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Operating System Notes

The document discusses fragmentation in operating systems, highlighting internal and external fragmentation, and solutions like compaction and paging. It also outlines file access methods, including sequential, direct, and indexed sequential access, along with their characteristics and best uses. Additionally, it covers device management functions, emphasizing device detection, allocation, buffering, scheduling, communication, error handling, and security.

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3 views3 pages

Operating System Notes

The document discusses fragmentation in operating systems, highlighting internal and external fragmentation, and solutions like compaction and paging. It also outlines file access methods, including sequential, direct, and indexed sequential access, along with their characteristics and best uses. Additionally, it covers device management functions, emphasizing device detection, allocation, buffering, scheduling, communication, error handling, and security.

Uploaded by

pandaffbhumre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System Notes

### Fragmentation in Operating Systems

Fragmentation is a condition in which free memory space is broken


into small, non-contiguous blocks, making it difficult to allocate
memory efficiently. It occurs in two main forms:

1. **Internal Fragmentation** - This happens when allocated memory


is slightly larger than the requested memory, leading to wasted space
within allocated blocks.
2. **External Fragmentation** - This occurs when free memory is
scattered across different locations, making it difficult to allocate
contiguous memory blocks even if enough total free space is
available.

**Solution to Fragmentation:**
- **Compaction**: Rearranging memory to combine free spaces.
- **Paging & Segmentation**: Using non-contiguous memory
allocation to avoid external fragmentation.

---

### File Access Methods in Operating Systems

File access methods define how data is read from and written to a file.
The three main types of file access methods are:

#### 1. Sequential Access


- Data is read or written in a sequential manner, from the beginning to
the end.
- Used in applications like text editors and compilers.
- **Operations:** Read Next, Write Next, Rewind.

#### 2. Direct (Random) Access


- Allows direct access to any block of data using an address or index.
- Used in applications like databases.
- **Operations:** Read N, Write N, Seek.

#### 3. Indexed Sequential Access


- A combination of sequential and direct access methods.
- Uses an **index table** to map key values to file locations.
- Used in database management systems (DBMS).

| **Method** | **Access Type** | **Best For** | **Speed** |


**Complexity** |
|------------|--------------|-------------|------------|-------------|
| **Sequential** | Ordered | Text files, Logs | Slow | Simple |
| **Direct (Random)** | Any location | Databases, Disk-based storage |
Fast | Complex |
| **Indexed Sequential** | Hybrid | Large databases | Moderate |
Medium |

---

### Device Management Functions in Operating Systems

Device management is a crucial function of an **Operating System


(OS)** that handles communication between the computer and its
peripheral devices.

#### 1. Device Detection and Configuration


- The OS detects and configures devices when connected.

#### 2. Device Allocation and Deallocation


- Ensures efficient sharing of devices among multiple processes.

#### 3. Buffering and Caching


- **Buffering**: Temporary storage of data for better speed.
- **Caching**: Frequently accessed data is stored in a cache.

#### 4. Scheduling and Queuing


- Uses **scheduling algorithms** to manage multiple requests.
#### 5. Device Communication and Control
- Uses **device drivers** for communication.

#### 6. Error Detection and Handling


- Monitors devices for failures and generates error messages.

#### 7. Security and Protection


- Prevents **unauthorized access** to devices.

Device management ensures efficient, error-free, and secure


communication between hardware and software.

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