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HW 11

The document outlines an assignment for a Mathematical Analysis II course, consisting of various problems related to volume, integration, and coordinate transformations in n-dimensional spaces. Key topics include proving properties of bounded sets, ellipsoids, polar coordinates, and the concept of compact support in functions. Additionally, it discusses the importance of one-to-one mappings in the change of variable formula and provides examples and theorems related to local integrability and partitions of unity.

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5 views3 pages

HW 11

The document outlines an assignment for a Mathematical Analysis II course, consisting of various problems related to volume, integration, and coordinate transformations in n-dimensional spaces. Key topics include proving properties of bounded sets, ellipsoids, polar coordinates, and the concept of compact support in functions. Additionally, it discusses the importance of one-to-one mappings in the change of variable formula and provides examples and theorems related to local integrability and partitions of unity.

Uploaded by

hubertkuo418
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematical Analysis II

Assignment 11
1. Let A ⊆ Rn be bounded has volume.
(i) Show that int(A) and A
s has volume and

ν(int(A)) = ν(A)
s = ν(A).

(ii) Show that ν(A) > 0 if and only if int(A) 6= ∅.


(iii) The translation of A by an x0 ∈ Rn is the set

x0 + A = {x0 + x | x ∈ A}.

Show that ν(x0 + A) = ν(A).


(iv) Let E ⊆ Rn be bounded and has only finitely many accu-
mulation points. Show that E has volume.
2. Suppose that n > 2 and define an n-dimensional ellipsoid by
n x21 x2n o
E = (x1 , · · · , xn ) 2 + · · · + 2 ≤ 1
a1 an
n
2a1 · · · an π 2
Prove that ν(E) =  .
nΓ n2
3. Suppose that U ⊆ Rn is an nonempty open set, and f : U → R
is of class C 1 such that Jf (x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ U. Show that

ν f (D(x0 , r))
lim  = Jf (x0 ) ∀ x0 ∈ U.
r→0+ ν D(x0 , r)

4. Give an example to show that the condition that g is one-to-one


is essential for the change of variable formula. That is, give a
counterexample that the change of variable formula does not
hold if g is not one-to=one, even though Jg (x) 6= 0.
5. (n-dimensional polar coordinates) The general polar coor-
dinates (n-dimensional spherical coordinate) in Rn is defined as
(r, θ1 , · · · , θn−1 ) with r ∈ [0, ∞), θi ∈ [0, π], i = 1, · · · , n − 2,
and θn−1 ∈ [0, 2π). The conversions of Cartesian coordinates
and n-dimensional polar coordinates g : Rn → Rn is given by
x1 = r cos θ1
x2 = r sin θ1 cos θ2
x3 = r sin θ1 sin θ2 cos θ3
..
.
xn−1 = r sin θ1 · · · sin θn−2 cos θn−1
xn = r sin θ1 · · · sin θn−2 sin θn−1
where x = (x1 , · · · , xn ) ∈ Rn in Cartesian coordinates.
∂(x1 , · · · , xn ) n−2
= rn−1 sinn−1−i θi .
Q
(i) Show that Jg (x) =
∂(r, θ1 , · · · , θn−1 ) i=1
(ii) Let αn−1 denote the surface area of the n-sphere
n n
X o
∂D(0, 1) = (x1 , · · · , xn ) x2i =1
i=1
n
2π 2
Show that αn−1 = .
Γ n2
6. Let f : Rn → R be a function. The support of f is the set
defined as spt(f ) = cl({x ∈ U | f (x) 6= 0}). f is said to
have compact support if spt(f ) is compact. We use the symbol
Cc1 (Rn ) to denote the collection of all real-valued C 1 -function
on Rn with compact support, that is,
Cc1 (Rn ) = {f : Rn → R | spt(f ) is compact.}.
(i) If f, g : Rn → R. Show that spt(f + g) = spt(f ) ∪ spt(g).
(ii) (Urysohn’s lemma) Let U ⊆ Rn be open and K ⊆ U
be compact. Show that there exists h ∈ Cc1 (Rn ) such that
0 ≤ h(x) ≤ 1, ∀ x ∈ Rn , h(x) = 1 for all x ∈ K, and
spt(h) ⊆ U.
Hint: Use HW11-08 in Mathematical Analysis I.
(iii) (Partition of unity) Let U ⊆ Rn be open and nonempty
and let {Vα }α∈I be an open cover of U so that Vα 6=
∅, ∀ α ∈ I. Show that there exist functions ϕj ∈ Cc1 (Rn )
and indices αj ∈ I, j ∈ N, such that
(1) ϕj ≥ 0, ∀ j ∈ N.
(2) spt(ϕj ) ⊆ Vαj , ∀ j ∈ N.
∞
P
(3) ϕj (x) = 1, ∀ x ∈ U.
j=1
(4) If ∅ 6= K ⊆ U be compact, then there is a nonempty
open set V ⊇ K and N ∈ N such that ϕj (x) = 0
N
P
for all j ≥ N and x ∈ V. In particular, ϕj (x) =
j=1
1, ∀ x ∈ V.
j=1 is a C partition of unity
In this case, we say that {ϕj }∞ 1

on U subordinate to a open cover {Vα }α∈I .


7. Let U ⊆ Rn be nonempty, open, and bounded; f : U → R
be bounded. We say that f is locally integrable over U if it is
integrable over every closed subset E of U with volume. Define
∞ Z
X
IU (f ) = f (x)ϕj (x)dx
j=1 V|

where {ϕj }∞
j=1 is any partition of unity on U subordinate to an
open cover {Vj }∞j=1 such that each Vj 6= ∅ with volume and
∞
[
U= Vj .
j=1

(i) Show that IU (f )Z is well-defined. Hence the integral of f on


U is defined as f (x)dx = IU (f ).
U
(ii) If A ⊆ Rn is open and bounded with
Z volume and f : A → R
is integrable over A. Show that f (x)dx = IA (f ).
A
(iii) Suppose that g : U → Rn is one-to-one C 1 mapping g(U)
is bounded. Assume that Jg does not vanish in U and
f : g(U) → R is locally integrable on γ(U). Show that
Z Z
f (y)dy = (f ◦ g)(x)|Jg (x)|dx.
g(U ) U

(iv) Let E ⊆ R be bounded with volume and g : E → Rn is


n

one-to-one C 1 mapping that has C 1 inverse. Assume that


Jg does not vanish in U except on a volume zero set Z, that
is, Jg 6= 0, ∀ x ∈ int(E)\Z and f : g(E) → R is integrable.
Show thatZ Z
f (y)dy = (f ◦ g)(x)|Jg (x)|dx.
g(E) E

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