Java Programming

For Beginners
New Sections: Java New Features (23,24,..), Spring,
Spring Boot and REST API

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Learn Java Programming
GOAL: Help YOU learn Programming
Basics and Best Practices
Problem Solving
Simple Design and Debugging
Help you have fun!
APPROACH: Hands-on Step By Step
Learn Problem Solving
Practice 200+ Code Examples
Test Your Learning: Exercises
Learn to Debug Programs : Github Page
Build real world applications
By the end of the course, you will be a
really good programmer!

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YOUR Success = OUR Success

98,000+ Learners with 46% 5 STAR Reviews

Last Year: 42,000+ active learners & 14 million learning minutes
"Great mix of theory and exercises!"
"Interactive learning with the help of puzzles"
"Never thought taking an online course will be so helpful. "
"Builds confidence in people who fear programming"
RECOMMENDATION: Bit of Patience in the first hour!

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4
Installing Java
Step 01: Installing Java on Windows
Step 02: Installing Java on MacOS
Step 03: Installing Java on Linux
Step 04: Troubleshooting
Alternative:
https://tryjshell.org/

5
Programming and Problem Solving
I love programming:
You get to solve new problems every day.
Learn something new everyday!
Steps in Problem Solving:
Step I: Understand the Problem
Step II: Design
Break the Problem Down
Step III: Write Your Program (and Test)
Express Your Solution: Language Specifics (Syntax)

Let's solve multiple problems step by step!

Learning to Program = Learning to ride a bike
First steps are the most difficult
Pure Fun afterwards!

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Challenge 1 : Print Multiplication Table
5 * 1 = 5
5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50

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Where do we start? : Print Multiplication Table
5 * 1 = 5
5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50

Step 1: Calculate value of "5 * 5"

Step 2: Print "5 * 5 = 25"
Step 3: Do this 10 times

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JShell
Do you know?: How do Python programmers start learning
Python?
Python shell: That's why Python is easy to learn
From Java 9: Java is equally easy to learn - JShell
Java REPL (Read Eval Print Loop)
Type in a one line of code and see the output
Makes learning fun (Make a mistake and it immediately tells you whats wrong!)
All great programmers make use of JShell

In this course: We use JShell to get started

By Section 5, you will be comfortable with Java syntax
We will start using Eclipse as the Java IDE!

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Java Primitive Types
Values Primitive Size Range Example
Type (bits)

Integral byte 8 -128 to 127 byte b = 5;

Integral short 16 -32,768 to 32,767 short s =

128;

Integral int 32 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 int i =

40000;

Integral long 64 -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to long l =

9,223,372,036,854,775,807 2222222222;

Float float 32 ±3.40282347E+38F. NOT precise float f =

4.0f

Float double 64 ±1.79769313486231570E+308. NOT precise double d = 67.0

Character char 16 '\u0000 to '\uffff char c = 'A';

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Print Multiplication Table - Solution 1
jshell> int i
i ==> 0
jshell> for (i=0; i<=10; i++) {
...> System.out.printf("%d * %d = %d", 5, i, 5*i).println();
...> }
5 * 1 = 5
5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 2
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50

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JVM, JRE And JDK
JRE = JVM + Libraries + Other Components
JVM runs your program bytecode
Libraries are built-in Java utilities that can be used within any program you create.
System.out.println() was a method in java.lang, one such utility.
Other Components include tools for debugging and code profiling (for memory management
and performance)
JDK = JRE + Compilers + Debuggers
JDK refers to the Java Development Kit. It's an acronym for the bundle needed to compile
(with the compiler) and run (with the JRE bundle) your Java program.
Remember:
JDK is needed to Compile and Run Java programs
JRE is needed to Run Java Programs
JVM is needed to Run Bytecode generated from Java programs

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Installing Eclipse
Most Popular Open Source Java IDE
Download:
https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/packages/
Recommended:
"Eclipse IDE for Enterprise Java and Web Developers"
Troubleshooting
Use 7Zip if you have problems with unzipping
Unzip to root folder "C:\Eclipse" instead of a long path
Guide: https://wiki.eclipse.org/Eclipse/Installation#Troubleshooting

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Print Multiplication Table - Solution 2
public class MultiplicationTable {
public static void print() {
for(int i=1; i<=10;i++) {
System.out.printf("%d * %d = %d", 5, i, 5*i).println();
}
}

public static void print(int number) {

for(int i=1; i<=10;i++) {
System.out.printf("%d * %d = %d", number, i, number*i).println();
}
}

public static void print(int number, int from, int to) {

for(int i=from; i<=to;i++) {
System.out.printf("%d * %d = %d", number, i, number*i).println();
}
}
}

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Print Multiplication Table - Refactored (No Duplication)
package com.in28minutes.firstjavaproject;

public class MultiplicationTable {

public static void print() {
print(5, 1, 10);
}

public static void print(int number) {

print(number, 1, 10);
}

public static void print(int number, int from, int to) {

for(int i=from; i<=to;i++) {
System.out.printf("%d X %d = %d", number, i, number*i).println();
}
}
}

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
class Planet
name, location, distanceFromSun // data / state / fields
rotate(), revolve() // actions / behavior / methods

earth : new Planet

venus : new Planet

A class is a template.
In above example, Planet is a class
An object is an instance of a class.
earth and venus are objects.
name, location and distanceFromSun compose object state.
rotate() and revolve() define object's behavior.
Fields are the elements that make up the object state. Object behavior is
implemented through Methods.

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) - 2
class Planet
name, location, distanceFromSun // data / state / fields
rotate(), revolve() // actions / behavior / methods

earth : new Planet

venus : new Planet

Each Planet has its own state:

name: "Earth", "Venus"
location : Each has its own orbit
distanceFromSun : They are at unique, different distances from the sun
Each Planet has its own unique behavior:
rotate() : They rotate at different rates (and in fact, different directions!)
revolve() : They revolve round the sun in different orbits, at different speeds

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Next Few Sections
Java keeps improving:
Java 10, Java 11, Java 12, ..., Java 17, Java 18 ...
Developing Java Applications is Evolving as well:
Spring
Spring Boot
REST API
How about building a Real World Java Project?
REST API with Spring and Spring Boot
Let's get started!

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How Java Stays Relevant
Version Release Date Notes

JDK 1.0 January 1996

J2SE 5.0 September 2004 5 Releases in 8 years

Java SE 8 (LTS) March 2014 Most important Java Release

Java SE 9 September 2017 4 Releases in 13 years

Java SE 10 March 2018 Time-Based Release Versioning

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How Java Stays Relevant - 2
Version Release Date Notes

Java SE 11 (LTS) September 2018 Long Term Support Version

Java SE 12 March 2019

...

Java SE 21 (LTS) September 2023 Long Term Support Version

...

Java SE 25 (LTS) September 2025 Long Term Support Version

...

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Exploring Most Important Java Releases
Version Release Key New Features
Date

J2SE 5.0 Sep 2004 Enhanced For Loop, Generics, Enums, Autoboxing

Java SE 8 Mar 2014 Functional Programming - Lambdas & Streams, Static methods in
interface

Java SE 9 Sep 2017 Modularization (Java Platform Module System)

Java SE 16 Mar 2021 Record Classes

Java SE 21 Sep 2023 Virtual Threads and Sequenced Collections

Java SE 24 Mar 2025 Stream Gatherers

All Java - API Improvements, Performance and Garbage Collection

Versions Improvements

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Java Modularization - Overview
Introduced in Java 9
Goals:
Modularize JDK (IMPORTANT)
rt.jar grew to 60+ MB by Java 8
Modularize applications
Modularizing JDK:
java --list-modules
java.base
java.logging
java.sql
java.xml
jdk.compiler
jdk.jartool
jdk.jshell
java -d java sql

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Java Modularization - Remember
Module Descriptor - module-info.java: Defines metadata about the module:
requires module.a; - I need module.a to do my work!
requires transitive module.a; - I need module.a to do my work
AND my users also need access to module.a
exports - Export package for use by other modules
opens package.b to module.a - Before Java 9, reflection can be used to find details about
types (private, public and protected). From Java 9, you can decide which packages to expose:
Above statement allows module.a access to perform reflection on public types in package.b

Advantages
Compile Time Checks
For availability of modules
Better Encapsulation
Make only a subset of classes from a module available to other modules
Smaller Java Runtime
Use only the modules of Java that you need!

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Local Variable Type Inference
// List<String> numbers = new ArrayList<>(list);
var numbers = new ArrayList<>(list);

Java compiler infers the type of the variable at compile time

Introduced in Java 10
You can add final if you want
var can also be used in loops
Remember:
You cannot assign null
var is NOT a keyword
Best Practices:
Good variable names
Minimize Scope
Improve readability for chained expressions

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Switch Expression
String monthName = switch (monthNumber) {
case 1 -> {
System.out.println("January");
// yield statement is used in a Switch Expression
// break,continue statements are used in a Switch Statement
yield "January"; // yield mandatory!
}
case 2 -> "February";
case 3 -> "March";
case 4 -> "April";
default -> "Invalid Month";
};

Create expressions using switch statement

Released in JDK 14
Preview - JDK 12 and 13
Remember:
No fallthrough
Use yield or -> to return value

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Text Blocks
System.out.println("\"First Line\"\nSecond Line\nThird Line");
System.out.println("""
"First Line"
Second Line
Third Line"""
);

Simplify Complex Text Strings

Released in JDK 15
Preview - JDK 13 and 14
Remember:
First Line : """ Followed by line terminator
"""abc or """abc""" in First Line are NOT valid
Automatic Alignment is done
Trailing white space is stripped
You can use text blocks where ever you can use a String

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Records
record Person(String name, String email, String phoneNumber) { }

Eliminate verbosity in creating Java Beans

Public accessor methods, constructor, equals, hashcode and toString are automatically
created
You can create custom implementations if you would want
Released in JDK 16
Preview - JDK 14 and 15
Remember:
Compact Constructors are only allowed in Records
You can add static fields, static initializers, and static methods
BUT you CANNOT add instance variables or instance initializers
HOWEVER you CAN add instance methods

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What is a Sealed Class? (Java 17)
sealed class Vehicle permits Car, Truck, Bike {}

// No further subclassing
final class Car extends Vehicle {}

// Can be extended freely

non-sealed class Truck extends Vehicle {}

// Further restricted
sealed class Bike extends Vehicle permits ElectricBike {}

// No further subclassing
final class ElectricBike extends Bike {}

Only allowed subclasses (Car, Truck, Bike) can extend Vehicle.

You can choose the restrictions on sub-classes:
Car is final, so it cannot be extended further.
Truck is non-sealed, so any class can extend it.
Bike is sealed again, allowing only ElectricBike to extend it.

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What is a Sealed Interface? (Java 17)
sealed interface Flyable permits Bird, Aeroplane, Helicopter {}

// Cannot be extended
final class Bird implements Flyable {}

// Restricted
sealed class Aeroplane implements Flyable permits Boeing {}

// Can be freely implemented

non-sealed class Helicopter implements Flyable {}

// No further subclassing
final class Boeing extends Aeroplane {}

Controls which classes can implement Flyable.

You can choose the restrictions on implementations:
Bird is final, so no other class can extend it.
Aeroplane is sealed, so only Boeing can extend it.
Helicopter is non-sealed, so any class can extend it.

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Things You Should Know - Sealed Classes & Interfaces
sealed class Vehicle permits Car, Truck, Bike {}

sealed interface Flyable permits Bird, Aeroplane, Helicopter {}

// Cannot be extended
final class Bird implements Flyable {}

Prevents accidental subclassing & implementations – Only explicitly

permitted classes can extend or implement
Improves readability and maintainability – Clearly defines allowed subtypes
Helps enforce strict type hierarchies in large applications
Subclasses/Implementations must be final, non-sealed, or sealed

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How are Threads Traditionally Implemented in Java?
public class SleepingThread implements Runnable {
public void run() {
try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);}
catch (Exception ex) {}
}
}
public class PlaformThreadLimitsTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
new Thread(new SleepingThread()).start();
}
}
}

How? Each Java thread maps to an OS thread.

Issue? Limited scalability
Limited number of OS threads.
Too many threads => high memory
Above program would fail due to Out Of Memory Exception

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Problem: 1 Java Thread maps to 1 OS Thread
Problem Why It’s Bad

High Memory Each OS thread needs ~1MB memory.

Usage 10,000 threads → ~10GB RAM wasted!

Limited Scalability OS cannot handle hundreds of thousands of threads.

IO-Bound If a thread waits for API/DB, the corresponding OS thread is

Inefficiency blocked doing nothing.

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What are Virtual Threads? (Java 21)
public class VirtualThreadLimitsTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
Thread.startVirtualThread(new SleepingThread());
}
}
}

What? 1000s of Virtual threads can run on top of a small pool of

OS threads.
Who Manages? Managed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Benefit? Create millions of lightweight threads without high
memory usage.

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Advantages of Virtual Threads (Java 21)
Feature Virtual Threads (New)

Memory Usage Low (Thousands to millions of threads)

Context Switching Cheap

Scalability Very high

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Platform Threads vs Virtual Threads (Java 21)
Feature Platform Threads (Old) Virtual Threads (New)

Implementation Managed by the Operating Managed by the JVM

System (OS)

Thread Count Limited by the number of OS Can have a lot more, even
threads millions

Thread Creation Expensive Very cheap

Context Switching Expensive Cheap

OS thread usage Low High

efficiency

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Using Executor Service To Launch Threads (Java 21)
public class VirtualThreadsWithExecutorService {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService executor
= Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
executor.execute(new SleepingThread());
}
executor.shutdown();
}
}

More resource-friendly: Built-in pooling and scheduling

Preferred Approach: Preferred way for launching many short-lived
tasks
Avoid Manual Management: You don't need to manage threads
manually

36
Platform Threads vs Virtual Threads - When? (Java 21)
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor();
executor.submit(() -> {
System.out.println("Hello from " + Thread.currentThread());
});
executor.shutdown();

Thread vt = Thread.ofVirtual().start(
() -> System.out.println("Running in a Virtual Thread"));

When to Use Traditional Java Threads?

CPU-Bound Tasks Needing Low Number of Threads – Heavy computations (e.g.,
image processing, data crunching) needing only a few threads
When to Use Virtual Threads?
IO-Bound Tasks – Database queries, API calls, file reads.
Massive Concurrency – Millions of tasks (e.g., handling web requests).
Efficient Resource Usage – No wasted OS threads waiting for IO.

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Need For Sequenced Collections (Java 21)
// Get the first element of the list
String firstElement = list.get(0);
// Get the last element of the list
int lastIndex = list.size() - 1;
String lastElement = list.get(lastIndex);

Imagine getting the first element of collection

It's pretty simple
Imagine accessing last element of collection
It's a little bit more complex
What if there is a Java API that makes it simple?
Solution: SequencedCollection Interface (along with SequencedSet and
SequencedMap)
Widely Implemented: Almost all important collection implementations support some form of
sequenced collections operations (ArrayList, LinkedList,HashSet)
Tip: Also allows to access the collection in a reversed order

38
Exploring API of Sequenced Collections (Java 21)
interface SequencedCollection<E> extends Collection<E> {

void addFirst(E); // Add as first element in the collection

void addLast(E); // Add as last element in the collection

E getFirst(); // Get first element from the collection

E getLast(); // Get last element from the collection

E removeFirst(); // remove first element from the collection

E removeLast(); // remove last element from the collection

SequencedCollection<E> reversed();

SequencedCollection: Extends Collection

Adds a few new methods

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Exploring SequencedCollections with List Example
var courseDetails = new ArrayList<>();

courseDetails.add("Spring Security");

courseDetails.addFirst("Spring Boot");
courseDetails.addLast("Spring Boot in AI");

courseDetails.add("Cloud Computing with AWS");

courseDetails.add("Cloud Computing with Azure");

System.out.println("First Element:: " + courseDetails.getFirst());

System.out.println("Last Element:: " + courseDetails.getLast());

System.out.println("Remove First Element:: " + courseDetails.removeFirst());

System.out.println("Remove Last Element:: " + courseDetails.removeLast());

var reverseCourseDetails = courseDetails.reversed();

System.out.println("Reversed List:: "+reverseCourseDetails);

40
Exploring API of SequencedSet
interface SequencedSet<E> extends Set<E>, SequencedCollection<E> {
SequencedSet<E> reversed(); // covariant override
}

var courses = List.of("Spring", "Spring Boot", "AWS", "Azure");

var courseDetailsSet = new LinkedHashSet<>(courses);

System.out.println("First Element:: "+courseDetailsSet.getFirst());

System.out.println("Last Element:: "+courseDetailsSet.getLast());
System.out.println("Order:: "+courseDetailsSet);

System.out.println("Adding new elements");

courseDetailsSet.addFirst("Spring Security");
courseDetailsSet.addLast("Spring AI");
System.out.println("Order:: "+courseDetailsSet);
System.out.println("Reversed:: "+courseDetailsSet.reversed());

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Exploring SequencedMap
interface SequencedMap<K,V> extends Map<K,V> {
// new methods
SequencedMap<K,V> reversed(); // Reverse the map
SequencedSet<K> sequencedKeySet(); // Get the sequenced key set
SequencedCollection<V> sequencedValues(); // Get the sequenced values
SequencedSet<Entry<K,V>> sequencedEntrySet(); // Get the entrySet
V putFirst(K, V); // Add as first element in the Map
V putLast(K, V); // Add as last element in the Map

// methods promoted from NavigableMap

Entry<K, V> firstEntry();
Entry<K, V> lastEntry();
Entry<K, V> pollFirstEntry();
Entry<K, V> pollLastEntry();
}

SequencedMap extends Map

Several new methods

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Exploring SequencedMap - LinkedHashMap
var courseDetails = new LinkedHashMap<>();
courseDetails.put(1, "Spring");
courseDetails.put(2, "Spring Boot");
courseDetails.put(3, "Spring AI");
System.out.println("Map::" + courseDetails);

System.out.println("Adding Elements");
courseDetails.putFirst(10, "Spring Security");
courseDetails.putLast(20, "Spring Cloud");
System.out.println("Map::" + courseDetails);

System.out.println("sequencedKeySet:: " + courseDetails.sequencedKeySet());

System.out.println("sequencedValues:: " + courseDetails.sequencedValues());
System.out.println("sequencedEntrySet:: " + courseDetails.sequencedEntrySet());
System.out.println("First Entry:: " + courseDetails.firstEntry());
System.out.println("Last Entry:: " + courseDetails.lastEntry());

System.out.println("First Poll Entry:: " + courseDetails.pollFirstEntry());

System.out.println("Map::" + courseDetails);
System.out.println("Last Poll Entry:: " + courseDetails.pollLastEntry());
System.out.println("Map::" + courseDetails);

System.out.println("Reversed:: " + courseDetails.reversed());

43
Pattern Matching with Variable Declaration (Java 14)
public void process(Object obj) {

//if (obj instanceof String) {

//String s = (String) obj; // Explicit casting needed
//System.out.println("Message: " + s);
//}

//instanceof + variable declaration!

if (obj instanceof String s) {
System.out.println("Message: " + s); // No explicit cast needed
}

Simplified instanceof Check

Eliminates explicit casting.
Declares variable inline.
Cleaner and safer.

44
Pattern Matching with Records (Java 21)
record Transaction(String sender, String receiver, int amount) {}

public void processTransaction(Object obj) {

if (obj instanceof Transaction(

String sender, String receiver, int amount)) {

System.out.println("Processing transaction: " + sender

+ " -> " + receiver + " : $" + amount);

Supports automatic deconstruction of records.

Automatically extracts fields (sender, receiver, amount).

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Pattern Matching with Nested Records (Java 21)
package com.in28minutes;

record Customer(String name, String email) {}

record Product(String name, double price) {}

record Order(Customer customer, Product product) {}

public class CustomerSupport {

public static void processOrder(Object obj) {
if (obj instanceof Order(
Customer(String name, String email),
Product(String productName, double price))) {
System.out.println("Customer " + name +
" ordered " + productName + " for $" + price);
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

processOrder(new Order(new Customer("Ranga","Email"),
new Product("Cricket Bat",100)));
}
}

46
Switch with Enums (Java 17)
DayOfWeek dayOfWeek = DayOfWeek.FRIDAY;

String message = switch (dayOfWeek) {

case MONDAY -> "Getting Started With My Week";
case TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY -> "Mid of the Week";
case FRIDAY -> "Getting Ready For Weekend";
default -> "Enjoying the Weekend";
};

Enum + Switch = Magic!

Eliminates repetitive if-else logic.
Ensures all Enum values are handled!

47
Switch with Record Patterns (Java 21)
sealed interface CustomerMessage permits Message, Feedback{}
final record Message(String text) implements CustomerMessage {}
final record Feedback(double rating, String description) implements CustomerMessage {}

CustomerMessage message = new Message("I need help");

String response = switch (message) {

case Message(String text)
-> "Processing message: " + text;
case Feedback(double rating, String description)
-> "Processing feedback rating: " + rating + " stars" +
" with description" + description;
};

System.out.println(response);

Allows direct record deconstruction.

More concise and readable code.

48
Nested Record Patterns in Switch (Java 21)
record SupportRequest(String user, CustomerMessage message) {}

SupportRequest request = new SupportRequest("Rahul", new Message("I need help"));

String response = switch (request) {

case SupportRequest(String user, Message(String text))
-> "User " + user + " sent a message : #" + text;
case SupportRequest(String user, Feedback(double rating, String description))
-> "User " + user + " left a rating: " + rating + " stars" +
" with description " + description;
};

System.out.println(response);

Automatic deconstruction of records

Work seamlessly with nested records

49
Getting Started with Stream Gatherers (Java 24)
numbers.gather(Gatherers.windowSliding(5))
.forEach(System.out::println); // Output: [1,2,3,4,5], ..., [16,17,18,19,20]

Enhanced stream processing: Enhances stream processing with more control

and flexibility
Intermediate Transformations and Grouping: Lets you transform and group
stream elements while streaming, not just at the end like collect()
Lots of Flexibility: Support for windows, sliding views, parallel mapping,
and custom accumulation
Example functions:
fold() – Combines all stream values into one using custom logic (like a running total).
mapConcurrent() – Processes elements in parallel using a function, ideal for heavy/slow tasks.
windowFixed() – Splits the stream into equal-sized, non-overlapping groups.
windowSliding() – Creates overlapping groups for sliding window computations.

50
Gatherers.fold method
var numbers = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, 20).boxed();

numbers.gather(Gatherers.fold(
() -> 0,
(sum, i) -> sum + i
)).forEach(System.out::println); // Output: 210

What?: Combines all elements in the stream into a single result (like
adding numbers together).
How?: You provide a starting value (e.g., 0) and a rule to combine
values (e.g., sum + i).
Usecase: Great for tasks like summing, multiplying, or custom
reductions.

51
Gatherers.mapConcurrent method
var numbers = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, 20).boxed();

numbers.gather(Gatherers.mapConcurrent(
4,
i -> i * i
)).forEach(System.out::println); // Output: squares of 1–20 (unordered)

What?: Applies a function (like squaring) to each element in parallel.

Control Maximum Concurrency: You control how many operations
can run at the same time (with maxConcurrency).
Usecase: Useful for speeding up slow operations using concurrency
(e.g., API calls or heavy calculations).

52
Gatherers.windowFixed method
var numbers = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, 20).boxed();

numbers.gather(Gatherers.windowFixed(5))
.forEach(System.out::println);

// Output: [1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10], ..., [16,17,18,19,20]

What?: Groups the stream elements into non-overlapping fixed-size

lists.
Example:For example, if the size is 5, you'll get [1,2,3,4,5],
[6,7,8,9,10], etc.
Usecase: Helpful when processing data in equal-sized chunks or
batches.

53
Gatherers.windowSliding method
var numbers = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, 20).boxed();

numbers.gather(Gatherers.windowSliding(5))
.forEach(System.out::println);

// Output: [1,2,3,4,5], [2,3,4,5,6], ..., [16,17,18,19,20]

Create Sliding Windows: Creates overlapping lists (sliding windows)

of a given size.
Example: With a window size of 5, you'll get [1,2,3,4,5],
[2,3,4,5,6], [3,4,5,6,7], etc.
Ideal Usecase: Ideal for running calculations over moving windows,
like averages or trends.

54
Getting Started with Spring Framework - Goals
Build a Loose Coupled Hello World Gaming App
with Modern Spring Approach
Get Hands-on with Spring and understand:
Why Spring?
Terminology
Tight Coupling and Loose Coupling
IOC Container
Application Context
Component Scan
Dependency Injection
Spring Beans
Auto Wiring

55
Loose Coupling with Spring Framework
Design Game Runner to run games:
Mario, Super Contra, PacMan etc
Iteration 1: Tightly Coupled
GameRunner class
Game classes: Mario, Super Contra, PacMan etc
Iteration 2: Loose Coupling - Interfaces
GameRunner class
GamingConsole interface
Game classes: Mario, Super Contra, PacMan etc

Iteration 3: Loose Coupling - Spring

Spring framework will manage all our objects!
GameRunner class
GamingConsole interface
Game classes: Mario, Super Contra, PacMan etc

56
Spring Framework - Questions
Question 1: What's happening in the background?
Let's debug!
Question 2: What about the terminology? How does it relate
to what we are doing?
Dependency, Dependency Injection, IOC Container, Application Context,
Component Scan, Spring Beans, Auto Wiring etc!
Question 3: Does the Spring Framework really add value?
We are replacing 3 simple lines with 3 complex lines!
Question 4: What if I want to run Super Contra game?
Question 5: How is Spring JAR downloaded?
Magic of Maven!

57
Question 1: What's happening in the background?
Let's Debug:
Identified candidate component class: file [GameRunner.class]
Identified candidate component class: file [MarioGame.class]
Creating shared instance of singleton bean 'gameRunner'
Creating shared instance of singleton bean 'marioGame'
Autowiring by type from bean name 'gameRunner' via constructor to bean named
'marioGame'
org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean
with name 'gameRunner' defined in file [GameRunner.class]
Unsatisfied dependency expressed through constructor parameter 0;
nested exception is:org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException
No qualifying bean of type 'com.in28minutes.learnspringframework.game.GamingConsole' available
expected single matching bean but found 3: marioGame,pacManGame,superContraGame

58
Question 2: Spring Framework - Important Terminology
@Component (..): Class managed by Spring framework
Dependency: GameRunner needs GamingConsole impl!
GamingConsole Impl (Ex: MarioGame) is a dependency of GameRunner
Component Scan: How does Spring Framework find
component classes?
It scans packages! (@ComponentScan("com.in28minutes"))
Dependency Injection: Identify beans, their dependencies
and wire them together (provides IOC - Inversion of Control)
Spring Beans: An object managed by Spring Framework
IoC container: Manages the lifecycle of beans and dependencies
Types: ApplicationContext (complex), BeanFactory (simpler features - rarely used)
Autowiring: Process of wiring in dependencies for a Spring Bean

59
Question 3: Does the Spring Framework really add value? -
In Game Runner Hello World App, we have very few classes
BUT Real World applications are much more complex:
Multiple Layers (Web, Business, Data etc)
Each layer is dependent on the layer below it!
Example: Business Layer class talks to a Data Layer class
Data Layer class is a dependency of Business Layer class
There are thousands of such dependencies in every application!

With Spring Framework:

INSTEAD of FOCUSING on objects, their dependencies and wiring
You can focus on the business logic of your application!
Spring Framework manages the lifecycle of objects:
Mark components using annotations: @Component (and others..)
Mark dependencies using @Autowired
Allow Spring Framework to do its magic!

Ex: Controller > BusinessService (sum) > DataService (data)!

60
Question 4: What if I want to run Super Contra game?
Try it as an exercise
@Primary
Playing with Spring:
Exercise:
Dummy implementation for PacMan and make it Primary!
Debugging Problems:
Remove @Component and Play with it!

61
Question 5: How is Spring JAR downloaded? (Maven)
What happens if you manually download Spring JAR?
Remember: Spring JAR needs other JARs
What if you need to upgrade to a new version?
Maven: Manage JARs needed by apps (application dependencies)
Once you add a dependency on Spring framework, Maven would download:
Spring Framework and its dependencies

All configuration in pom.xml

Maven artifacts: Identified by a Group Id, an Artifact Id!
Important Features:
Defines a simple project setup that follows best practices
Enables consistent usage across all projects
Manages dependency updates and transitive dependencies
Terminology Warning: Spring Dependency vs Maven Dependency

62
Exploring Spring - Dependency Injection Types
Constructor-based : Dependencies are set
by creating the Bean using its Constructor
Setter-based : Dependencies are set by
calling setter methods on your beans
Field: No setter or constructor.
Dependency is injected using reflection.
Which one should you use?
Spring team recommends Constructor-based
injection as dependencies are automatically set
when an object is created!

63
Spring Modules

Spring Framework is divided into modules:

Core: IoC Container etc
Testing: Mock Objects, Spring MVC Test etc
Data Access: Transactions, JDBC, JPA etc
Web Servlet: Spring MVC etc
Web Reactive: Spring WebFlux etc
Integration: JMS etc
Each application can choose the modules they want to make use of
They do not need to make use of all things everything in Spring framework!

64
Spring Projects

Spring Projects: Spring keeps evolving (REST API > Microservices > Cloud)
Spring Boot: Most popular framework to build microservices
Spring Cloud: Build cloud native applications
Spring Data: Integrate the same way with different types of databases : NoSQL and Relational
Spring Integration: Address challenges with integration with other applications
Spring Security: Secure your web application or REST API or microservice

65
Why is Spring Popular?
Loose Coupling: Spring manages beans and dependencies
Make writing unit tests easy!
Provides its own unit testing project - Spring Unit Testing
Reduced Boilerplate Code: Focus on Business Logic
Example: No need for exception handling in each method!
All Checked Exceptions are converted to Runtime or Unchecked Exceptions

Architectural Flexibility: Spring Modules and Projects

You can pick and choose which ones to use (You DON'T need to use all of
them!)
Evolution with Time: Microservices and Cloud
Spring Boot, Spring Cloud etc!

66
Spring JDBC - Example
JDBC example
public void deleteTodo(int id) {
PreparedStatement st = null;
try {
st = db.conn.prepareStatement(DELETE_TODO_QUERY);
st.setInt(1, id);
st.execute();
} catch (SQLException e) {
logger.fatal("Query Failed : " + DELETE_TODO_QUERY, e);
} finally {
if (st != null) {
try {st.close();}
catch (SQLException e) {}
}
}
}

Spring JDBC example

public void deleteTodo(int id) {
jdbcTemplate.update(DELETE_TODO_QUERY, id);
}

67
Spring Framework - Review
Goal: 10,000 Feet overview of Spring Framework
Help you understand the terminology!
Dependency
Dependency Injection (and types)
Autowiring
Spring Beans
Component Scan
IOC Container (Application Context)
We will play with other Spring Modules and Projects later in the course
Advantages: Loosely Coupled Code (Focus on Business Logic),
Architectural Flexibility and Evolution with time!

68
Getting Started with Spring Boot - Goals
Build a Hello World App in Modern Spring
Boot Approach
Get Hands-on with Spring Boot
Why Spring Boot?
Terminology
Spring Initializr
Auto Configuration
Starter Projects
Actuator
Developer Tools

69
Hands-on: Understand Power of Spring Boot
// http://localhost:8080/courses
[
{
"id": 1,
"name": "Learn Microservices",
"author": "in28minutes"
}
]

Let's Build a Hello World App using Spring Initializr

Setup BooksController

70
World Before Spring Boot!
https://github.com/in28minutes/SpringMvcStepByStep/blob/master/Step15.md#pomxml

Setting up Spring Web Projects before Spring Boot was NOT easy!
Define maven dependencies and manage versions for frameworks
spring-webmvc, jackson-databind, log4j etc
Define web.xml (/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml)
Define Front Controller for Spring Framework (DispatcherServlet)
Define a Spring context XML file (/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/todo-servlet.xml)
Define a Component Scan (<context:component-scan base-package="com.in28minutes" />)
Install Tomcat or use tomcat7-maven-plugin plugin (or any other web server)
Deploy and Run the application in Tomcat
How does Spring Boot do its Magic?
Spring Boot Starter Projects
Spring Boot Auto Configuration

71
Spring Boot Starter Projects
Goal of Starter Projects: Help you get a project up and running
quickly!
Web Application - Spring Boot Starter Web
REST API - Spring Boot Starter Web
Talk to database using JPA - Spring Boot Starter Data JPA
Talk to database using JDBC - Spring Boot Starter JDBC
Secure your web application or REST API - Spring Boot Starter Security
Manage list of maven dependencies and versions for different
kinds of apps:
Spring Boot Starter Web: Frameworks needed by typical web applications
spring-webmvc, spring-web, spring-boot-starter-tomcat, spring-boot-starter-json

72
Spring Boot Auto Configuration
Spring Boot provides Auto Configuration
Basic configuration to run your application using the
frameworks defined in your maven dependencies
Auto Configuration is decided based on:
Which frameworks are in the Class Path?
What is the existing configuration (Annotations etc)?
An Example: (Enable debug logging for more details):
If you use Spring Boot Starter Web, following are auto
configured:
Dispatcher Servlet (DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration)
Embedded Servlet Container - Tomcat is the default
(EmbeddedWebServerFactoryCustomizerAutoConfiguration)
Default Error Pages (ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration)
Bean to/from JSON conversion
(J k H M C C fi i )

73
Spring Boot Embedded Servers
How do you deploy your application?
Step 1 : Install Java
Step 2 : Install Web/Application Server
Tomcat/WebSphere/WebLogic etc
Step 3 : Deploy the application WAR (Web ARchive)
This is the OLD WAR Approach
Complex to setup!

Embedded Server - Simpler alternative

Step 1 : Install Java
Step 2 : Run JAR file
Make JAR not WAR (Credit: Josh Long!)
Embedded Server Examples:
spring-boot-starter-tomcat
spring-boot-starter-jetty
spring-boot-starter-undertow

74
More Spring Boot Features
Spring Boot Actuator: Monitor and manage
your application in your production
Provides a number of endpoints:
beans - Complete list of Spring beans in your app
health - Application health information
metrics - Application metrics
mappings - Details around Request Mappings

Spring Boot DevTools: Increase developer

productivity
Why do you need to restart the server for every code
change?

75
Spring Boot vs Spring MVC vs Spring
Spring Framework Core Feature: Dependency Injection
@Component, @Autowired, IOC Container, ApplicationContext, Component Scan etc..
Spring Modules and Spring Projects: Good Integration with Other Frameworks
(Hibernate/JPA, JUnit & Mockito for Unit Testing)
Spring MVC (Spring Module): Build web applications in a decoupled approach
Dispatcher Servlet, ModelAndView and View Resolver etc
Spring Boot (Spring Project): Build production ready applications quickly
Starter Projects - Make it easy to build variety of applications
Auto configuration - Eliminate configuration to setup Spring, Spring MVC and other projects!
Enable production ready non functional features:
Actuator : Enables Advanced Monitoring and Tracing of applications.
Embedded Servers - No need for separate application servers!
Default Error Handling

76
Spring Boot - Review
Goal: 10,000 Feet overview of Spring Boot
Help you understand the terminology!
Starter Projects
Auto Configuration
Actuator
DevTools

Advantages: Get started quickly with production ready

features!

77
 JUnit
In 5 Steps

78
Introduction to Unit Testing with JUnit
Large applications can have 1000s of code files and
millions of lines of code
Testing: Check app behavior against expected behavior
Option 1: Deploy the complete application and test
This is called System Testing or Integration Testing
Option 2: Test specific units of application code independently
Examples: A specific method or group of methods
This is called Unit Testing
Advantages of Unit Testing
Finds bug early (run under CI)
Easy to fix bugs
Reduces costs in the long run
Most Popular Java Frameworks: JUnit and Mockito
Recommended: Option 1 + Option 2

79
JPA and Hibernate
in 10 Steps

80
Getting Started with JPA and Hibernate
Build a Simple JPA App using
Modern Spring Boot Approach
Get Hands-on with JPA, Hibernate
and Spring Boot
World before JPA - JDBC, Spring JDBC
Why JPA? Why Hibernate? (JPA vs
Hibernate)
Why Spring Boot and Spring Boot Data
JPA?
JPA Terminology: Entity and Mapping

81
Learning JPA and Hibernate - Approach
01: Create a Spring Boot Project
with H2
02: Create COURSE table
03: Use Spring JDBC to play with
COURSE table
04: Use JPA and Hibernate to play
with COURSE table
05: Use Spring Data JPA to play
with COURSE table

82
Spring Boot Auto Configuration Magic
We added Data JPA and H2 dependencies:
Spring Boot Auto Configuration does some magic:
Initialize JPA and Spring Data JPA frameworks
Launch an in memory database (H2)
Setup connection from App to in-memory database
Launch a few scripts at startup (example: data.sql,
schema.sql)

Remember - H2 is in memory database

Does NOT persist data
Great for learning
BUT NOT so great for production

83
JDBC to Spring JDBC to JPA to Spring Data JPA
JDBC
Write a lot of SQL queries! (delete from todo where id=?)
And write a lot of Java code
Spring JDBC
Write a lot of SQL queries (delete from todo where id=?)
BUT lesser Java code
JPA
Do NOT worry about queries
Just Map Entities to Tables!
Spring Data JPA
Let's make JPA even more simple!
I will take care of everything!

84
JDBC to Spring JDBC
JDBC example
public void deleteTodo(int id) {
PreparedStatement st = null;
try {
st = db.conn.prepareStatement("delete from todo where id=?");
st.setInt(1, id);
st.execute();
} catch (SQLException e) {
logger.fatal("Query Failed : ", e);
} finally {
if (st != null) {
try {st.close();}
catch (SQLException e) {}
}
}
}

Spring JDBC example

public void deleteTodo(int id) {
jdbcTemplate.update("delete from todo where id=?", id);
}

85
JPA Example
@Repository
public class PersonJpaRepository {

@PersistenceContext
EntityManager entityManager;

public Person findById(int id) {

return entityManager.find(Person.class, id);
}

public Person update(Person person) {

return entityManager.merge(person);
}

public Person insert(Person person) {

return entityManager.merge(person);
}

public void deleteById(int id) {........

Spring Data JPA Example

public interface TodoRepository extends JpaRepository<Todo, Integer>{

86
Hibernate vs JPA
JPA defines the specification. It is an API.
How do you define entities?
How do you map attributes?
Who manages the entities?
Hibernate is one of the popular
implementations of JPA
Using Hibernate directly would result in a
lock in to Hibernate
There are other JPA implementations (Toplink, for
example)

87
Maven

88
What is Maven?
Things you do when writing code each day:
Create new projects
Manages dependencies and their versions
Spring, Spring MVC, Hibernate,...
Add/modify dependencies
Build a JAR file
Run your application locally in Tomcat or Jetty or ..
Run unit tests
Deploy to a test environment
and a lot more..
Maven helps you do all these and more...

89
Exploring Project Object Model - pom.xml
Let's explore Project Object Model - pom.xml
1: Maven dependencies: Frameworks & libraries used in a project
Ex: spring-boot-starter-web and spring-boot-starter-test
Why are there so many dependencies in the classpath?
Answer: Transitive Dependencies
(REMEMBER) Spring dependencies are DIFFERENT

2: Parent Pom: spring-boot-starter-parent

Dependency Management: spring-boot-dependencies
Properties: java.version, plugins and configurations
3: Name of our project: groupId + artifactId
1: groupId: Similar to package name
2: artifactId: Similar to class name
Why is it important?
Think about this: How can other projects use our new project?

Activity: help:effective-pom, dependency:tree & Eclipse UI

Let's add a new dependency: spring-boot-starter-web

90
Exploring Maven Build Life Cycle
When we run a maven command, maven build life
cycle is used
Build LifeCycle is a sequence of steps
Validate
Compile
Test
Package
Integration Test
Verify
Install
Deploy

91
How does Maven Work?
Maven follows Convention over Configuration
Pre defined folder structure
Almost all Java projects follow Maven structure (Consistency)
Maven central repository contains jars (and others) indexed
by artifact id and group id
Stores all the versions of dependencies
repositories > repository
pluginRepositories > pluginRepository
When a dependency is added to pom.xml, Maven tries to
download the dependency
Downloaded dependencies are stored inside your maven local repository
Local Repository : a temp folder on your machine where maven stores the
jar and dependency files that are downloaded from Maven Repository.

92
Important Maven Commands
mvn --version
mvn compile: Compile source files
mvn test-compile: Compile test files
OBSERVCE CAREFULLY: This will also compile source files
mvn clean: Delete target directory
mvn test: Run unit tests
mvn package: Create a jar
mvn help:effective-pom
mvn dependency:tree

93
Spring Boot Maven Plugin
Spring Boot Maven Plugin: Provides Spring Boot
support in Apache Maven
Example: Create executable jar package
Example: Run Spring Boot application
Example: Create a Container Image
Commands:
mvn spring-boot:repackage (create jar or war)
Run package using java -jar
mvn spring-boot:run (Run application)
mvn spring-boot:start (Non-blocking. Use it to run integration tests.)
mvn spring-boot:stop (Stop application started with start command)
mvn spring-boot:build-image (Build a container image)

94
How are Spring Releases Versioned?
Version scheme - MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH[-MODIFIER]
MAJOR: Significant amount of work to upgrade (10.0.0 to 11.0.0)
MINOR: Little to no work to upgrade (10.1.0 to 10.2.0)
PATCH: No work to upgrade (10.5.4 to 10.5.5)
MODIFIER: Optional modifier
Milestones - M1, M2, .. (10.3.0-M1,10.3.0-M2)
Release candidates - RC1, RC2, .. (10.3.0-RC1, 10.3.0-RC2)
Snapshots - SNAPSHOT
Release - Modifier will be ABSENT (10.0.0, 10.1.0)

Example versions in order:

10.0.0-SNAPSHOT, 10.0.0-M1, 10.0.0-M2, 10.0.0-RC1, 10.0.0-RC2, 10.0.0, ...
MY RECOMMENDATIONS:
Avoid SNAPSHOTs
Use ONLY Released versions in PRODUCTION

95
REST API
REST API: Architectural Style for the Web
Resource: Any information (Example: Courses)
URI: How do you identify a resource? (/courses, /courses/1)
You can perform actions on a resource (Create/Get/Delete/Update). Different HTTP Request
Methods are used for different operations:
GET - Retrieve information (/courses, /courses/1)
POST - Create a new resource (/courses)
PUT - Update/Replace a resource (/courses/1)
PATCH - Update a part of the resource (/courses/1)
DELETE - Delete a resource (/courses/1)
Representation: How is the resource represented? (XML/JSON/Text/Video etc..)
Server: Provides the service (or API)
Consumer: Uses the service (Browser or a Front End Application)

96
Spring and Spring Boot Release Cycles
What is the difference between these?
2.5.0 (SNAPSHOT)
2.4.5 (M3)
2.4.4
Release Number: MAJOR.MINOR.FIX
Spring and Spring Boot Release Cycle:
SNAPSHOT (versions under development) > Mile Stones > Released Version
Recommendation - Do NOT use SNAPSHOTs or M1 or M2 or M3
Prefer released versions!

97
JDBC to Spring JDBC to JPA to Spring Data JPA
JDBC
Write a lot of SQL queries!
And write a lot of Java code
Spring JDBC
Write a lot of SQL queries
BUT lesser Java code
JPA
Do NOT worry about queries
Just Map Entities to Tables!
Spring Data JPA
Let's make JPA even more simple!
I will take care of everything!

98
JDBC to Spring JDBC
JDBC example
public void deleteTodo(int id) {
PreparedStatement st = null;
try {
st = db.conn.prepareStatement(DELETE_TODO_QUERY);
st.setInt(1, id);
st.execute();
} catch (SQLException e) {
logger.fatal("Query Failed : " + DELETE_TODO_QUERY, e);
} finally {
if (st != null) {
try {st.close();}
catch (SQLException e) {}
}
}
}

Spring JDBC example

public void deleteTodo(int id) {
jdbcTemplate.update(DELETE_TODO_QUERY, id);
}

99
JPA Example
@Repository
@Transactional
public class PersonJpaRepository {

@PersistenceContext
EntityManager entityManager;

public Person findById(int id) {

return entityManager.find(Person.class, id);
}

public Person update(Person person) {

return entityManager.merge(person);
}

public Person insert(Person person) {

return entityManager.merge(person);
}

public void deleteById(int id) {........

Spring Data JPA Example

public interface TodoRepository extends JpaRepository<Todo, Integer>{

100
Spring Boot Auto Configuration Magic - Data JPA
We added Data JPA and H2 dependencies:
Spring Boot Auto Configuration does some magic:
Initialize JPA and Spring Data JPA frameworks
Launch an in memory database (H2)
Setup connection from App to in-memory database
Launch a few scripts at startup (example: data.sql)

Remember - H2 is in memory database

Does NOT persist data
Great for learning
BUT NOT so great for production
Let's see how to use MySQL next!

101
Congratulations
Java keeps improving:
Java 10, Java 11, Java 12, ...
Java Project - REST API in Modern Approach:
Spring
Spring Boot
Do NOT forget to leave a Review!

102
What's Next? - Don't Stop Learning!
https://github.com/in28minutes/learn

Step I: Build more applications:

REST API and Microservices
Full Stack Applications (Angular and React)
Mobile Applications
Learn Unit Testing (JUnit and Mockito) and Clean Code
Step II: Learn Java Frameworks in Depth:
Spring & Spring Boot
Hibernate and JPA
Step III: Go Cloud (AWS, Azure and Google Cloud)
Step IV: Learn DevOps

103
NEW FEATURE: Coding exercises without IDE installation
Hurrah! You can do coding exercises
directly on Udemy
Without needing an IDE!
We are adding in a lot of exercises!
Each coding exercise has:
Instructions (or problem statement)
Hints
Solution Explanation
Solution video (watch me solve the exercise!)

104
NEW FEATURE: Coding exercises without IDE installation - 2
Next exercise will help you get familiar
with Udemy Coding Exercises IDE
Open it in a new window and practice while
you are watching this video!
Advantages:
Your solution is automatically checked
You get additional practice
Additional skills you'll improve:
Reading
Documentation

105
My 10 Rules for Happy Programmers
Embrace the challenge: Each problem is an opportunity to learn
It's okay to fail: Failure is a part of the learning process
Practice makes perfect: The more you code, the better you'll get
Be patient: Learning to code takes time and effort
Have fun: Coding can be a lot of fun, enjoy the process
Don't give up.: If you're struggling, keep at it
Break it down: Break a complex problem into smaller parts
Be persistent.: Don't give up on a problem just because it's difficult
Celebrate progress: Acknowledge your achievements, no matter how
small
Stay curious: Keep exploring new technologies, programming
languages, and concepts

106
What Next?

107
108