Chapter 4 Web Technology How is a website accessed? The URL (Uniform Resource Locator] is sent to a Domain Name System (ONS) server to ‘obtain its I (Internet Protocol) adress and then the browser connects to this server using the IP address. The web server processes this request and the web page to be displayed is ‘then sent tothe client How is data sent from a client to a server? ‘The data tobe sent i broken down into small data packets along with the address of the recipient computer oy the TCP protocol. The routers route and transport these data packets to their destination computers using Internet Protocol How is security ensured in client to server communication? Instead of sending plain text, HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure) technology is sed to encrypt the username and password to send tothe server. Banking transactions also use HTTPS,Example for web server to web server communication \Web server of an online shopping website needs ta send confidential information toa bank web server and vice versa. In such cases the web servers of the merchant and the bank are to be authenticated using digital certificates. Once the servers are authenticated, the servers communicate using encrypted data. Payment gateway is 2 server that acts as @ bridge between merchant server and bank server and transfers money in an encrypted format whenever an online payment/money transfer is made. ‘What is web server? \Web server is @ powerful computer that hosts websites. It consists ofa server computer that runs a server operating system and web server software. It Is always switched on and connected to a high bandwidth internet connection. Example for server operating systems — Unux (Redhat, Ubuntu), Microsoft Windows Server. Example for web server package ~ ‘Apache Server. How does ONS obtain the IP address of a website? 4. The browser frst searches its local memory to see whether it has the IP address ofthe given domain If found, the browser uses it 2, itis not found in the browser cache, It checks the operating system's local cache for the IP address IWitis not found there, it searches the DNS server of the local SP. 4. In the absence of the domain name in the ISP's ONS server, the ISP's DNS server initiates a recursive search starting from the root server til it receives the IP address. 5, The SP's ONS server returns thi IP address to the browser.‘What is Software Port Number? Port number isa 16-bit number, used for communicating with a particular service available 80, HTTPS ~ 443, DNS ~53, ‘on the server. Eg: Port Number of HTTP ~ ‘Static web page V/s Dynamic web page content and layout of a web page is ced Seer psemoetne “Static web pages ditecty un on the ‘browses and do not require any server side application program. Static web pages ate easy to develop, ‘The content and layout may change ing ron ime Databate is used to generate dreamie content tough queries "Dynamic web page sunt on the server side application program and displays he results‘What is meant by scripts in web designing? Scripts are program codes written inside HTML pages. Examples for scripting languages: JavaScript, VB scrit, PHP, Pet, etc lient side scripting V/s Server side scripting ‘Sceiptis copied to the cent browser Sctiptis executed in the cient browser (lent side its ae mainly wed for (aldation of data a the cient {Users can block client side seipting “The type and version of the web browser affects the working of 4 client side sexipt Sout cemain inthe wed sever ‘Script is executed in the web server and the web page produced is ersned to te client bowsee Serer side sept are ually wied to connect to databases an sei data fiom the wed server ete el “The features of the web browser does ‘not affect the working of server side Client sie scripting languages: JavaScript, Server side scripting languages: PHP, ISP, pee VB Script ASP, PearWhat is Cascading Style Sheet? Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) sa style sheet language used for describing the formatting of a ocument written in HTML. Using CSS, we can control the colour of the text, the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how colurmns are sized and laid out, borders and its colours, what background images or colours are used, as well asa variety of other effects in a web page HTML document and Web page HTML document is a text file, made up of tags and attributes which work together to decide how the contents of the web page should be displayed on the browser. When an HTML document is opened by a browser, what we get is a web page. HTML tags ‘Tags are the commands used in the HTML document that tell web browsers how to format and organise web pages to show the contents. Most tags are used in pairs - an opening tag and a closing tag. Eg: and . Tags that require opening and closing tags are known as container tags. Tags that do not require closing tag are known as empty tags. Eg:
, Attributes Attributes are certain parameters frequently included within the opening tag to provide additional information. For example, BGCOLOR is an attribute of tag which provides 8 specified colour to the background of the web page.List of Structure Tags and their Attributes ‘The following are the structure tags that are essential in an html document. All of them are container tas. ae: Ge [ aes Vas and Purpose To psi he direction ofthe ext [| Areva te forietetonight and star | Ter ano "ror ight song | TOsBe0 me ange. e “en” for English, “hi” for Hindi “neany | T= the head secon ofan ATL document Usually i contains TLE HEAD? | tag and