Classical Mechanics P8
Classical Mechanics P8
Problem set 8
- Govind S. Krishnaswami
Soham Chatterjee
Roll: BMC202175
1
1. Given that θ̈ = −ω 2 sin θ. Let f (θ) = −ω 2 sin θ Now
d 1 d2
f (θ) ≈ f (θ0 ) + f (θ) (θ − θ0 ) + f (θ) (θ − θ0 )2
dθ θ=θ0 2 dθ2 θ=θ0
d 1 d2
f (θ) ≈ f (π) + f (θ) (θ − π) +
2
f (θ) (θ − π)2
dθ θ=π 2 dθ θ=π
1 2
2 2
= −ω sin π + (−ω cos π)(θ − π) + (ω sin π)(θ − π)2
2
= −ω 2 cos(π)(θ − π)
= ω 2 (θ − π)
d2 λt
(e − ω 2 eλt ) =⇒ λ2 eλt − ω 2 eλt = 0 =⇒ (ω + λ)(ω − λ)eλt = 0
dt2
As eλt =
̸ 0 the solutions of λ are ω and −ω.
Hence the linearly solutions for ϕ are c1 eωt and c2 e−ωt where c1 , c2 are two real numbers.
Hence the general solution of ϕ is
√g √g
ϕ(t) = c1 e l t + c2 e− l t
ϕ̇(0) ϕ̇(0)
Now ϕ(0) = c1 + c2 and ϕ̇(0) = ω(c1 − c2 ) hence c1 = 12 (ϕ(0) + ω ) and c2 = 12 (ϕ(0) − ω ).
Therefore the general solution of the equation is
√g √g
ϕ(t) = c1 e l t + c2 e− l t
ϕ̇(0) ϕ̇(0)
where c1 = 12 (ϕ(0) + ω ) and c2 = 21 (ϕ(0) − ω ).
(c) ϕ is positive when it rotates counter-clock wise and negative when it rotates clockwise. Therefore
• When c1 = c2 = 0 we have ϕ(0) = ϕ̇(0) = 0. Hence θ(t) = π for all t. Hence it is a static
solution.
• When c1 = 0, c2 > 0 we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is positive and it
is decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise and approaches ϕ = 0 but never reaches it in
finite time.
• When c1 = 0, c2 < 0 we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle is negative and it is
increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise and approaches ϕ = 0 but never reaches
it in finite time.
2
• When c1 > 0, c2 = 0 we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. hence initial angle is positive and it is
increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise.
• When c1 > 0, c2 > 0 and c1 = c2 we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) = 0. Hence initial angle is
positive and the bob will start rotating counter-clockwise
• When c1 > 0, c2 > 0 and c1 > c2 we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle is
positive and it is increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise.
• When c1 > 0, c2 > 0 and c1 < c2 we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is
positive and it is decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise and eventually angle becomes
negative.
• When c1 > 0, c2 < 0 and |c1 | = |c2 | we have ϕ(0) = 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle is
zero and it keeps increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise.
• When c1 > 0, c2 < 0 and |c1 | > |c2 | we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle is
positive and it keeps increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise.
• When c1 > 0, c2 < 0 and |c1 | < |c2 | we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle
is negative and it keeps increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise and eventually
angle becomes positive.
• When c1 < 0, c2 = 0 we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. hence initial angle is negative and it is
decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise.
• When c1 < 0, c2 > 0 and |c1 | = |c2 | we have ϕ(0) = 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is
zero and it is decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise.
• When c1 < 0, c2 > 0 and |c1 | > |c2 | we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is
negative and it is decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise.
• When c1 < 0, c2 > 0 and |c1 | < |c2 | we have ϕ(0) > 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is
positive and it is decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise and eventually angle becomes
negative.
• When c1 < 0, c2 < 0 and c1 = c2 we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) = 0. Hence initial angle is
negative and the bob will start rotating clockwise
• When c1 < 0, c2 < 0 and c1 > c2 we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) > 0. Hence initial angle is
negative and it keeps increasing i.e. the bob is rotating counter-clockwise and eventually
angle becomes positive.
• When c1 < 0, c2 < 0 and c1 < c2 we have ϕ(0) < 0 and ϕ̇(0) < 0. Hence initial angle is
negative and it keeps decreasing i.e. the bob is rotating clockwise.
2. (a) Gravitational Forces acting between
G me mm
• point masses me , mm is
|r e − r m |2
G me ms
• point masses me , ms is
|r e − r s |2
G mm ms
• point masses mm , ms is
|r m − r s |2
Hence for the particle with mass me Newton’s 2nd law equations of motion is
G me mm G me ms
me r̈ e = − (r e − r m ) − (r e − r s )
|r e − r m |3 |r e − r s |3
G mm G ms
=⇒ r̈ e = 3
(r m − r e ) + (r s − r e )
|r e − r m | |r e − r s |3
3
For the particle with mass mm Newton’s 2nd law equations of motion is
G mm me G mm ms
mm r̈ m = − (r m − r e ) − (r m − r s )
|r m − r e |2 |r m − r s |2
G me G ms
=⇒ r̈ m = (r e − r m ) + (r s − r m )
|r m − r e |2 |r m − r s |2
For the particle with mass ms Newton’s 2nd law equations of motion is
G ms me G ms mm
ms r̈ s = − (r s − r e ) − (r s − r m )
|r s − r e |2 |r s − r m |2
G me G mm
=⇒ r̈ s = (r e − r s ) + (r m − r s )
|r s − r e |2 |r s − r m |2
(b) Now
" #
G me mm G me ms
me r̈ e + mm r̈ m + ms r̈ s = − (r e − r m ) − (r e − r s )
|r e − r m |3 |r e − r s |3
" #
G mm me G mm ms
+ − (r m − r e ) − (r m − r s )
|r m − r e |2 |r m − r s |2
" #
G ms me G ms mm
+ − (r s − r e ) − (r s − r m )
|r s − r e |2 |r s − r m |2
d
=⇒ (me ṙ e + mm ṙ m + ms ṙ s ) = 0
dt
=⇒ me ṙ e + mm ṙ m + ms ṙ s = Constant
(b) Magnitude of Relativistic effect of Earth’s motion at a speed of 30 km/s=3 × 104 m/s around the
sun is !2
3 × 104
= (10−4 )2 = 10−8
3 × 108