283

CHAPTER 6

PROBLEMS*

Newton’s Laws and Conservation of Momentum

6–1C  Express Newton’s second law of motion for rotat-
ing bodies. What can you say about the angular velocity and
angular momentum of a rotating nonrigid body of constant
mass if the net torque acting on it is zero?
6–2C  Express Newton’s first, second, and third laws.
6–3C  Is momentum a vector? If so, in what direction does
it point?
6–4C  Express the conservation of momentum principle. FIGURE P6–12C
What can you say about the momentum of a body if the net © JupiterImages/Thinkstock/Alamy RF
force acting on it is zero?
6–13C  Does it take more, equal, or less power for a h­ elicopter
Linear Momentum Equation to hover at the top of a high mountain than it does at sea level?
Explain.
6–5C  How do surface forces arise in the momentum analy-
sis of a control volume? How can we minimize the number 6–14C  In a given location, would a helicopter require more
of surface forces exposed during analysis? energy in summer or winter to achieve a specified perfor-
mance? Explain.
6–6C  Explain the importance of the Reynolds transport
theorem in fluid mechanics, and describe how the linear 6–15C  Describe body forces and surface forces, and explain
momentum equation is obtained from it. how the net force acting on a control volume is determined.
Is fluid weight a body force or surface force? How about
6–7C  What is the importance of the momentum-flux
pressure?
­correction factor in the momentum analysis of flow systems?
For which type(s) of flow is it significant and must it be con- 6–16C  A constant-velocity horizontal water jet from a sta-
sidered in analysis: laminar flow, turbulent flow, or jet flow? tionary nozzle impinges normally on a vertical flat plate that
rides on a nearly frictionless track. As the water jet hits the
6–8C  Write the momentum equation for steady one-
plate, it begins to move due to the water force. Will the accel-
dimensional flow for the case of no external forces and
eration of the plate remain constant or change? Explain.
explain the physical significance of its terms.
6–9C  In the application of the momentum equation, explain
why we can usually disregard the atmospheric pressure and Nozzle
work with gage pressures only. Water jet
6–10C  Two firefighters are fighting a fire with i­dentical
water hoses and nozzles, except that one is holding the hose
straight so that the water leaves the nozzle in the same direc- FIGURE P6–16C
tion it comes, while the other holds it backward so that the
water makes a U-turn before being discharged. Which fire- 6–17C  A horizontal water jet of constant velocity V from
fighter will experience a greater reaction force? a stationary nozzle impinges normally on a vertical flat plate
that rides on a nearly frictionless track. As the water jet hits
6–11C  A rocket in space (no friction or resistance to
the plate, it begins to move due to the water force. What is
motion) can expel gases relative to itself at some high veloc-
the highest velocity the plate can attain? Explain.
ity V. Is V the upper limit to the rocket’s ultimate velocity?
6–18C  A horizontal water jet from a nozzle of constant exit
6–12C  Describe in terms of momentum and airflow how a
cross section impinges normally on a stationary vertical flat
helicopter is able to hover.
plate. A certain force F is required to hold the plate against
the water stream. If the water velocity is doubled, will the
necessary holding force also be doubled? Explain.
* Problems designated by a “C” are concept questions, and stu- 6–19  A 2.5-cm-diameter horizontal water jet with a speed
dents are encouraged to answer them all. Problems designated by of Vj = 40 m/s relative to the ground is deflected by a 60°
an “E” are in English units, and SI users can ignore them. Problems stationary cone whose base diameter is 25 cm. Water veloc-
with the icon are comprehensive in nature and are intended to ity along the cone varies linearly from zero at the cone sur-
be solved with appropriate software. face to the incoming jet speed of 40 m/s at the free surface.
 284
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS

­ isregarding the effect of gravity and the shear forces, deter-

D 6–24  A reducing elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to deflect
mine the ­horizontal force F needed to hold the cone stationary. water flow by an angle 𝜃 = 45° from the flow direction while
accelerating it. The elbow discharges water into the atmo-
sphere. The cross-­sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm2 at the
inlet and 25 cm2 at the exit. The elevation difference between
Vj θ = 60°
the centers of the exit and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the
Water jet, Vj elbow and the water in it is 50 kg. Determine the anchoring
F force needed to hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-
Dc = 25 cm flux correction factor to be 1.03 at both the inlet and outlet.

25 cm2

45°

150 cm2 40 cm
FIGURE P6–19

6–20  A 90° elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to direct Water

30.0 kg/s
water flow upward at a rate of 40 kg/s. The diameter of the
entire elbow is 10 cm. The elbow discharges water into the FIGURE P6–24
atmosphere, and thus the pressure at the exit is the local
atmospheric pressure. The elevation difference between the 6–25  Repeat Prob. 6–24 for the case of 𝜃 = 125°.
centers of the exit and the inlet of the elbow is 50 cm. The 6–26E  A 100-ft3/s water jet is moving in the positive
weight of the elbow and the water in it is considered to be x-direction at 18 ft/s. The stream hits a stationary splitter,
negligible. Determine (a) the gage pressure at the center of such that half of the flow is diverted upward at 45° and the
the inlet of the elbow and (b) the anchoring force needed to other half is directed downward, and both streams have a final
hold the elbow in place. Take the momentum-flux correction average speed of 18 ft/s. Disregarding gravitational effects,
factor to be 1.03 at both the inlet and the outlet. determine the x- and z-components of the force required to
hold the splitter in place against the water force.

18 ft/s
50 cm

z
45°
Water 3
40 kg/s x 100 ft /s
45°
Splitter
FIGURE P6–20

6–21  Repeat Prob. 6–20 for the case of another (identical)

elbow attached to the existing elbow so that the fluid makes a FIGURE P6–26E
U-turn.  Answers: (a) 9.81 kPa, (b) 497 N
6–22E  A horizontal water jet impinges against a vertical 6–27E   Reconsider Prob. 6–26E. Using appropriate
flat plate at 30 ft/s and splashes off the sides in the verti- software, investigate the effect of the splitter
cal plane. If a horizontal force of 500 lbf is required to hold angle on the force exerted on the splitter in the incoming
the plate against the water stream, determine the volume flow flow direction. Let the half splitter angle vary from 0° to
rate of the water. 180° in increments of 10°. Tabulate and plot your results, and
6–23  Water enters a 7-cm-diameter pipe steadily with a draw some conclusions.
uniform velocity of 2 m/s and exits with the turbulent flow 6–28  Commercially available large wind turbines have
velocity distribution given by u = umax (1 − r/R)1/7. If the blade span diameters larger than 100 m and generate
pressure drop along the pipe is 10 kPa, determine the drag over 3 MW of electric power at peak design conditions.
force exerted on the pipe by water flow. Consider a wind turbine with a 75-m blade span subjected
 285
CHAPTER 6

to 25-km/h steady winds. If the combined turbine–generator 6–32  A 5-cm-diameter horizontal jet of water with a
efficiency of the wind turbine is 32 percent, determine (a) the velocity of 30 m/s relative to the ground strikes a flat plate
power generated by the turbine and (b) the horizontal force that is moving in the same direction as the jet at a velocity
exerted by the wind on the supporting mast of the turbine. of 20 m/s. The water splatters in all directions in the plane
Take the density of air to be 1.25 kg/m3, and disregard fric- of the plate. How much force does the water stream exert on
tional effects on mast. the plate?
6–33   Reconsider Prob. 6–32. Using appropriate soft-
25 km/h
ware, investigate the effect of the plate velocity
on the force exerted on the plate. Let the plate velocity vary
from 0 to 30 m/s, in increments of 3 m/s. Tabulate and plot
75 m your results.
6–34E  A 3-in-diameter horizontal water jet having a velocity
of 90 ft/s strikes a curved plate, which deflects the water 180°
at the same speed. Ignoring the frictional effects, determine the
force required to hold the plate against the water stream.

Water jet
90 ft/s
FIGURE P6–28
3 in
90 ft/s
6–29E  A fan with 24-in-diameter blades moves 2000 cfm
(cubic feet per minute) of air at 70°F at sea level. Determine (a)
the force required to hold the fan and (b) the minimum power
FIGURE P6–34E
input required for the fan. Choose a control volume sufficiently 6–35  An unloaded helicopter of mass 12,000 kg hovers at sea
large to contain the fan, with the inlet sufficiently far upstream level while it is being loaded. In the unloaded hover mode, the
so that the gage pressure at the inlet is nearly zero. Assume air blades rotate at 550 rpm. The horizontal blades above the heli-
approaches the fan through a large area with negligible veloc- copter cause a 18-m-diameter air mass to move downward at an
ity and air exits the fan with a uniform velocity at atmospheric average velocity proportional to the overhead blade rotational
pressure through an imaginary cylinder whose diameter is the velocity (rpm). A load of 14,000 kg is loaded onto the helicop-
fan blade diameter.   Answers: (a) 0.820 lbf, (b) 5.91 W ter, and the helicopter slowly rises. Determine (a) the volumet-
6–30E  A 3-in-diameter horizontal jet of water, with veloc- ric airflow rate downdraft that the helicopter generates during
ity 140 ft/s, strikes a bent plate, which deflects the water by unloaded hover and the required power input and (b) the rpm
135° from its original direction. How much force is required of the helicopter blades to hover with the 14,000-kg load and
to hold the plate against the water stream and what is its the required power input. Take the density of atmospheric air to
direction? Disregard frictional and gravitational effects. be 1.18 kg/m3. Assume air approaches the blades from the top
6–31  Firefighters are holding a nozzle at the end of a hose through a large area with negligible velocity and air is forced
while trying to extinguish a fire. If the nozzle exit diameter by the blades to move down with a uniform velocity through an
is 8 cm and the water flow rate is 12 m3/min, determine imaginary cylinder whose base is the blade span area.
(a) the average water exit velocity and (b) the horizontal
18 m
resistance force required of the firefighters to hold the nozzle.  
Answers: (a) 39.8 m/s, (b) 7958 N

12 m3/min

Load
14,000 kg

FIGURE P6–31 FIGURE P6–35

 286
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS

6–36  Reconsider the helicopter in Prob. 6–35, except that

it is hovering on top of a 2200-m-high mountain where the
air density is 0.987 kg/m3. Noting that the unloaded heli- Blade
copter blades must rotate at 550 rpm to hover at sea level,
determine the blade rotational velocity to hover at the higher Impeller
altitude. Also determine the percent increase in the required shroud
0.09 m3/S
power input to hover at 2200-m altitude relative to that at sea
level.  Answers: 601 rpm, 9.3 percent
n⋅
6–37  Water is flowing through a 10-cm-diameter water Shaft
pipe at a rate of 0.1 m3/s. Now a diffuser with an outlet
diameter of 20 cm is bolted to the pipe in order to slow
down water, as shown in Fig. P6–37. Disregarding fric- FIGURE P6–40
tional effects, determine the force exerted on the bolts due
to the water flow. 6–41  An incompressible fluid of density 𝜌 and viscosity 𝜇
flows through a curved duct that turns the flow 180°. The duct
cross-sectional area remains constant. The average velocity,
momentum flux correction factor, and gage pressure are known
at the inlet (1) and outlet (2), as in Fig. P6–41. (a) Write an
expression for the horizontal force Fx of the fluid on the walls of
d = 10 cm D = 20 cm
Diffuser the duct in terms of the given variables. (b) Verify your expres-
sion by plugging in the following values: 𝜌 = 998.2 kg/m3,
𝜇 = 1.003 × 10−3 kg/m·s, A1 = A2 = 0.025 m2, 𝛽1 = 1.01,
𝛽2 = 1.03, V1 = 10 m/s, P1,gage = 78.47 kPa, and P2,gage =
FIGURE P6–37 65.23 kPa. Answer: (b) Fx = 8680 N to the right

V1
6–38  Water flowing in a horizontal 25-cm-diameter pipe at β1
A1
8 m/s and 300 kPa gage enters a 90° bend reducing section, P1,gage
which connects to a 15-cm-diameter vertical pipe. The inlet
of the bend is 50 cm above the exit. Neglecting any frictional
and gravitational effects, determine the net resultant force
Fx
exerted on the reducer by the water. Take the momentum- +
flux correction factor to be 1.04.
6–39  A horizontal 4-cm-diameter water jet with a veloc-
ity of 18 m/s impinges normally upon a vertical plate of V2
mass 750 kg. The plate rides on a nearly frictionless track β2
A2
and is initially stationary. When the jet strikes the plate, P2,gage
the plate begins to move in the direction of the jet. The
water always splatters in the plane of the retreating plate. FIGURE P6–41
Determine (a) the acceleration of the plate when the jet
first strikes it (time = 0), (b) the time it takes for the plate 6–42  Consider the curved duct of Prob. 6–41, except allow the
to reach a velocity of 9 m/s, and (c) the plate velocity 20 s cross-sectional area to vary along the duct (A1 ≠ A2). (a) Write an
after the jet first strikes the plate. For simplicity, assume expression for the horizontal force Fx of the fluid on the walls of
the velocity of the jet is increased as the cart moves such the duct in terms of the given variables. (b) Verify your expres-
that the impulse force exerted by the water jet on the plate sion by plugging in the following v­alues: 𝜌 = 998.2 kg/m3,
remains constant. A1 = 0.025 m2, A2 = 0.015 m2, 𝛽1 = 1.02, 𝛽2 = 1.04,
6–40  Water enters a centrifugal pump axially at atmo- V1 = 20 m/s, P1,gage = 88.34 kPa, and P2,gage = 67.48 kPa.
spheric pressure at a rate of 0.09 m3/s and at a velocity of Answer: (b) Fx = 30,700 N to the right
5 m/s, and leaves in the normal direction along the pump cas- 6–43  As a follow-up to Prob. 6­–41, it turns out that for a
ing, as shown in Fig. P6–40. Determine the force acting on large enough area ratio A2/A1, the inlet pressure is actu-
the shaft (which is also the force acting on the bearing of the ally smaller than the outlet pressure! Explain how this can
shaft) in the axial direction. be true in light of the fact that there is friction and other
 287
CHAPTER 6

i­rreversibilities due to turbulence, and pressure must be lost form flow at locations 1 and 2. Develop a relationship for the
along the axis of the duct to overcome these irreversibilities. force FR acting on the sluice gate as a function of depths y1
.
6–44  Water of density 𝜌 = 998.2 kg/m3 flows through a fire- and y2, mass flow rate m, gravitational constant g, gate width
man’s nozzle—a converging section of pipe that accelerates w, and water density 𝜌.
the flow. The inlet diameter is d1 = 0.100 m, and the ­outlet
diameter is d2 = 0.050 m. The average velocity, momentum Sluice gate
flux correction factor, and gage pressure are known at the
inlet (1) and outlet (2), as in Fig. P6–44. (a) Write an expres-
sion for the horizontal force Fx of the fluid on the walls of
the nozzle in terms of the given variables. (b) Verify your y1
expression by plugging in the following values: 𝛽1 = 1.03, V1
𝛽2 = 1.02, V1 = 3 m/s, P1,gage = 137,000 Pa, and P2,gage = 0 Pa.
Answer: (b) Fx = 861 N to the right V2
y2
F
A1 A2
d1 r FIGURE P6–46
V1 V2
P1 x P2
6–47  A room is to be ventilated using a centrifugal fan,
mounted as shown in the figure. The fan discharge pipe has
L
a cross-sectional area of 150 cm2 while the ventilating duct
­cross-sectional area is 500 cm2. If the fan capacity is 0.40 m3/s
FIGURE P6–44 ·
and a minimum ventilating rate of Vroom = 0.30 m3/s is required,
determine the proper installation angle 𝛽. Assume a local loss
6–45  The weight of a water tank open to the atmosphere is 0.5V12/2g for the duct entering from the room.
balanced by a counterweight, as shown in Fig. P6–45. There
is a 4-cm hole at the bottom of the tank with a discharge
coefficient of 0.90, and water level in the tank is maintained 2
constant at 50 cm by water entering the tank horizontally.
Determine how much mass must be added to or removed
from the counterweight to maintain balance when the hole at
the bottom is opened.
β

Room
FIGURE P6–47
W
Angular Momentum Equation
Water h = 50 cm
6–48C  How is the angular momentum equation obtained
from Reynolds transport equations?
Hole, d = 4 cm
6–49C  Consider two rigid bodies having the same mass and
FIGURE P6–45 angular speed. Do you think these two bodies must have the
same angular momentum? Explain.
6–46  A sluice gate, which controls flow rate in a channel
by simply raising or lowering a vertical plate, is commonly 6–50C  Express the angular momentum equation in scalar
used in irrigation systems. A force is exerted on the gate due form about a specified axis of rotation for a fixed control vol-
to the difference between the water heights y1 and y2 and the ume for steady and uniform flow.
flow velocities V1 and V2 upstream and downstream from 6–51C  Express the unsteady angular momentum equation in
the gate, respectively. Take the width of the sluice gate (into vector form for a control volume that has a constant moment
the page) to be w. Wall shear stresses along the channel walls of inertia I, no external moments applied, one outgoing uni-
→ .
may be ignored, and for simplicity, we assume steady, uni- form flow stream of velocity V, and mass flow rate m.
 288
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS

6–52E  A large lawn sprinkler with two identical arms is speed of the sprinkler in rpm and (b) the torque required to
used to generate electric power by attaching a generator to its prevent the sprinkler from rotating.
rotating head. Water enters the sprinkler from the base along
the axis of rotation at a rate of 5 gal/s and leaves the nozzles Water Water
in the tangential direction. The sprinkler rotates at a rate of jet jet
180 rpm in a horizontal plane. The diameter of each jet is
0.5 in, and the normal distance between the axis of rotation
and the center of each nozzle is 2 ft. Determine the maxi-
mum possible electrical power produced.
50 cm 35 cm
6–53E  Reconsider the lawn sprinkler in Prob. 6–52E. If the
rotating head is somehow stuck, determine the moment act- FIGURE P6–56
ing on the head.
6–54  The impeller of a centrifugal pump has inner and
6–57  Repeat Prob. 6–56 for a water flow rate of 60 L/s.
outer diameters of 15 and 35 cm, respectively, and a flow
rate of 0.15 m3/s at a rotational speed of 1400 rpm. The 6–58  Consider a centrifugal blower that has a radius of
blade width of the impeller is 8 cm at the inlet and 3.5 cm at 20 cm and a blade width of 8.2 cm at the impeller inlet,
the outlet. If water enters the impeller in the radial direction and a radius of 45 cm and a blade width of 5.6 cm at the
and exits at an angle of 60° from the radial direction, deter- outlet. The blower delivers air at a rate of 0.70 m3/s at a
mine the minimum power requirement for the pump. rotational speed of 700 rpm. Assuming the air to enter
the impeller in the radial direction and to exit at an angle
6–55  Water is flowing through a 15-cm-diameter pipe
of 50° from the radial direction, determine the minimum
that consists of a 3-m-long vertical and 2-m-long h­ orizontal
power consumption of the blower. Take the density of air
section with a 90° elbow at the exit to force the water to
to be 1.25 kg/m3.
be discharged downward, as shown in Fig. P6–55, in the
vertical direction. Water discharges to atmospheric air at a
velocity of 5 m/s, and the mass of the pipe section when α2 = 50°
filled with water is 17 kg per meter length. ­ Determine
the moment acting at the intersection of the vertical and V2
horizontal sections of the pipe (point A). What would your r2
answer be if the flow were discharged upward instead of
V1
downward?
r1
2m
ω
A

5 m/s Impeller region

15 cm
3m
FIGURE P6–58

6–59   Reconsider Prob. 6–58. For the specified flow

rate, investigate the effect of discharge angle 𝛼2
on the minimum power input requirements. Assume the air to
FIGURE P6–55
enter the impeller in the radial direction (𝛼1 = 0°), and vary
6–56  Water enters vertically and steadily at a rate of 35 L/s 𝛼2 from 0° to 85° in increments of 5°. Plot the variation of
into the sprinkler shown in Fig. P6–56 with unequal arms power input versus 𝛼2, and discuss your results.
and unequal discharge areas. The smaller jet has a discharge 6–60E  Water enters the impeller of a centrifugal pump
area of 3 cm2 and a normal distance of 50 cm from the axis radially at a rate of 45 cfm (cubic feet per minute) when
of rotation. The larger jet has a discharge area of 5 cm2 and the shaft is rotating at 500 rpm. The tangential component
a normal distance of 35 cm from the axis of rotation. Dis- of absolute velocity of water at the exit of the 2-ft outer
regarding any frictional effects, determine (a) the rotational diameter impeller is 110 ft/s. Determine the torque applied
 289
CHAPTER 6

to the impeller and the minimum power input to the pump.   flow rate of air when the rotational speed of the shaft is
Answers: 160 lbf⋅ft, 11.3 kW 900 rpm and the power consumption of the blower is 120 W.
6–61  A lawn sprinkler with three identical arms is used Also determine the normal components of velocity at the
to water a garden by rotating in a horizontal plane by the inlet and outlet of the impeller.
impulse caused by water flow. Water enters the sprinkler
along the axis of rotation at a rate of 45 L/s and leaves the Outlet
1.5-cm-diameter nozzles in the tangential direction. The
bearing applies a retarding torque of T0 = 40 N·m due to
friction at the anticipated operating speeds. For a normal
distance of 40 cm between the axis of rotation and the center
of the nozzles, determine the angular velocity of the sprin- ω
kler shaft. Inlet
6–62  Pelton wheel turbines are commonly used in hydro-
electric power plants to generate electric power. In these
turbines, a high-speed jet at a velocity of Vj impinges on
buckets, forcing the wheel to rotate. The buckets reverse
the direction of the jet, and the jet leaves the bucket mak-
ing an angle 𝛽 with the direction of the jet, as shown in FIGURE P6–64
Fig. P6–62. Show that the power produced by a Pelton wheel
of. radius r rotating
. steadily at an angular velocity of 𝜔 is Review Problems
W. shaft = 𝜌𝜔rV(Vj − 𝜔r)(1 − cos 𝛽), where 𝜌 is the density and
V is the volume flow rate of the fluid. 6–65  An 8-cm-diameter horizontal water jet having a veloc-
. Obtain the . numerical
value for 𝜌 = 1000 kg/m3, r = 2 m, V =10 m3/s, n = 150 rpm, ity of 35 m/s strikes a vertical stationary flat plate. The water
𝛽 = 160°, and Vj = 50 m/s. splatters in all directions in the plane of the plate. How much
force is required to hold the plate against the water stream?
Answer: 6110 N
6–66  Water flowing steadily at a rate of 0.16 m3/s is deflected
downward by an angled elbow as shown in Fig. P6–66.
For D = 30 cm, d = 10 cm, and h = 50 cm, determine the
r
ω force acting on the flanges of the elbow and the angle its line
of action makes with the horizontal. Take the internal vol-
Shaft β ume of the elbow to be 0.03 m3 and disregard the weight of
Vj – rω the elbow material and the frictional effects.
Nozzle
Flange
Vj rω

FIGURE P6–62
D
6–63   Reconsider Prob. 6–62. The maximum efficiency
of the turbine occurs when 𝛽 = 180°, but this is
not practical. Investigate the effect of 𝛽 on the power genera-
tion by allowing it to vary from 0° to 180°. Do you think we h
are wasting a large fraction of power by using buckets with a
𝛽 of 160°? Bolts
6–64  The impeller of a centrifugal blower has a radius of 60°
18 cm and a blade width of 6.1 cm at the inlet, and a radius of
30 cm and a blade width of 3.4 cm at the outlet. The blower d
delivers atmospheric air at 20°C and 95 kPa. Disregarding FIGURE P6–66
any losses and assuming the tangential components of air
velocity at the inlet and the outlet to be equal to the impel- 6–67  Repeat Prob. 6–66 by taking into consideration the
ler velocity at respective locations, determine the ­volumetric weight of the elbow whose mass is 5 kg.
 290
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS

6–68  A 16-cm diameter horizontal water jet with a speed of Nozzle

Vj = 20 m/s relative to the ground is deflected by a 40° cone
D = 5 cm
moving to the left at Vc = 10 m/s. Determine the external
force, F, needed to maintain the motion of the cone. Disregard
the gravity and surface shear effects and assume the cross- Tripod
sectional area of water jet normal to the direction of motion
remains constant throughout the flow. Answer: 4230 N

θ = 40°
FIGURE P6–71
Water jet, Vj Vc = 10 m/s

F
6–72  Consider an airplane with a jet engine attached to the
tail section that expels combustion gases at a rate of 18 kg/s
with a velocity of V = 300 m/s relative to the plane. During
landing, a thrust reverser (which serves as a brake for the air-
craft and facilitates landing on a short runway) is lowered in
the path of the exhaust jet, which deflects the exhaust from
rearward to 120°. Determine (a) the thrust (forward force)
FIGURE P6–68
that the engine produces prior to the insertion of the thrust
6–69  Water enters vertically and steadily at a rate of 10 L/s reverser and (b) the braking force produced after the thrust
into the sprinkler shown in Fig. P6–69. Both water jets have reverser is deployed.
a diameter of 1.2 cm. Disregarding any frictional effects,
determine (a) the rotational speed of the sprinkler in rpm and
(b) the torque required to prevent the sprinkler from rotating.
Thrust
reverser
60°

120°

40 cm 40 cm Thrust
60° 300 m/s reverser
FIGURE P6–69 FIGURE P6–72

6–70  Repeat Prob. 6–69 for the case of unequal arms—the

left one being 60 cm and the right one 20 cm from the axis 6–73   Reconsider Prob. 6–72. Using appropriate soft-
of rotation. ware, investigate the effect of thrust reverser
6–71  A tripod holding a nozzle, which directs a 5-cm- angle on the braking force exerted on the airplane. Let the
diameter stream of water from a hose, is shown in Fig. P6–71. reverser angle vary from 0° (no reversing) to 180° (full
The nozzle mass is 10 kg when filled with water. The tripod reversing) in increments of 10°. Tabulate and plot your results
is rated to provide 1800 N of holding force. A firefighter was and draw conclusions.
standing 60 cm behind the nozzle and was hit by the noz- 6–74E  A spacecraft cruising in space at a constant veloc-
zle when the tripod suddenly failed and released the nozzle. ity of 2000 ft/s has a mass of 25,000 lbm. To slow down
You have been hired as an accident reconstructionist and, the spacecraft, a solid fuel rocket is fired, and the combus-
after testing the tripod, have determined that as water flow tion gases leave the rocket at a constant rate of 150 lbm/s
rate increased, it did collapse at 1800 N. In your final report at a velocity of 5000 ft/s in the same direction as the space-
you must state the water velocity and the flow rate consistent craft for a period of 5 s. Assuming the mass of the spacecraft
with the failure and the nozzle velocity when it hit the fire- remains constant, determine (a) the deceleration of the space-
fighter. For simplicity, ignore pressure and momentum effects craft during this 5-s period, (b) the change of velocity of the
in the upstream portion of the hose.  Answers: 30.3 m/s, spacecraft during this time period, and (c) the thrust exerted
0.0595 m3/s, 14.7 m/s on the spacecraft.
 291
CHAPTER 6

6–75  A 60-kg ice skater is standing on ice with ice skates 6–78  Indiana Jones needs to ascend a 10-m-high ­building.
(negligible friction). She is holding a flexible hose (essen- There is a large hose filled with pressurized water h­ anging
tially weightless) that directs a 2-cm-diameter stream of down from the building top. He builds a square platform
water horizontally parallel to her skates. The water velocity and mounts four 4-cm-diameter nozzles pointing down
at the hose outlet is 10 m/s relative to the skater. If she is at each corner. By connecting hose branches, a water jet
initially standing still, determine (a) the velocity of the skater with 15-m/s velocity can be produced from each nozzle.
and the distance she travels in 5 s and (b) how long it will Jones, the platform, and the nozzles have a combined mass
take to move 5 m and the velocity at that moment.   Answers: of 150 kg. Determine (a) the minimum water jet veloc-
(a) 2.62 m/s, 6.54 m, (b) 4.4 s, 2.3 m/s ity needed to raise the system, (b) how long it takes for
the system to rise 10 m when the water jet velocity is
18 m/s and the velocity of the platform at that moment,
Ice skater and (c) how much higher will the momentum raise Jones if
he shuts off the water at the moment the platform reaches
10 m/s
10 m above the ground. How much time does he have to
D = 2 cm jump from the platform to the roof?   Answers: (a) 17.1 m/s,
(b) 4.37 s, 4.57 m/s, (c) 1.07 m, 0.933 s

FIGURE P6–75

6–76  A 5-cm-diameter horizontal jet of water, with

velocity 30 m/s, strikes the tip of a horizontal cone, which
deflects the water by 60° from its original direction. How
much force is required to hold the cone against the water
stream?
6–77  Water is flowing into and discharging from a pipe
U-section as shown in Fig. P6–77. At flange (1), the total
absolute pressure is 200 kPa, and 55 kg/s flows into the
pipe. At flange (2), the total pressure is 150 kPa. At loca-
tion (3), 15 kg/s of water discharges to the atmosphere, which D = 4 cm
is at 100 kPa. Determine the total x- and z-forces at the two
18 m/s
flanges connecting the pipe. Discuss the significance of grav-
ity force for this problem. Take the momentum-flux correc-
tion factor to be 1.03 throughout the pipes.
FIGURE P6–78
15 kg/s

3
6–79E  An engineering student considers using a fan as a
3 cm levitation demonstration. She plans to face the box-enclosed
2 fan so the air blast is directed face down through a 2-ft-
40 kg/s 10 cm diameter blade span area. The system weighs 3 lbf, and the
student will secure the system from rotating. By increasing
g the power to the fan, she plans to increase the blade rpm and
z air exit velocity until the exhaust provides sufficient upward
force to cause the box fan to hover in the air. Determine
55 kg/s 5 cm (a) the air exit velocity to produce 3 lbf, (b) the volumetric
x flow rate needed, and (c) the minimum mechanical power
1
that must be supplied to the airstream. Take the air density to
FIGURE P6–77 be 0.078 lbm/ft3.
 292
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS

6–86  A soldier jumps from a plane and opens his parachute

when his velocity reaches the terminal velocity VT. The para-
chute slows him down to his landing velocity of VF. After the
parachute is deployed, the air resistance is proportional to the
velocity squared (i.e., F = kV2). The soldier, his parachute,
and his gear have a total mass of m. Show that k = mg/VF2
and develop a relation for the soldier’s velocity after he opens
the parachute at time t = 0.
FIGURE P6–79E VT + VF + (VT − VF)e − 2gt/VF
Answer: V = VF
VT + VF − (VT − VF)e − 2gt/VF
6–80  A walnut with a mass of 50 g requires a force of
200 N applied continuously for 0.002 s to be cracked. If wal-
nuts are to be cracked by dropping them from a high place
onto a hard surface, determine the minimum height required.
Disregard air friction.
6–81  A 7-cm diameter vertical water jet is injected upwards
by a nozzle at a speed of 15 m/s. Determine the maximum
weight of a flat plate that can be supported by this water jet
at a height of 2 m from the nozzle.
6–82  Repeat Prob. 6–81 for a height of 8 m from the nozzle.
6–83  A horizontal water jet of constant velocity V impinges
normally on a vertical flat plate and splashes off the sides in
the vertical plane. The plate is moving toward the oncoming
water jet with velocity 12V. If a force F is required to maintain
the plate stationary, how much force is required to move the
plate toward the water jet?
1 FIGURE P6–86
2 V
© Corbis RF
V
6–87  Water enters a mixed flow pump axially at a rate
Water jet of 0.25 m3/s and at a velocity of 5 m/s, and is discharged
to the atmosphere at an angle of 75° from the horizontal,
as shown in Fig. P6–87. If the discharge flow area is half
FIGURE P6–83 the inlet area, determine the force acting on the shaft in the
6–84  Show that the force exerted by a liquid jet on a axial direction.
­stationary nozzle as it leaves with a velocity V is ­proportional
.
to V 2 or, alternatively, to m 2. Assume the jet stream is
­perpendicular to the incoming liquid flow line. Blade 75°
6–85  Consider steady developing laminar flow of water in
a constant-diameter horizontal discharge pipe attached to a 0.25 m3/S
tank. The fluid enters the pipe with nearly uniform velocity V
and pressure P1. The velocity profile becomes parabolic after a n
certain distance with a momentum correction factor of 2 while
Shaft
the pressure drops to P2. Obtain a relation for the horizontal
force acting on the bolts that hold the pipe attached to the tank.
FIGURE P6–87

6–88  Water accelerated by a nozzle enters the impeller of a

r turbine through its outer edge of diameter D with a velocity
of V making an angle 𝛼 with the radial direction at a mass
.
flow rate of m. Water leaves the impeller in the radial direc-
.
z tion. If the angular speed of the turbine shaft is n, show that
the maximum
. power that can be generated by this radial tur-
. .
FIGURE P6–85 bine is Wshaft = 𝜋nmDV sin 𝛼.
 293
CHAPTER 6

6–89  Water enters a two-armed lawn sprinkler along the Guide

vertical axis at a rate of 75 L/s, and leaves the sprinkler rails
nozzles as 2-cm diameter jets at an angle of 𝜃 from the tan-
gential direction, as shown in Fig. P6–89. The length of each
­sprinkler arm is 0.52 m. Disregarding any frictional effects,
.
determine the rate of rotation n of the sprinkler in rev/min for mp
(a) 𝜃 = 0°, (b) 𝜃 = 30°, and (c) 𝜃 = 60°.
m⋅

Nozzle

θ FIGURE P6–92
r = 0.52 m .
6–93  A horizontal water jet with a flow rate of V and cross-
sectional area of A drives a covered cart of mass mc along a
level and nearly frictionless path. The jet enters a hole at the
rear of the cart and all water that enters the cart is retained,
θ increasing the system mass. The relative velocity between the
jet of constant velocity VJ and the cart of variable velocity V
is VJ − V. If the cart is initially empty and stationary when
the jet action is initiated, develop a relation (integral form is
acceptable) for cart velocity versus time.
FIGURE P6–89 Cart
mc
6–90   Reconsider Prob. 6–89. For the specified flow A VJ V
rate, investigate the effect of discharge angle 𝜃
.
on the rate of rotation n by varying 𝜃 from 0° to 90° in incre-
ments of 10°. Plot the rate of rotation versus 𝜃, and discuss
your results.
6–91  A stationary water tank of diameter D is mounted on
wheels and is placed on a nearly frictionless level surface.
A smooth hole of diameter Do near the bottom of the tank FIGURE P6–93
allows water to jet horizontally and rearward and the water 6–94  Water is discharged from a pipe through a 1.2-m long
jet force propels the system forward. The water in the tank 5-mm wide rectangular slit underneath of the pipe. Water dis-
is much heavier than the tank-and-wheel assembly, so only charge velocity profile is parabolic, varying from 3 m/s on one
the mass of water remaining in the tank needs to be consid- end of the slit to 7 m/s on the other, as shown in Fig. P6–94.
ered in this problem. Considering the decrease in the mass Determine (a) the rate of discharge through the slit and (b) the
of water with time, develop relations for (a) the acceleration, vertical force acting on the pipe due to this discharge process.
(b) the velocity, and (c) the distance traveled by the system as
a function of time.
Slit width = 5 mm
6–92  Nearly frictionless vertical guide rails maintain a
plate of mass mp in a horizontal position, such that it can V1 = 3 m/s
slide freely in the vertical direction. A nozzle directs a water V2 = 7 m/s
stream of area A against the plate underside. The water jet
splatters in the plate plane, applying an upward force against Parabolic velocity distribution
.
the plate. The water flow rate m (kg/s) can be controlled.
Assume that distances are short, so the velocity of the ris- 1.2 m
ing jet can be considered constant with height. (a) Determine
. FIGURE P6–94
the minimum mass flow rate mmin necessary to just levitate the
plate and obtain a relation for the steady-state velocity of 6–95  A water jet strikes a moving plate at velocity Vjet = 10 m/s
. .
the upward moving plate for m > m min. (b) At time t = 0, the as the plate moves at a velocity of U = 2 m/s, as shown in
. .
plate is at rest, and the water jet with m > m min is suddenly the figure.
turned on. Apply a force balance to the plate and obtain the (a) Determine the force needed to hold the plate in its place.
integral that relates velocity to time (do not solve). (b) What would be the force if U is reversed?
 294
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS

6–97  A cart with frictionless wheels and a large tank shoots

water at a deflector plate, turning it by angle 𝜃 as sketched.
The cart tries to move to the left, but a cable prevents it from
doing so. At the exit of the deflector, the water jet area Ajet,
Vjet = 10 m/s U = 2 m/s its average velocity Vjet, and its momentum flux correction
Djet = 12 cm
factor 𝛽jet are known. Generate an expression for the tension
T in the cable in terms of the given variables.

Vjet, Ajet, βjet

z
FIGURE P6–95 Tank
θ
x
.
6–96  Water flows at mass flow rate m through a 90º ver- Cart Cable
tically oriented elbow of elbow radius R (to the centerline)
and inner pipe diameter D as sketched. The outlet is exposed
to the atmosphere. (Hint: This means that the pressure at
the outlet is atmospheric pressure.) The pressure at the inlet FIGURE P6–97
must obviously be higher than atmospheric in order to push
the water through the elbow and to raise the elevation of the 6–98  Water shoots out of a large tank sitting on a cart with
water. The irreversible head loss through the elbow is hL. frictionless wheels. The water jet velocity is Vj = 7.00 m/s, its
Assume that the kinetic energy flux correction factor 𝛼 is cross-sectional area is Aj = 20.0 mm2, and the momentum flux
not unity, but is the same at the inlet and outlet of the elbow correction factor of the jet is 1.04. The water is deflected 135º
(𝛼1 = 𝛼2). Assume that the same thing applies to the momen- as shown (𝜃 = 45º), and all of the water flows back into the
tum flux correction factor 𝛽 (i.e., 𝛽1 = 𝛽2). tank. The density of the water is 1000 kg/m3. Calculate the hor-
(a) Using the head form of the energy equation, derive an izontal force F (in units of N) required to hold the cart in place.
expression for the gage pressure Pgage,1 at the center of the
inlet as a function of the other variables as needed.
(b) Plug in these numbers and solve for Pgage,1: 𝜌 = 998.0 kg/m3,
D = 10.0 cm, R = 35.0 cm, hL = 0.259 m (of equivalent θ
Tank
water column height), 𝛼1 = 𝛼2 = 1.05, 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 = 1.03, and
.
m = 25.0 kg/s. Use g = 9.807 m/s2 for consistency. Your
answer should lie between 5 and 6 kPa. Vj, Aj, βj
F
(c) Neglecting the weight of the elbow itself and the weight
of the water in the elbow, calculate the x and z components of
Cart
the anchoring force required to hold the elbow in place. Your
final answer for the anchoring force should be given as a vec- FIGURE P6–98
› › ›
tor, F = Fx i + Fz k . Your answer for Fx should lie between Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam Problems
−120 and −140 N, and your answer for Fz should lie between
80 and 90 N. 6–99  When determining the thrust developed by a jet
(d) Repeat Part (c) without neglecting the weight of the water engine, a wise choice of control volume is
in the elbow. Is it reasonable to neglect the weight of the (a) Fixed control volume (b) Moving control volume
water in this problem? (c) Deforming control volume
(d) Moving or deforming control volume (e) None of these
Out, 2 6–100  Consider an airplane cruising at 1000 km/h to the
right. If the velocity of exhaust gases is 700 km/h to the left
Fz,anchoring
relative to the ground, the velocity of the exhaust gases rela-
R
tive to the nozzle exit is
(a) 1700 km/h (b) 1000 km/h (c) 700 km/h
(d) 300 km/h   (e) 150 km/h
g
Inner dia. D Fx,anchoring 6–101  A water jet strikes a stationary vertical plate hori-
zontally at a rate of 7 kg/s with a velocity of 35 km/h.
Assume the water stream moves in the vertical direction after
In, 1
the strike. The force needed to prevent the plate from moving
m· horizontally is
FIGURE P6–96 (a) 24.3 N (b) 35.0 N (c) 48.6 N (d) 68.1 N (e) 79.3 N
 295
CHAPTER 6

6–102  Consider water flow through a horizontal, short 6–109  A 3-cm-diameter horizontal pipe attached to a sur-
garden hose at a rate of 30 kg/min. The velocity at the inlet face makes a 90° turn to a vertical upward direction before
is 1.5 m/s and that at the outlet is 14.5 m/s. Disregard the the water is discharged at a velocity of 9 m/s. The horizon-
weight of the hose and water. Taking the momentum-flux tal section is 5 m long and the vertical section is 4 m long.
correction factor to be 1.04 at both the inlet and the outlet, Neglecting the mass of the water contained in the pipe, the
the anchoring force required to hold the hose in place is bending moment acting on the base of the pipe on the wall is
(a) 2.8 N (b) 8.6 N (c) 17.5 N (d) 27.9 N (e) 43.3 N (a) 286 N·m (b) 229 N·m (c) 207 N·m
6–103  Consider water flow through a horizontal, short gar- (d) 175 N·m (e) 124 N·m
den hose at a rate of 30 kg/min. The velocity at the inlet is 6–110  A 3-cm-diameter horizontal pipe attached to a sur-
1.5 m/s and that at the outlet is 11.5 m/s. The hose makes a face makes a 90° turn to a vertical upward direction before
180° turn before the water is discharged. Disregard the weight the water is discharged at a velocity of 6 m/s. The horizon-
of the hose and water. Taking the momentum-flux correction tal section is 5 m long and the vertical section is 4 m long.
factor to be 1.04 at both the inlet and the outlet, the anchor- Neglecting the mass of the pipe and considering the weight
ing force required to hold the hose in place is of the water contained in the pipe, the bending moment act-
(a) 7.6 N (b) 28.4 N (c) 16.6 N (d) 34.1 N ing on the base of the pipe on the wall is
(e) 11.9 N (a) 11.9 N·m (b) 46.7 N·m (c) 127 N·m
6–104  Consider water flow through a horizontal, short gar- (d) 104 N·m    (e) 74.8 N·m
den hose at a rate of 40 kg/min. The velocity at the inlet is 6–111  A large lawn sprinkler with four identical arms is
1.5 m/s and that at the outlet is 16 m/s. The hose makes a to be converted into a turbine to generate electric power by
90° turn to a vertical direction before the water is d­ ischarged. attaching a generator to its rotating head. Water enters the
Disregard the weight of the hose and water. Taking the
­ sprinkler from the base along the axis of rotation at a rate
momentum-flux correction factor to be 1.04 at both the inlet of 10 kg/s and leaves the nozzles in the tangential direction
and the outlet, the reaction force in the vertical direction at a velocity of 50 m/s relative to the rotating nozzle. The
required to hold the hose in place is sprinkler rotates at a rate of 400 rpm in a horizontal plane.
(a) 11.1 N (b) 10.1 N (c) 9.3 N (d) 27.2 N (e) 28.9 N The normal distance between the axis of rotation and the
6–105  Consider water flow through a horizontal, short pipe center of each nozzle is 30 cm. Estimate the electric power
at a rate of 80 kg/min. The velocity at the inlet is 1.5 m/s and produced.
that at the outlet is 16.5 m/s. The pipe makes a 90° turn to (a) 4704 W (b) 5855 W (c) 6496 W (d) 7051 W
a vertical direction before the water is discharged. Disregard (e) 7840 W
the weight of the pipe and water. Taking the momentum-flux 6–112  Consider the impeller of a centrifugal pump with a
correction factor to be 1.04 at both the inlet and the outlet, rotational speed of 900 rpm and a flow rate of 95 kg/min.
the reaction force in the horizontal direction required to hold The impeller radii at the inlet and outlet are 7 cm and 16 cm,
the pipe in place is respectively. Assuming that the tangential fluid velocity is
(a) 73.7 N (b) 97.1 N (c) 99.2 N (d) 122 N (e) 153 N equal to the blade angular velocity both at the inlet and the
6–106  A water jet strikes a stationary horizontal plate verti- exit, the power requirement of the pump is
cally at a rate of 18 kg/s with a velocity of 20 m/s. The mass (a) 83 W (b) 291 W (c) 409 W (d) 756 W (e) 1125 W
of the plate is 10 kg. Assume the water stream moves in the 6–113  Water enters the impeller of a centrifugal pump
horizontal direction after the strike. The force needed to pre- radially at a rate of 450 L/min when the shaft is rotating
vent the plate from moving vertically is at 400 rpm. The tangential component of absolute velocity
(a) 186 N (b) 262 N (c) 334 N (d) 410 N (e) 522 N of water at the exit of the 70-cm outer diameter impeller is
6–107  The velocity of wind at a wind turbine is measured 55 m/s. The torque applied to the impeller is
to be 6 m/s. The blade span diameter is 24 m and the effi- (a) 144 N·m (b) 93.6 N·m (c) 187 N·m
ciency of the wind turbine is 29 percent. The density of air is (d) 112 N·m (e) 235 N·m
1.22 kg/m3. The horizontal force exerted by the wind on the 6–114  The shaft of a turbine rotates at a speed of 600 rpm.
supporting mast of the wind turbine is If the torque of the shaft is 3500 N·m, the shaft power is
(a) 2524 N (b) 3127 N (c) 3475 N (d) 4138 N (a) 207 kW (b) 220 kW (c) 233 kW (d) 246 kW
(e) 4313 N (e) 350 kW
6–108  The velocity of wind at a wind turbine is measured
Design and Essay Problem
to be 8 m/s. The blade span diameter is 12 m. The density of
air is 1.2 kg/m3. If the horizontal force exerted by the wind 6–115  Visit a fire station and obtain information about flow
on the supporting mast of the wind turbine is 1620 N, the rates through hoses and discharge diameters. Using this infor-
efficiency of the wind turbine is mation, calculate the impulse force to which the firefighters
(a) 27.5% (b) 31.7% (c) 29.5% (d) 35.1% (e) 33.8% are subjected when holding a fire hose.