Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Project Title :Thermometer (Range: -10 to 100 deg C)

Group No. 45

Group Members

1. Md. Nayem (1902063)

2. Shahadat Hossain Shakil(1902098)

3. Mohtasin Fuad(1902102)
4. Md. Zahidur Rahman (1902111)

Date of submission 20-08-2023

Digital thermometers are widely used to measure the temperature and also it is safe to use.

Digital thermometers can be used in houses, offices, hospitals and so on. In this project we have

planned to make a digital thermometer using a temperature sensor and micro-controller. The

design we proposed will also be cost effective and affordable. NTC is the temperature sensor

which is used in our project. The temperature value which is in analog value is converted to

digital and it is displayed using a liquid crystal display. The temperature measured using our

design will be compared with the actual thermometer reading and the result will also be verified.

Keywords: Analog,Cost effective, Liquid Crystal Display, Temperature.

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Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Working and Design of Circuit 2

2.1 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 Mathematical Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.2.1 Program code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 PCB layout 7

4 Breadboard Implementation 9

5 PCB Implementation 10

6 Price Table 12

7 Future Improvement 13

8 Conclusion 16

9 Plagiarism Declaration 17

References 17

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List of Figures

2.1 circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 Circuit simulation using Proteas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.1 pcb layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.1 breadboard implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5.1 pcb implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

7.1 measurement of room temparature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

7.2 google weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

7.3 mercury thermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

7.4 measurement of body temparature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

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List of Tables

6.1 price of the components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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Listings

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Chapter 1

Introduction

The main aim of this project is to design and develop a thermometer which is safer to use. It

works on the principle of superconductivity.This project deals with the development of digi-

tal thermometers with more accuracy in measuring the temperature like conventional mercury

thermometers. This can be used in houses, hospitals, offices, clinics etc. to measure the temper-

ature[1]. Also, factors such as rising healthcare expenditure and increasing healthcare awareness

boost the concept of self-care management. Digital room temperature is very crucial, since a

certain room or atmosphere needs to be digitally controlled which means that the analog tem-

perature reader uses a tension overwriting which may require more measurements to obtain the

actual ambient temperature. With the NTC temperature sensor this device helps the consumer

to achieve a more accurate temperature representation of the room[2].

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Chapter 2

Working and Design of Circuit

Working Principle:

Temperature Sensing: The NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistor is a type of

temperature sensor whose resistance decreases as the temperature increases. It’s connected to

one of the analog input pins of the PIC16F877A microcontroller.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC): The microcontroller converts the varying resistance

of the NTC thermistor into an analog voltage using the built-in ADC. The ADC measures this

voltage and converts it into a digital value that represents the temperature.

Temperature Calculation: The microcontroller uses a mathematical formula or a lookup

table to convert the ADC’s digital value into a temperature value in degrees Celsius. This

calculation is based on the characteristics of the NTC thermistor and its resistance-temperature

relationship.

Display Output: The calculated temperature value is then displayed on the 16X2 LCD display.

The microcontroller sends the temperature value as text characters to the LCD, which shows

it on the screen.

Software Logic: The software programmed into the microcontroller’s memory controls the

entire process. It reads the ADC value, performs the temperature conversion, and sends the

result to the LCD. This logic ensures the accurate representation of temperature readings.

Temperature Range: The thermometer is designed to work in a temperature range of -10

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Chapter 2. Working and Design of Circuit 2.1. Figures

to 100 degrees Celsius. The software ensures that the displayed temperature value falls within

this range.

User Interaction: Users can monitor the current temperature on the LCD display. Since

you’ve created the system using the PICKit 2 software and miKroC software, you’ve likely

integrated the necessary code for user interaction and display functionality.

2.1 Figures

Figure 2.1: circuit diagram

Figure 2.2: Circuit simulation using Proteas

Description of various components :

1. NTC: NTC is a temperature sensor with 3 pins. The temperature is measured in the range

of -10°C to 100°C. The temperature readings will be more accurate compared to the thermistor

. When the temperature is at 0°C the output voltage of the sensor will be 0 volts. And, for

every degree rise in temperature the output voltage increases by 10 mV. The advantages are

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2.2. Mathematical Formula Chapter 2. Working and Design of Circuit

that it is of low cost, light in weight and has greater accuracy. The applications of NTC include

monitoring the temperature of the battery, environment and so on.

2. LCD :LCD is the most commonly used electronic display module. LCD is a liquid crystal

display that uses the light modulating property of liquid crystals and displays the content. A

16×2 LCD has 16 columns and 2 rows so that 16 characters can be displayed in a single row.

The advantages of LCD include thin compared with other displays and the power consumption

is low. LCD has various applications it is used in laptops, calculators, mobile phones etc.

3. Potentiometer : Potentiometer is a resistor with three terminals which is used for mea-

suring voltage (electric potential). Potentiometer is nothing but a voltage divider. Variable

potentiometers are used to control current and the voltage. Most commonly potentiometers are

used in electronic devices to adjust the volume.

4. PIC 16F877A : PIC 16F877A is a 40 pin IC. PIC16F877 is one of the cheapest micro

controllers with low power consumption. The operating voltage of a PIC16F877 is 4.5V to

5.5V. It has 4 ports. They port A, port B, port C and port D. All the ports are 8 bit and

bidirectional with many functionalities. And each port comes with 8 IO pins. PIC16F877A is

preferred mostly compared to other micro controllers as it executes instructions faster and has

an RISC processor. The applications of PIC16F877A are it can be used where automation plays

a major role and also it can be used in temperature controlling systems, embedded systems etc.

2.2 Mathematical Formula

temp=log(10000.0*((1024.0/res-1)))

temp=1/(0.001129148+(0.000234125+(0.0000000876741*temp*temp))*temp)

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Chapter 2. Working and Design of Circuit 2.2. Mathematical Formula

2.2.1 Program code

t e p a r a t u r e code :

s b i t LCD RS a t RB0 bit ; // Lcd p i n o u t s e t t i n g

s b i t LCD EN a t RB1 bit ;

s b i t LCD D4 a t RB2 bit ;

s b i t LCD D5 a t RB3 bit ;

s b i t LCD D6 a t RB4 bit ;

s b i t LCD D7 a t RB5 bit ;

#d e f i n e XTAL FREQ 8000000

s b i t LCD RS Direction a t TRISB0 bit ;

s b i t LCD EN Direction a t TRISB1 bit ; // f o r p i n d i r e c t i o n

s b i t LCD D4 Direction a t TRISB2 bit ;

s b i t LCD D5 Direction a t TRISB3 bit ;

s b i t LCD D6 Direction a t TRISB4 bit ;

s b i t LCD D7 Direction a t TRISB5 bit ;

char she [ 3 0 ] ;

v o i d main ( )

ADCON1=0x00 ;

TRISA=0xFF ;

Lcd Init ( ) ;

ADC Init ( ) ;

Lcd Cmd ( LCD CLEAR ) ;

Lcd Cmd ( LCD CURSOR OFF ) ;

Lcd out ( 1 , 1 , ” Temparature i s ” ) ;

while (1)

d o u b l e temp ;

signed int res ;

r e s= ADC Read ( 0 ) ;

temp=l o g ( 1 0 0 0 0 . 0 ∗ ( ( 1 0 2 4 . 0 / r e s − 1 ) ) ) ;

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2.2. Mathematical Formula Chapter 2. Working and Design of Circuit

temp = 1 / ( 0 . 0 0 1 1 2 9 1 4 8 + ( 0 . 0 0 0 2 3 4 1 2 5 + ( 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 7 6 7 4 1 ∗ temp∗temp ) ) ∗ temp ) ;

temp=temp − 2 7 3 . 1 5 ;

f l o a t t o s t r ( temp , s h e ) ;

Lcd Out ( 2 , 1 , s h e ) ;

Lcd Chr Cp ( 2 2 3 ) ;

L c d c h r c p ( ’C ’ ) ;

Delay ms ( 5 0 0 ) ;

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Chapter 3

PCB layout

Description: We’ve utilized Proteus software to design the PCB layout. This involves creating

a visual representation of the circuit connections and components that make up your digital

thermometer system. The NTC thermistor sensor is linked to an analog input pin on the

PIC16F877A microcontroller. The microcontroller processes the analog signal using its ADC

and translates it into a digital temperature value. This value is then sent to a 16X2 LCD display

for easy visualization. By designing the PCB layout using Proteus, you’ve efficiently mapped

out the physical connections, component placements, and routing paths, allowing for a clear

and organized representation of your project’s electronic architecture. This step is pivotal in

transitioning your project from the prototype stage to a more refined and manufacturable form.

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 Chapter 3. PCB layout

Figure 3.1: pcb layout

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Chapter 4

Breadboard Implementation

Description: We’ve implemented the digital thermometer project on a breadboard by con-

necting the NTC thermistor sensor to an analog input pin of the PIC16F877A microcontroller.

The microcontroller reads the analog signal through its ADC, converts it into a digital value

representing temperature, and processes this data using programmed logic. The temperature

reading is then sent to a 16X2 LCD display, showing real-time temperature values within the

specified range of -10 to 100 degrees Celsius. This setup showcases your adeptness in integrat-

ing hardware components and programming to create a functional and informative temperature

monitoring system on a breadboard platform.

Figure 4.1: breadboard implementation

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Chapter 5

PCB Implementation

Transitioning from a breadboard prototype to a real PCB involves transferring our digital

thermometer project from a temporary setup to a more permanent and compact form. After

designing the PCB layout using Proteus software, we’ve manufactured an actual printed circuit

board (PCB) with the designed traces, components, and connections. This real PCB version

encapsulates the same functionality as your prototype but offers several advantages, such as

increased reliability, compactness, and suitability for production. The NTC thermistor sensor

is soldered onto the PCB and connected to the microcontroller’s analog input pin, allowing

for accurate temperature sensing. The microcontroller processes the data, converts it into

digital temperature values, and sends them to the 16X2 LCD display through the integrated

circuit pathways. By implementing the project on a PCB, we’ve transformed our concept

into a tangible, manufacturable, and efficient device that showcases our prowess in electrical

engineering and practical application of technology.

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Chapter 5. PCB Implementation

Figure 5.1: pcb implementation

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Chapter 6

Price Table

Table 6.1: price of the components

component name quantity price

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Chapter 7

Future Improvement

This system can be built into a wearable model so that it will be more handy, easily accessible

and allows continuous monitoring. The precision and accuracy could be further improved. The

measurement of different types of temperature sensors can be compared. This project can be

developed as a health monitoring system by measuring parameters other than body temperature

such as heart rate. All these parameters can be sent as a message to the specified user with the

help of the GSM module. Also used as a Fire alarm system by adding a loudspeaker.During

cold weather, the icing level is also determined using thermometers in roadways for the safety

of transports.The control of machineries are monitored by measuring the room temperature in

industries.Also used to measure the temperature of food items like cakes and pastries in the

food industry.

CALCULATION OF ERROR:

Actual temperature is 28°C [got from google weather]

Our thermometer show around 29.34 °C(measured value)

Percentage of error= (actual value measure value)/(actual value)×100

= (29.34 -28)/28×100

=4.78percent

For body temperature is around=35.6°C[got from mercury thermometer]

Our thermometer show around 34.07 °C(measured value)

Percentage of error= (actual value measure value)/(actual value)×100

= (35.6 -34.07)/35.6×100 =4.3percent

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 Chapter 7. Future Improvement

Figure 7.1: measurement of room temparature

Figure 7.2: google weather

Figure 7.3: mercury thermometer

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Chapter 7. Future Improvement

Figure 7.4: measurement of body temparature

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Chapter 8

Conclusion

Thermometer is a gadget which helps in estimating the temperature gradient or temperature

of people by following certain principles. These are the developed version of mercury ther-

mometers. These thermometers offer quick and exact outcomes, eco-friendly and anybody can

utilize them. The design and usage of a digital thermometer with the operating range of -10℃

to +100℃, which is the focus of this project, is accomplished. Highly accurate temperature

sensing is also established

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Chapter 9

Plagiarism Declaration

With the exception of any statement to the contrary, all the material presented in this report is

the result of my own efforts. In addition, no parts of this report are copied from other sources.

I understand that any evidence of plagiarism and/or the use of unacknowledged third party

materials will be dealt with as a serious matter.

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References

[1] B.O .Oyebola1; V. T. Odueso 2, ”NTC Based Digital Room Temperature Meter: A Simple

Demonstration,” 2017 Equatorial Journal of Computational and Theoretical Science, 2 (1):

6-15 Journal Homepage: www.erjournals.com ISSN: 0184-7937 Page 6-15

[2] K. Mahmud, M. S. Alam and R. Ghosh, ”Design of digital thermometer based on

PIC16F77A single chip microcontroller,” 2013 3rd International Conference on Con-

sumer Electronics, Communications and Networks, Xianning, 2014, pp. 246-249, doi:

10.1109/CECNet.2013.6703317.

[3] G. Wang, W. Wang, K. Li and H. Liu, ”A digitalthermometer with fast response and high

precision,” 2015 7th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics,

Dalian, pp. 504-510.

[4] Z. Qian, ”Design of Digital Thermometer Based on NTC Single Chip Microcontroller,”

2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering, Wuhan, 2011, pp.

725-728, doi: 10.1109/iCECE.2010.185.

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