # {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}
SQL (Structured
Query Language)
DDL (Data Definition Language)

CREATE TABLE Students (

RollNo INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Marks INT
);

DML (Data Manipulation Language)

INSERT INTO Students (RollNo, Name, Marks) VALUES (1, 'Dhairya',

95);
UPDATE Students SET Marks = 98 WHERE RollNo = 1;
DELETE FROM Students WHERE RollNo = 1;

DQL (Data Query Language)

SELECT * FROM Students;

SELECT Name FROM Students WHERE Marks > 90 ORDER BY Marks
DESC;

Aggregate Functions

SELECT COUNT(*), AVG(Marks), MAX(Marks) FROM Students;

Joins

SELECT Students.Name, Marks.Subject, Marks.Score

FROM Students
INNER JOIN Marks ON Students.RollNo = Marks.RollNo;

Emerging Trends
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML)
 

AI: Machines simulating human intelligence.




ML: AI systems that learn from data (e.g., ChatGPT,

recommendation systems).




Applications: Self-driving cars, facial recognition, chatbots,

fraud detection.

2. Internet of Things (IoT)

Network of interconnected devices that collect & exchange

data (e.g., smart homes, smart cities, wearables).




Uses: Home automation, industrial automation, healthcare

monitoring.

3. Blockchain Technology

Decentralized & secure digital ledger (used in

cryptocurrency, supply chain, smart contracts).




Features: Transparency, security, immutability.

4. Cloud Computing


 Delivery of computing services (storage, databases, servers)
over the internet.




Types: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS




Examples: AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure.

5. Big Data & Data Analytics

Big Data: Large-scale data sets (structured & unstructured).




Data Analytics: Extracting insights from data (e.g., business

trends, AI training, personalized recommendations).

6. Cybersecurity & Ethical Hacking

Protecting systems from cyber threats (hacking, malware,

data breaches).




Ethical hacking: Finding vulnerabilities before hackers

exploit them.

7. 5G & Next-Gen Networks

Faster & more reliable wireless communication.


 

Uses: IoT, real-time gaming, smart cities, self-driving cars.

8. Virtual Reality (VR) & Augmented Reality (AR)

VR: Fully immersive digital environment (e.g., gaming,

training).




AR: Enhancing real-world environment with digital overlays

(e.g., Pokémon GO, AR glasses).

9. Quantum Computing

Uses quantum mechanics for super-fast problem-solving (e.g.,

cryptography, AI, scientific simulations).

10. Edge Computing

Processing data closer to the source instead of a centralized

cloud.




Benefits: Faster response times, less bandwidth usage (used

in IoT, autonomous vehicles).