Interviewer: What is the difference between OOPs and other languages?

Candidate:
Thank you for the question.

The key difference between Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) languages and other
paradigms, such as procedural or functional programming languages, lies in how they
structure and manage code.

OOP languages—like Java, C++, Python (when used in OOP style), and C#—are based on the
concept of "objects." These objects encapsulate both data (attributes) and behaviors
(methods), which promotes modularity, reusability, and scalability. The core principles of
OOP include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

On the other hand, procedural languages like C or early versions of BASIC follow a linear
step-by-step approach and focus more on functions and procedures rather than objects.
Data and functions are treated separately, which can make large codebases harder to
maintain.

Interviewer: What is the difference between a class and an object?

Candidate:
Thank you for the question.

The difference between a class and an object is fundamental to understanding Object-

Oriented Programming.

 A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines the structure and
behavior that the objects will have. It includes properties (also known as attributes or
fields) and methods (functions).

 An object, on the other hand, is an instance of a class. It is the actual entity that
occupies memory and performs actions defined in the class.

Let me give a simple example:

If we have a class called Car, it might have properties like color, model, and speed, and
methods like Drive() and Brake().
When we create an object like Car myCar = new Car();, myCar becomes a real instance of the
Car class, and we can assign values to its properties and call its methods.

 Class = Definition

 Object = Real-world usage or instance !

So, multiple objects can be created from a single class, each with its own data but sharing
the same structure and behavior.
Interviewer: What is the .NET Framework?

Candidate:
Certainly.

The .NET Framework is a software development platform developed by Microsoft. It

provides a runtime environment and a comprehensive set of libraries and APIs that support
the development and execution of applications primarily on Windows.

It includes two main components:

1. Common Language Runtime (CLR): This is the execution engine that handles running
applications. It provides essential services such as memory management, exception
handling, garbage collection, and security.

2. Framework Class Library (FCL): A large collection of reusable classes, interfaces, and
value types that provide functionality for everything from file I/O to database access,
web services, and user interface development.

Interviewer: What is the difference between List and IEnumerable in C#?

Candidate:
Thank you for the question.

The difference between List<T> and IEnumerable<T> in C# lies primarily in their capabilities
and intended usage:

1. Definition:

 IEnumerable<T> is an interface that represents a sequence of elements that can be

iterated over using a foreach loop. It is read-only and supports forward-only
traversal.

 List<T> is a concrete class that implements IEnumerable<T> and several other

interfaces. It provides powerful functionality for managing collections, including
indexing, adding, removing, and sorting elements.

2. Functionality:

 IEnumerable<T>:
 o Allows iteration only.

o Does not support indexing or direct modification.

o Useful when working with LINQ queries or deferred execution.

 List<T>:

o Allows full access to the collection.

o Supports indexing (list[0]), modification, and count properties.

o Useful when you need to store and manipulate data in memory.

3. Performance & Use Cases:

 Use IEnumerable<T> when:

o You need to expose a collection but hide implementation details.

o You're working with large datasets and want deferred execution (like with
LINQ).

 Use List<T> when:

o You need to manipulate the collection (add/remove/sort).

o You need random access to elements.

Example:

csharp

CopyEdit

IEnumerable<int> numbers = GetNumbers(); // Can iterate but not modify

List<int> numberList = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 }; // Can add, remove, access by index

numberList.Add(4);

int first = numberList[0];

Interviewer: Can you tell me about the different versions of .NET?

Candidate:
Certainly. The .NET ecosystem has evolved significantly over time, and it can be broadly
divided into three phases: .NET Framework, .NET Core, and the unified .NET (5 and beyond)
platform.

1. .NET Framework (Windows-only)

 Initial Release: 2002

 Key versions:

o .NET Framework 1.0 – 1.1: Introduced basic CLR and ASP.NET.

o .NET Framework 2.0 – 3.5: Introduced generics, WPF, WCF, LINQ.

o .NET Framework 4.0 – 4.8: Enhanced performance, async programming, and

improved Windows support.

 Platform: Windows-only.

 Still supported for legacy applications, but no major new features.

2. .NET Core (Cross-platform)

 Introduced: 2016

 Key versions:

o .NET Core 1.0: Lightweight and modular.

o .NET Core 2.0 – 2.2: Added more APIs and compatibility.

o .NET Core 3.0 – 3.1: Supported desktop apps (WPF, WinForms) and Blazor.

3. .NET 5 and Beyond (Unified Platform)

 .NET 5 (2020): First unified version combining .NET Core and parts of the .NET
Framework.

 .NET 6 (2021): Long-Term Support (LTS) version with improved performance, Hot
Reload, MAUI (multi-platform UI).

 .NET 7 (2022): Short-term release with improvements in minimal APIs, performance,

and containers.
  .NET 8 (2023): LTS version with cloud-native improvements, AOT compilation.

 .NET 9 (Expected in 2024): Will continue the unified direction.

Interviewer: What is the difference between Java and JavaScript?

Candidate:
Thank you for the question.

Although the names sound similar, Java and JavaScript are completely different languages
in terms of syntax, purpose, and runtime environment.

Key Differences:

Feature Java JavaScript

Object-oriented programming
Type Scripting language primarily for web
language

Runs in browsers (client-side) and on

Platform Runs on Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Node.js

Syntax Strongly typed, class-based Loosely typed, prototype-based

Compiled into bytecode before Interpreted (or JIT-compiled in modern

Compilation
execution engines)

Backend systems, Android apps, Web development (front-end), Node.js

Use Cases
desktop apps backend

Concurrency Multithreading with threads Event-driven, non-blocking I/O

Interviewer: Can you explain the difference between abstract classes and interfaces in C#?

Candidate:
Certainly! Both abstract classes and interfaces are used in object-oriented programming
(OOP) to define contracts for classes. However, they have different purposes and
capabilities. Here's a detailed explanation of each:

1. Abstract Class:
An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated directly. It allows you to define
methods that must be implemented by derived classes, while also providing a base
implementation of some methods. Abstract classes are used when there is a common base
class for a group of related classes, but some methods still need to be implemented by the
derived classes.

 Key Features:

o Can have both abstract methods (without implementation) and concrete

methods (with implementation).

o Can have fields (variables) and constructors.

o Can implement default behavior (method implementation) that derived

classes can override or use directly.

o A class can inherit from only one abstract class (single inheritance).

 Use Case:
Use an abstract class when you want to define common functionality across several
classes, but still leave some functionality for the derived classes to implement.

 Example:

csharp

CopyEdit

public abstract class Animal

public abstract void MakeSound(); // Abstract method, must be implemented by

subclasses

public void Sleep() // Concrete method

Console.WriteLine("Animal is sleeping.");

public class Dog : Animal

public override void MakeSound()

 {

Console.WriteLine("Bark!");

2. Interface:

An interface defines a contract that classes must follow. It can only contain method
signatures (no implementation), properties, events, or indexers, and any class that
implements an interface must provide an implementation for all of its members.

 Key Features:

o Can only contain method signatures and properties, without any

implementation.

o A class can implement multiple interfaces (multiple inheritance).

o Cannot contain fields or constructors.

o All members of an interface are implicitly public and abstract.

o Interfaces are often used to define common functionality across different

classes that might not share a common base class.

 Use Case:
Use an interface when you want to define a contract that any class can implement,
without enforcing an inheritance hierarchy.

 Example:

csharp

CopyEdit

public interface IAnimal

void MakeSound(); // Method signature, no implementation

public class Dog : IAnimal

{
 public void MakeSound()

Console.WriteLine("Bark!");

}
1. Super Key

 A super key is any combination of columns that uniquely identifies a row in a table.

 It can include extra attributes that are not necessary for uniqueness.

 Example:

sql

CopyEdit

Table: Student (StudentID, Email, Name)

Super Keys:

- {StudentID}

- {Email}

- {StudentID, Name}

2. Candidate Key

 A candidate key is a minimal super key – i.e., it has no unnecessary attributes.

 A table can have multiple candidate keys.

 Example:

sql

CopyEdit

Candidate Keys: {StudentID}, {Email}

3. Primary Key

 A primary key is one of the candidate keys chosen to uniquely identify records in a
table.

 Cannot be NULL and must be unique.

 Only one primary key per table.

 Example:

sql
CopyEdit

PRIMARY KEY (StudentID)

4. Unique Key

 A unique key also ensures uniqueness, but allows one NULL (in most DBMSs like
MySQL).

 A table can have multiple unique keys.

 Example:

sql

CopyEdit

UNIQUE (Email)

5. Foreign Key

 A foreign key is a column (or set of columns) that references the primary key in
another table.

 Used to maintain referential integrity between related tables.

 Example:

sql

CopyEdit

FOREIGN KEY (CourseID) REFERENCES Course(CourseID)