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Classical Mechanics P8

The document presents a problem set for a Classical Mechanics course, focusing on the dynamics of a pendulum and gravitational forces between point masses. It includes detailed derivations of equations of motion, solutions for angular displacement, and the effects of initial conditions on motion. Additionally, it discusses the conservation of momentum and relativistic effects on objects moving at significant speeds.

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Vũ Nhật Huy
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views4 pages

Classical Mechanics P8

The document presents a problem set for a Classical Mechanics course, focusing on the dynamics of a pendulum and gravitational forces between point masses. It includes detailed derivations of equations of motion, solutions for angular displacement, and the effects of initial conditions on motion. Additionally, it discusses the conservation of momentum and relativistic effects on objects moving at significant speeds.

Uploaded by

Vũ Nhật Huy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Classical Mechanics 1, Autumn 2021 CMI

Problem set 8
- Govind S. Krishnaswami
Soham Chatterjee

Roll: BMC202175

1
1. Given that θ̈ = −ω 2 sin θ. Let f (θ) = −ω 2 sin θ Now

d 1 d2
f (θ) ≈ f (θ0 ) + f (θ) (θ − θ0 ) + f (θ) (θ − θ0 )2
dθ θ=θ0 2 dθ2 θ=θ0

Given that θ0 = π. Hence

d 1 d2
f (θ) ≈ f (π) + f (θ) (θ − π) +
2
f (θ) (θ − π)2
dθ θ=π 2 dθ θ=π
1 2
2 2
= −ω sin π + (−ω cos π)(θ − π) + (ω sin π)(θ − π)2
2
= −ω 2 cos(π)(θ − π)
= ω 2 (θ − π)

(a) Putting θ = π + ϕ we get


θ̇ = ϕ̇ =⇒ θ̈ = ϕ̈
Hence
g
f (θ) = f (π + ϕ) = ω 2 (π + ϕ − π) = ω 2 ϕ = ϕ
l
Therefore we get
g
ϕ̈ = ϕ
l
(b) Suppose the solution of the equation ϕ̈ = ω 2 ϕ will be proportional to eλt for some real number
λ ∈ R. Hence ϕ = eλt . Therefore

d2 λt
(e − ω 2 eλt ) =⇒ λ2 eλt − ω 2 eλt = 0 =⇒ (ω + λ)(ω − λ)eλt = 0
dt2
As eλt =
̸ 0 the solutions of λ are ω and −ω.
Hence the linearly solutions for ϕ are c1 eωt and c2 e−ωt where c1 , c2 are two real numbers.
Hence the general solution of ϕ is
√g √g
ϕ(t) = c1 e l t + c2 e− l t
ϕ̇(0) ϕ̇(0)
Now ϕ(0) = c1 + c2 and ϕ̇(0) = ω(c1 − c2 ) hence c1 = 12 (ϕ(0) + ω ) and c2 = 12 (ϕ(0) − ω ).
Therefore the general solution of the equation is
√g √g
ϕ(t) = c1 e l t + c2 e− l t
ϕ̇(0) ϕ̇(0)
where c1 = 12 (ϕ(0) + ω ) and c2 = 21 (ϕ(0) − ω ).
(c) ϕ is positive when it rotates counter-clock wise and negative when it rotates clockwise. Therefore
• When c1 = c2 = 0 we have ϕ(0) = ϕ̇(0) = 0. Hence θ(t) = π for all t. Hence it is a static
solution.
• When c1 = 0, c2 > 0 we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is positive and it
is decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise and approaches ϕ = 0 but never reaches it in
finite time.
• When c1 = 0, c2 < 0 we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle is negative and it is
increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise and approaches ϕ = 0 but never reaches
it in finite time.

2
• When c1 > 0, c2 = 0 we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. hence initial angle is positive and it is
increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise.
• When c1 > 0, c2 > 0 and c1 = c2 we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) = 0. Hence initial angle is
positive and the bob will start rotating counter-clockwise
• When c1 > 0, c2 > 0 and c1 > c2 we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle is
positive and it is increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise.
• When c1 > 0, c2 > 0 and c1 < c2 we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is
positive and it is decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise and eventually angle becomes
negative.
• When c1 > 0, c2 < 0 and |c1 | = |c2 | we have ϕ(0) = 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle is
zero and it keeps increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise.
• When c1 > 0, c2 < 0 and |c1 | > |c2 | we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle is
positive and it keeps increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise.
• When c1 > 0, c2 < 0 and |c1 | < |c2 | we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle
is negative and it keeps increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise and eventually
angle becomes positive.
• When c1 < 0, c2 = 0 we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. hence initial angle is negative and it is
decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise.
• When c1 < 0, c2 > 0 and |c1 | = |c2 | we have ϕ(0) = 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is
zero and it is decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise.
• When c1 < 0, c2 > 0 and |c1 | > |c2 | we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is
negative and it is decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise.
• When c1 < 0, c2 > 0 and |c1 | < |c2 | we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is
positive and it is decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise and eventually angle becomes
negative.
• When c1 < 0, c2 < 0 and c1 = c2 we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) = 0. Hence initial angle is
negative and the bob will start rotating clockwise
• When c1 < 0, c2 < 0 and c1 > c2 we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle is
negative and it keeps increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise and eventually
angle becomes positive.
• When c1 < 0, c2 < 0 and c1 < c2 we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is
negative and it keeps decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise.
2. (a) Gravitational Forces acting between
G me mm
• point masses me , mm is
|r e − r m |2
G me ms
• point masses me , ms is
|r e − r s |2
G mm ms
• point masses mm , ms is
|r m − r s |2
Hence for the particle with mass me Newton’s 2nd law equations of motion is
G me mm G me ms
me r̈ e = − (r e − r m ) − (r e − r s )
|r e − r m |3 |r e − r s |3
G mm G ms
=⇒ r̈ e = 3
(r m − r e ) + (r s − r e )
|r e − r m | |r e − r s |3

3
For the particle with mass mm Newton’s 2nd law equations of motion is
G mm me G mm ms
mm r̈ m = − (r m − r e ) − (r m − r s )
|r m − r e |2 |r m − r s |2
G me G ms
=⇒ r̈ m = (r e − r m ) + (r s − r m )
|r m − r e |2 |r m − r s |2

For the particle with mass ms Newton’s 2nd law equations of motion is
G ms me G ms mm
ms r̈ s = − (r s − r e ) − (r s − r m )
|r s − r e |2 |r s − r m |2
G me G mm
=⇒ r̈ s = (r e − r s ) + (r m − r s )
|r s − r e |2 |r s − r m |2

(b) Now
" #
G me mm G me ms
me r̈ e + mm r̈ m + ms r̈ s = − (r e − r m ) − (r e − r s )
|r e − r m |3 |r e − r s |3
" #
G mm me G mm ms
+ − (r m − r e ) − (r m − r s )
|r m − r e |2 |r m − r s |2
" #
G ms me G ms mm
+ − (r s − r e ) − (r s − r m )
|r s − r e |2 |r s − r m |2
d
=⇒ (me ṙ e + mm ṙ m + ms ṙ s ) = 0
dt
=⇒ me ṙ e + mm ṙ m + ms ṙ s = Constant

Therefore total linear momentum of the system is conserved.


100 × 103
3. (a) Magnitude of Relativistic effect on the tennis ball served at the speed v = 100 km/h = m/s
3600
1000
= m/s is
36 !2 !2
1000
1
36
= ≈ 8.57 × 10−15
3 × 108 108 × 105

(b) Magnitude of Relativistic effect of Earth’s motion at a speed of 30 km/s=3 × 104 m/s around the
sun is !2
3 × 104
= (10−4 )2 = 10−8
3 × 108

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