1.
Introduction to Computer System (Definition of a Computer)
A computer is an electronic device that takes input (data), processes it, stores it, and gives
meaningful output.
It helps us do work faster and more accurately.
Example: Using a computer to type documents, play games, watch videos, or calculate bills.
2. Functions of a Computer System
A computer performs four main functions:
1. Input – Entering data into the computer (e.g., using keyboard/mouse)
2. Processing – Working on the data (done by the CPU)
3. Storage – Saving data for future use (e.g., in hard drives)
4. Output – Showing results (e.g., on a monitor)
Example: Typing a letter → Computer processes it → Saves it → Displays it.
3. IPOS Cycle
IPOS stands for:
• Input – Getting data (e.g., typing using keyboard)
• Process – CPU works on data
• Output – Showing results (e.g., monitor shows result)
• Storage – Saving results (e.g., in pen drive or hard disk)
Example: ATM machine – You insert your card (input), it processes your request, gives cash
(output), and saves the transaction (storage).
4. Introduction to Data and Information (with Differences)
• Data: Raw facts and figures. (e.g., 80, 90, 70)
• Information: Processed data that makes sense. (e.g., "Student scored 80, 90, and 70 in
exams.")
Data Information
Unprocessed facts Processed and meaningful data
Has no clear meaning alone Has a clear meaning and use
5. Features / Characteristics of Computer Systems
• Speed – Works very fast (e.g., calculates in seconds)
• Accuracy – Gives correct results (unless there's a human error)
• Automation – Works on its own after giving instructions
• Storage – Stores a lot of data (documents, videos, etc.)
• Multitasking – Can do many things at once (e.g., music + typing)
Real-Life Example: A cashier uses a computer to bill items quickly and correctly.
6. Advantages of Computers in Today’s World
• Makes work faster and easier
• Reduces paperwork
• Helps in learning (online classes, e-books)
• Used in banks, hospitals, offices
• Helps us stay connected (emails, social media)
• Entertainment (movies, games, music)
7. Application Areas of a Computer
• Education – Smart boards, online classes
• Banking – ATM, net banking
• Health – Patient records, medical tests
• Business – Inventory, billing
• Government – ID cards, digital records
Example: Computers in hospitals help doctors keep and check patient history quickly.
8. Limitations of a Computer System
• Cannot think or make decisions
• Works only as programmed
• Needs electricity
• Cannot work without instructions
• Can’t replace human emotions or creativity
9. Computer Hardware (Including Input Devices)
Hardware: The physical parts of a computer.
Examples:
• Monitor – Shows output
• Keyboard – Input device (used to type)
• Mouse – Input device (used to click/select)
• CPU – Processes data
• Scanner – Input device (converts paper to digital)
• Printer – Output device
Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Joystick
10. CPU, Its Functions, and Components (ALU, CU, Registers)
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer. It processes all data and
instructions.
Functions:
• Performs calculations
• Controls all operations
• Stores temporary data
Components of CPU:
1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – Performs math and logic operations
2. CU (Control Unit) – Controls how data moves inside the computer
3. Registers – Small memory units inside CPU for fast access
Example: CPU solves math problems using ALU, directs actions with CU, and uses Registers
to remember numbers.
11. Motherboard
• The main circuit board of the computer
• All parts like CPU, RAM, and storage connect to it
• Helps in communication between components
Example: Like a human body’s spine connecting all parts, the motherboard connects all
computer parts.
12. Data Bus (With Its Different Types)
A data bus is a set of wires that carry data inside the computer.
Types of Buses:
1. Data Bus – Carries actual data (e.g., numbers, letters)
2. Address Bus – Carries memory addresses (tells where data is stored)
3. Control Bus – Carries control signals (tells what to do)
Example: Think of it like roads in a city – Data Bus is like vehicles carrying goods (data),
Address Bus is like GPS telling where to go, and Control Bus is like traffic lights giving
instructions.
