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 Hardware
Software
Accounting
System Software Application Software
-
Ta

System Management Software

- Developing Software General Purpose
Software
Specific Purpose /
Customized Software

OS, Utility Programs,

Communication Software, Compilers, Powerpoint, Billing, Accounting,
Drivers, Utilities Debuggers, etc. Word, Excel, etc. Reservation, etc.
X Management
↓
Firfare
Types of Software
• System software are designed to control the operation
and extend the processing capability of a computer
system

• Application software are designed to solve a specific

problem or to do a specific task
Logical System Architecture
H

ro
BIOS S firmware)
= general
=
-
&
specific term for computer firmware .

• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a type of firmware used in

-

computers and other devices.

-

• It is a critical component of system software that initializes and

tests hardware during the startup process and provides runtime
services for operating systems.
• BIOS is a small program stored on a chip (typically ROM or
EEPROM) on the motherboard.
• It is the first software that runs when a computer is powered on.
• BIOS acts as an intermediary between the hardware and the
operating system.
• BIOS is specific to personal computers and compatible systems.
Firmware
• Firmware refers to a sequence of instructions (software)
substituted for hardware
• This software is stored in a read-only memory (ROM)
chip of the computer.
• Firmware can be found in various devices, such as
computers, smartphones, routers, printers, and IoT
devices.
System Utilities
• Utility software is a type of system software designed to
help analyze, configure, optimize, or maintain a
computer.
• Performs specific tasks to enhance the performance or
functionality of the system.
• Examples: Antivirus software, disk cleanup tools,
backup software, file compression tools (e.g., WinRAR),
and system monitoring tools.
• Focuses on maintenance and optimization rather than
general-purpose tasks.
Open Source Software (OSS)
• Software whose source code is made available to the
public under a license that allows users to view, modify,
and distribute the code.
• The license may impose certain conditions, such as
requiring attribution or sharing derivative works under
the same license
• Example: Linux, Firefox, etc.
Public-domain software
• Software that is not protected by copyright, meaning it
has no owner and is freely available for anyone to use,
modify, and distribute without any restrictions.
• No license is required, and there are no conditions for
use.
• Example: SQLite
Aspect System Software Application Software

Manages hardware and Performs specific tasks for the

Purpose
system resources. user.

User Minimal or no direct user

Directly used by the user.
Interaction interaction.

Operating systems, device Microsoft Word, Photoshop,

Examples
drivers, firmware. Google Chrome.

Required for the system to

Dependency Optional, installed as needed.
function.
Types of Computers
Aspect Supercomputers Mainframes Minicomputers Microcomputers

Complex, large-scale High-volume data General-purpose

Purpose Specialized tasks
computations processing computing

Very large (room-

Size Large Medium Small and portable
sized)

Type Multi-user Multi-user Multi-user Single-user

Fastest (trillions of High reliability and

Performance Moderate Moderate to high
FLOPS) scalability

Hundreds of Affordable
Less than
Cost Millions of dollars thousands to (hundreds to
mainframes
millions thousands)

Scientific research, Banking, airline Industrial control, Everyday

Use Cases
AI, cryptography reservations research computing, gaming
Operating System
Operating System Services
• Program Execution
• OS provides an environment where users can conveniently
run programs without worrying about memory allocation or
anything.
• I/O Operations
• OS makes it convenient for the users to interact with I/O
-
devices and run programs requiring their use.
• Task Scheduling
• To allow multitasking and multiprocessing, task schedulers
are used to increase the throughput number.

⑤
Operating System Services
• File System Manipulation
D
• Process of reading or writing of data to external storage is
easily managed.
• Communication
• Communication between same computer components or
multi-computer system is managed by OS for execution of
tasks.
• Error Detection
• OS constantly checks for any errors in the complete system to
avoid malfunctioning of the system.
Kernel
• It is the core component
of the OS which acts as
the interface between
application and data
processed at hardware
level.
• It manages the CPU,
Memory (RAM) and other
hardware resources.
Popularly known OS
• UNIX
• MS-DOS
• Microsoft Windows
• Microsoft Windows Server
(Earlier Known as Windows NT) (NT=New Technology)
• Linux
• Mac OS
•
•
Android
iOS & makelephones
First Operating System
• The first operating system, developed in O
1956, was GM-
NAA I/O, created by General Motors Research
-

--

Laboratories for its IBM 704 computer.

• It was a batch processing system that automated job
handling. -
UNIX (First OS for PC)
-
S
• Developed in the early 1970s atF Bell Laboratories by
Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
-
-

• Written in C high-level language, hence, highly portable

--

• Multi-user, time-sharing OS
--

• Used on a wide variety of computers ranging from

notebook computers to super computers
MS-DOS
O
--
• Microsoft developed MS-DOS in 1981
-

• Stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System.

=

• Single-user OS for IBM and IBM-compatible personal

computers (PC)
-
H
International
Business
machine
Microsoft Windows
S
• Developed by Microsoft to overcome limitations of MS-
DOS operating system
• Single-user, multitasking OS
•>Native interface is a GUI Graphical User Interface
.

• Designed to be not just an OS but also a complete

operating environment
• OS of choice for most PCs after 1990
• Latest version of MS Windows is Windows 11 released
in October 2021
Microsoft Windows Server
-

(Earlier Known as Windows NT)

E
• Multi-user, time-sharing OS developed by Microsoft
• Designed to have UNIX-like features so that it can be used
-

for powerful workstations, network, and database servers

- -
-

• Supports multiprogramming and is designed to take

advantage of multiprocessing on systems having multiple
processors
• Native interface is a GUI
-

• Built-in networking and communications features

-
-
-

• Provides strict system security

-

• Rich set of tools for software development

• Can run Microsoft Windows applications and many UNIX
applications directly
 -
Linux
• Open-source OS enhanced and backed by thousands
-
-

of programmers world-wide
• Multi-tasking, multiprocessing OS, originally designed to
-
--

be used in PCs
• Name “Linux” is derived from its inventor Linus Torvalds
- -

• Several Linux distributions available (Red Hat, Unbuntu,

Kali Linux, Arch Linux, Fedora, etc.) H H

He H networking zas
Hacking Programming
 GM NAA /8 [closed]
Mac OS S all]
UNIX-1970's topen for
-

• Designed in mid 1980s by Apple

-
Incorporation
-

• Main objective was ‘ease of use’

-

= • First OS to introduce the idea G

of GUI (Graphical User
Interface), which was later adopted by almost all
Operating Systems
• Latest macOS version is macOS 15 Sequoia, released
on September 16, 2024. -

-
Other Operating Systems

to
• iOS
• Android
Each component of computer is either
-
(a) hardware or software
(b) software or CPU/ RAM
(c) application software
(d) input devices or output devices
 The main purpose of software is to convert data into ...
(a) web site
A(b) information
(c) program
(d) object
 S
What is virtual memory ?
# A

T
(a) Memory of hard disk which is used by CPU as
extended RAM
(b) Located in RAM
(c) It needs when there is no any RAM in computer
(d) Backup device for floppy discs
The ........tells the computer how to use its components.
(a) utility
(b) application
I
(c) operating system
(d) network
 10
The transfer of data from a CPU to peripheral devices of
- -
-

computer is achieved through _____

(a) Modems -

(b) Computer ports -

N
(c) Interfaces =
-
us port

(d) Buffer memory =

 USB = Universal Serial Bus

Repair for known software bug, which is generally

-

available free of cost on internet is called _____

(a) Version
(b) FAQ
↑
(c) Patch > Patch
-

(d) Tutorials
What is backup?
(a) Connect his network to more component

---
(b) Copy to save a data from original source to other
destination
(c) Filter an old data from new data
(d) Access data from tape
 user manual tells you how to use a software
The ........
program.
(a) Documentation
(b) Programming
-
(c) User
(d) Technical
The set of instructions which tells a computer what to do

T
is called .....
(a) compiler
(b) instructor
D
(c) program
(d) debugger
Linux is an example of ...
-

(a) Freeware
(b) Shareware
↑
(c) Open-Sources Software
(d) Complimentary
The physical structure of a computer is called a ..
(a) software
(b) keyboard
(c) hardware
-
(d) none of these
DOS stands for ...
T
(a) Disc operating system
(b) Disc of system
(c) Device operating system
(d) Door operating system
To work on a computer mainly we need

13
(a) hardware
(b) software
(c) scanner
T
(d) a and b both
 1970's
F

When was Unix developed?

(a) 1960
(b) 1950
(c) 1955
O
(d) 1969
Basic language of Unix is ....
(a) Cobol
(b) Basic
-'
(c) Assembly language
(d) Java
What is Linux ?
-
(a) An operating system
(b) A software
(c) A site
(d) A graphics
 Which software do
you
use for work ?

Ais uses a computer?

Which software for work at
(a) Program -

(b) System -

(c) Package
-

X
(d) Application
~

-
Who developed Unix ?
(a) Rod Fenson
#
(b) Ken Thompson
(c) Ramavart Cathrin
(d) Jahnson
Which of the following works as an agent between
hardware and user?
-
↑

(a) Compiler-

T
(b) Operating system
=

(c) Translator &

(d) All of these &

 computer
CTa ,

level
low machinelanguage
Highlevel
-

sembly-
= -

Any program translated into machine language is

F
-
called...
-

(a) analog program

-
(b) object code
(c) personal program
(d) official program
The physical components of a computer system
(a) software&

&
(b) hardware
(c) control unit↑

(d) none of these &

X
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