SQL Operators

Sanjeev Gumber
DAV College, Abohar
 Arithmetic Operators
• The arithmetic operators are used in an
expression to add, subtract, multiply, divide
numeric values. The result of the operation is
also a numeric value. The Plus(+) and minus(-)
operators are also used in date arithmetic.
 Logical operators
• The logical operators are used to combine the
individual logical expressions into more
complex conditions that are either TRUE or
FALSE.
 Concatenation Operator (||)
• The concatenation operator is used to
concatenate two or more strings.

• Select ‘My name is ‘|| ename as name from

emp where deptno=10;
SET operators
 UNION[ALL]
• UNION set operator returns a table consisting
of all rows either appearing in the result of
<SELECT Statement 1> or in the result of
<SELECT Statement 2>.
• Duplicates are automatically eliminated unless
the clause ALL is used.
• If we use UNION ALL set operator, then
duplicate rows are not filtered out from the
list.
• Select Empno, Ename from Emp
Where Ename LIKE ‘A%’ or Ename Like ‘S%’
UNION
Select Empno, Ename from Emp
Where Ename LIKE ‘A%’ or Ename Like ‘J%’
 INTERSECT
• The INTERSECT set operator returns all those
distinct rows that exist in both the <select
statement1> and <select statement2>.
• Select Empno, Ename from Emp
Where Ename LIKE ‘A%’ or Ename Like ‘S%’
INTERSECT
Select Empno, Ename from Emp
Where Ename LIKE ‘A%’ or Ename Like ‘J%’
 MINUS
• The MINUS set operator returns all those rows
that appear in the result of <select statement1>
but not present in the result of <select
statement2>.
• Select Empno, Ename from Emp
Where Ename LIKE ‘A%’ or Ename Like ‘S%’
MINUS
Select Empno, Ename from Emp
Where Ename LIKE ‘A%’ or Ename Like ‘J%’
 Select Statement
• Select <select_list>
• From <table_list>
• [WHERE <condition(s)>]
• [GROUP BY<column1>,<column2>,----
<columnN>]
• [HAVING <condition>]
• [ORDER BY<expression>];
• # to retrieve all Columns
• Select * from emp;
• # to retrieve the selected columns
• Select Sal, deptno from emp;
• # to retrieve the Distinct rows
• Select DISTINCT Sal, deptno from emp;
 Restricting rows using where clause
• # to retrieve the employee’s name , sal, job
title whose empno is 7369
• Select ename,sal,job from emp where
empno=7369;
• #to retrieve the ename,sal,job from the emp
table where sal is greater than equal to 2975
and deptno=20;
• Select ename, sal, job from emp
Where sal>=2975 and deptno=20;
• # to retrieve the empno, ename, job from emp
table where job is equal to that of
‘MANAGER’ or the deptno in which he works
is 20.
• Select empno, ename, job from emp where
job=‘MANAGER’ OR deptno=20;
 Using expression In the Select
statement
To retrieve the rows consisting of employee’s name,
total salary(SAL+COMM) of the employee whose
job’s title is ‘SALESMAN’.
Select ename, Sal+NVL(Comm,0) from emp where
job=‘SALESMAN’;
# referencing columns with an alias
Select ename, Sal+NVL(Comm,0) as Total_sal from
emp where job=‘SALESMAN’;
Select ename, Sal+NVL(Comm,0) “Total_sal” from
emp where job=‘SALESMAN’;
 Use of LIKE operator
• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause
to search for a specified pattern in a column.
• There are two wildcards often used in
conjunction with the LIKE operator:
• % - The percent sign represents zero, one, or
multiple characters
• _ - The underscore represents a single
character
 Retrieve ename, sal, job from emp
table where ename of the employee
begins with Letter ‘A’.
• Select ename, sal, job from emp where ename
LIKE ‘A%’ ;
 Find the Ename, Sal of an employee from
Emp table whose name consists of five
characters with the second character to be
‘L’ and fourth character is ‘E’.

• Select Ename, Sal from Emp where Ename

LIKE ‘_L_E_’ ;
 To retrieve all the employee’s name,
salary from Emp table whose name
does not start with character ‘A’.

• Select Ename, Sal from Emp where Ename

NOT LIKE ‘A%’ ;
• # List all matching patterns ending with ‘TH’
• LIKE ‘%TH’
• # List all matching patterns containing two L in it
• LIKE ‘%L%L%’
• #list all matching patterns containing U at the
second position in the string
• LIKe ‘_U%’
• List all matching pattern having four characters
such that last character is U.
• LIKE ‘_ _ _ U’
 USE of IN Operator
• The IN operator allows you to specify multiple
values in a WHERE clause.
• The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR
conditions.
• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);
To retrieve the Ename, Sal and Deptno
of an employee from an Emp table
whose Deptno is either 10 or 20
• Select Ename , Sal, Deptno from Emp
Where deptno IN (10,20) ;
To retrieve the Empno, Ename and Job
of the employee’s from the Emp table
where job of an employee is either
‘CLERK’ or ‘MANAGER’
• Select Empno, Ename, Job from emp where
Job IN(‘CLERK’, ‘MANAGER’);
To retrieve the Ename, Sal, Deptno
of all employee from EMP table
having Deptno neither 10 nor 30
• Select Ename, Sal, Deptno from emp
Where deptno NOT IN(10,30);
 BETWEEN Operator
• The BETWEEN operator selects values within a
given range. The values can be numbers, text,
or dates.
• The BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and
end values are included.
• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND v
alue2;
 To retrieve the Ename, Sal, Deptno of
an employee from an EMP table
whose deptno is between 10 and 30

• Select Ename, Sal, Deptno from Emp

Where deptno BETWEEN 10 AND 30;
To retrieve the ename, sal and deptno
of an employee from an EMP table
whose Ename range from character
‘AM’ to ‘F’

• Select Ename, Sal, Deptno from Emp

Where Ename Between ‘AM’ AND ‘F’ ;
To retrieve the ename, sal and deptno
of an employee from an EMP table
whose salary is not between 1000 and
4000.
• Select Ename, Sal, Deptno from Emp
Where Sal NOT BETWEEN 1000 and 4000;
 NULL and NOT NULL
• NULL is a term used to describe something that is
undefined.
• A NULL column means that there is no value assigned to a
column.
• NULL does not mean 0 or blank.
• Since NULL means no value or nothing or unknown, it
cannot be compared using comparison or logical operators.
• So NULL can not equal to NULL.
• A NULL value is used when the actual value is not known.
• To test whether a value is Null or not Oracle provides two
SQL operators IS Null and IS NOT NULL.
 To retrieve Empno, Ename of an
employee whose commission is NULL

• Select Empno, Ename from Emp

Where COMM=NULL;
This is wrong
• Select Empno, Ename from Emp
Where COMM IS NULL;
 To retrieve Empno, Ename of an
employee whose commission is
not NULL
• Select Empno, Ename from emp where
COMM IS NOT NULL;
 Order By Clause
• The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the
result-set in ascending or descending order.
• The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in
ascending order by default. To sort the records
in descending order, use the DESC keyword.
• ORDER BY Syntax
• SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
 To retrieve Ename, Job title, Sal of an
employee from EMP table who works in
DEPTNO=20 and the names of the
employees are shown in ascending order

• Select Ename, Job, Sal from Emp

Where deptno=20 ORDER BY Ename;
To retrieve Ename, Job title, Sal of an
employee from EMP table who works
in DEPTNO=20 and the names of the
employees are shown in Decending
order
• Select Ename, Job, Sal from Emp
Where deptno=20 ORDER BY Ename DESC;
To retrieve Ename, Job title, Sal of an
employee from EMP table who works in
DEPTNO=20 and the order of the retrieved
records is such that sort by Job in
ascending order , then it will sort by Ename
in Descending order

• Select Ename, Job, Sal from Emp

Where deptno=20 ORDER BY Job ASC, Ename
DESC;
 Dual Table
• The DUAL is special one row, one column table
present by default in all Oracle databases.
• The owner of DUAL is SYS but DUAL can be
accessed by every user.
• The table has a single VARCHAR2(1) column
called DUMMY that has a value of 'X'.
• Eg Select 2*2 from dual;
• Select sysdate from dual;