Institute of Leather Engineering & Technology

B.Sc in Leather Engineering

CSE-1208: Fundamentals of Computer and Information Engineering

Lecture-3
Computer Architecture

Course Teacher
Md. Ariful Islam
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Robotics & Mechatronics Engineering
University of Dhaka
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1. Computer Architecture

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1.3 Input Devices
A piece of equipment/hardware which helps us enter data into a computer is
called an input device.

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1.3.1 Keyboard

A keyboard is a lot like a miniature computer. It has its own processor and
circuitry that carries information to and from that processor.

A large part of this circuitry makes up the key matrix.

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The key matrix is a grid of circuits
underneath the keys.

In all keyboards, each circuit is

broken at a point below each key.

When you press a key, it presses a

switch, completing the circuit and
allowing a tiny amount of current
to flow through.

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When the processor finds a circuit that is closed, it compares the location of that
circuit on the key matrix to the character map in its read-only memory (ROM).

A character map is basically a comparison chart or lookup table. It tells the

processor the position of each key in the matrix and what each keystroke or
combination of keystrokes represents.

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For example, the character map lets the processor know that pressing the a key
by itself corresponds to a small letter “t," but the Shift and a keys pressed
together correspond to a capital “T."

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Types of Keyboard Layouts
QWERTZ

The QWERTZ or QWERTZU keyboard is a typewriter and keyboard layout widely

used in Central Europe.

The name comes from the first six letters at the top left of the keyboard: (Q W E
R T Z).

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QWERTY

QWERTY is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets.

The name comes from the order of the first six keys on the top letter row of the
keyboard (Q W E R T Y).

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AZERTY

AZERTY is a specific layout for the characters of the Latin alphabet on typewriter
keys and computer keyboards.

Similar to the QWERTZ layout, it is modelled on the English QWERTY layout. It is

used in France and Belgium.

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Keyboard Keys

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Keyboard shortcuts in Windows
Working with text

Ctrl+X: Cut the selected text.

Ctrl+C: Copy the selected text.
Ctrl+V: Paste the copied or cut text.
Ctrl+A: Select all of the text on the page or in the active window.
Ctrl+B: Bold the selected text.
Ctrl+I: Italicize the selected text.
Ctrl+U: Underline the selected text.

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Working with files and applications

Ctrl+Alt+Delete: Force an unresponsive or frozen program to quit. This keyboard

shortcut opens the Task Manager. You can then select the unresponsive
application and close it.
Delete: Send a selected file or files to the Recycle Bin.
Shift+Delete: Remove the selected file permanently.
Enter: Open a selected application or file.
Ctrl+N: Create a new file.
Ctrl+O: Open an existing file.
Ctrl+S: Save the current file.
Ctrl+Z: Undo the previous action. If you want to redo the action, press Ctrl+Y.
Windows key: Open the Start menu (or the Start screen in Windows 8).

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Internet shortcuts

Ctrl+N: Open a new browser window.

Ctrl+T: Open a new browser tab.
Ctrl+D: Bookmark the current page.
Ctrl+B: View bookmarks.
Ctrl+J: View recently downloaded files.

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1.3.2 Computer Mouse

It realizes the operation of the computer interface by controlling the movement

and clicking of the cursor.

Working principle of mouse

The working principle of the mouse is based on two basic concepts: position
detection and motion tracking.
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Mechanical Mouse

The mechanical mouse was one of the earliest forms of mouse technology. It
comes into contact with the work surface via a wheel or ball on the bottom that
turns as the mouse moves across the desktop.

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Inside the mouse, an encoder or optical sensor detects the rotation of the scroll
wheel or ball and translates it into a signal that the computer can understand.

The main principle of the mechanical mouse is to calculate the relative moving
distance of the mouse by the rotation of the scroll wheel or the rolling ball.

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Optical Mouse

Optical mice are an evolution of modern mouse technology. Optical mice use
infrared or laser emitters and corresponding sensors for position detection and
motion tracking.

Optical mice have a small hole in the bottom through which an infrared or laser
beam shines.

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As the mouse moves across the table, a beam of light hits the textured surface on
the table and is reflected back to the mouse.

Sensors in the receiver detect changes in light and calculate the pattern of
changes to determine the mouse’s position and direction of movement.

Optical mice offer greater precision and sensitivity, and don’t require a special
work surface.

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1.3.3 Barcode scanner
Barcode scanners have to be able to read the black-and-white zebra lines on
products extremely quickly and feed that information to a computer or checkout
terminal, which can identify them immediately using a product database.

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How does a barcode scanner work?

1. Scanning head shines LED or laser light onto barcode.

2. Light reflects back off barcode into a light-detecting electronic component

called a photoelectric cell. White areas of the barcode reflect most light; black
areas reflect least.

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3. As the scanner moves past the barcode, the cell generates a pattern of on-off
pulses that correspond to the black and white stripes.

So for the code shown here ("black black black white black white black black"),
the cell would be "off off off on off on off off."

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4. An electronic circuit attached to the scanner converts these on-off pulses into
digits.

5. The digital data from the scanner is sent to a computer program, which figures
out the final barcode.

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1.4 Output Devices
Any peripheral that accepts data from a computer and prints, projects, or
reproduces it is known as an output device.

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1.4.1 Computer Monitor

Cathode ray tube (CRT)

Cathode Emitting Electrons: Inside the CRT, there is a cathode, which is a heated
filament. When heated, it emits electrons due to thermionic emission. These
emitted electrons form a cloud around the cathode.

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Accelerating Anode: Near the cathode, there is an anode, which is positively
charged. This positive charge attracts the negatively charged electrons emitted
by the cathode, accelerating them towards the screen.

Electron Beam Focusing: To ensure the electron beam remains focused, there
are focusing electrodes. These electrodes create an electric field that converges
the electron beam into a narrow, well-defined path.

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Deflection System: Once the electron beam is focused, it needs to be moved
across the screen to create the desired image. This is accomplished through a
pair of electromagnetic coils or plates, called deflection coils, positioned
perpendicular to each other.

By varying the current passing through these coils, the electron beam can be
precisely directed to different parts of the screen.

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Phosphor-Coated Screen: The screen of the CRT is coated with a layer of
phosphor. When the electron beam strikes the phosphor-coated surface, it causes
the phosphor atoms to become excited.

As these atoms return to their stable state, they release light energy. Different
phosphors emit different colors of light, allowing for the creation of a colored
image.

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Pixel Formation: By controlling the intensity of the electron beam and precisely
steering it across the screen using the deflection system, individual pixels on the
screen can be illuminated. By varying the intensity and position of the electron
beam, different shades and colors can be displayed, forming the complete image.

Persistence of Vision: The images displayed on the screen are refreshed multiple
times per second. However, due to the persistence of vision phenomenon in
human eyes, the image appears continuous and seamless to the viewer. 29
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Liquid Crystal Layer: The key component of an LCD is the layer of liquid crystal
material sandwiched between two transparent electrodes and glass substrates.
The liquid crystal molecules have the ability to twist and untwist in response to an
electric current.

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Polarized Glass Layers: On either side of the liquid crystal layer, there are two
polarized glass layers. These layers have polarizing filters aligned perpendicular to
each other. One filter allows light waves oscillating in one direction to pass
through, while the other filter blocks them.
Thin Film Transistor LCD panel:

A type of LCD flat panel display screen

in which each pixel is controlled by one
to four transistors.

The TFT technology provides the best

resolution of all the flat panel
techniques, but it is also the most
expensive.
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Backlight: Behind the back glass substrate, there is a backlight source, typically
fluorescent lamps or more commonly LEDs in modern LCD displays. The backlight
emits white light, which is necessary for illuminating the display.

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Pixel Control: Each pixel of the LCD display corresponds to a tiny cell containing
liquid crystals. By applying an electric current to specific electrodes, the liquid
crystals in that pixel align in a certain way. This alignment affects how the light
passing through the liquid crystal layer interacts with the polarized filters.

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Twisting of Liquid Crystals: When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals are in a
twisted state, causing light to be rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal
layer. In this state, the polarized light can pass through the second polarizing
filter, allowing the pixel to appear transparent.

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Electric Field Control: When a voltage is applied to the electrodes of a specific
pixel, the liquid crystal molecules untwist, altering the polarization of the light
passing through them. Depending on the orientation of the liquid crystals, the
polarized light may not be able to pass through the second polarizing filter,
causing the pixel to appear dark.

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LED (Light Emitting Diode)

LEDs as Pixels: In an LED display, each pixel is composed of individual light-

emitting diodes (LEDs). These LEDs are semiconductor devices that emit light
when an electric current passes through them.

Pixel Matrix: LED displays consist of a matrix of these individual LED pixels
arranged in rows and columns. Each pixel can emit light independently of the
others, allowing for the display of images and videos.

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Direct Emission of Light: Unlike LCDs, which require a backlight to illuminate the
display, LEDs emit light directly when current flows through them. This means
that LED displays can achieve high brightness levels without the need for an
additional light source.

Color Generation: LED displays can produce different colors by using different
types of LEDs. Typically, LED displays use three types of LEDs: red, green, and blue
(RGB). By adjusting the intensity of each color component, a wide range of colors
can be produced.

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Control Circuitry: Each LED pixel in the display is controlled by integrated
circuitry that determines when to turn each LED on or off and at what intensity.
This control circuitry is typically connected to a central processing unit (CPU) or
microcontroller, which receives input signals to generate the desired image or
video.

Refresh Rate: LED displays typically have a high refresh rate, which refers to how
quickly the display can update the image. A higher refresh rate results in
smoother motion and reduces flickering.

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1.4.2 Printer

A printer works by sending electronic signals from the computer to the printer's
control board. The control board then interprets these signals into instructions
for the print head or toner cartridge.

Types of
Printer

Non-
Impact
impact

Dot
Character Inkjet Laser Solid Ink
Matrix
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1.4.2.1 Impact Printer

These printers have a mechanism that touches the paper in order to create an
image. There are two main impact technologies:
Dot matrix printers

Dot matrix printers use a series of small pins

to strike a ribbon coated with ink, causing the
ink to transfer to the paper at the point of
impact.

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Character printers

Character printers are basically computerized

typewriters. They have a ball or series of bars
with actual characters (letters and numbers)
embossed on the surface.

The appropriate character is struck against the

ink ribbon, transferring the character's image
to the paper.

Character printers are fast and sharp for basic

text, but very limited for other use.

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1.4.2.2 Non-impact printers

These printers do not touch the paper when creating an image. Inkjet printers
are part of this group, which includes:
Inkjet printers

Inkjet printers use a series of nozzles to

spray drops of ink directly on the paper.

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Laser printers

Laser printers, covered in-depth in How Laser Printers Work, use dry ink (toner),
static electricity, and heat to place and bond the ink onto the paper.

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Solid ink printers

Solid ink printers contain sticks of wax-like ink that are melted and applied to the
paper. The ink then hardens in place.

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