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exp 8 dbms

The document provides an overview of PL/SQL procedures, including their syntax, parameter modes (IN, OUT, INOUT), and structure. It includes examples of creating and executing procedures for fetching student names and updating student marks in a database. Additionally, it demonstrates how to handle exceptions within procedures and the use of anonymous PL/SQL blocks to call these procedures.

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2 views7 pages

exp 8 dbms

The document provides an overview of PL/SQL procedures, including their syntax, parameter modes (IN, OUT, INOUT), and structure. It includes examples of creating and executing procedures for fetching student names and updating student marks in a database. Additionally, it demonstrates how to handle exceptions within procedures and the use of anonymous PL/SQL blocks to call these procedures.

Uploaded by

tmjasper2000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8.

Programs development using creation of procedures, passing parameters IN and


OUT of PROCEDURES.

PL/SQL procedure syntax

A PL/SQL procedure is a reusable unit that encapsulates the specific business logic of the
application. Technically speaking, a PL/SQL procedure is a named block stored as a schema
object in the Oracle Database.

The following illustrates the basic syntax of creating a procedure in PL/SQL:

CREATE [OR REPLACE ] PROCEDURE procedure_name (parameter_list)

IS

[declaration statements]

BEGIN

[execution statements]

EXCEPTION

[exception handler]

END [procedure_name ];

PL/SQL procedure header

A procedure begins with a header that specifies its name and an optional parameter list.

Each parameter can be in either IN, OUT, or INOUT mode. The parameter mode specifies
whether a parameter can be read from or written to.
IN
An IN parameter is read-only. You can reference an IN parameter inside a procedure, but you
cannot change its value. Oracle uses IN as the default mode. It means that if you don’t
specify the mode for a parameter explicitly, Oracle will use the IN mode.
OUT
An OUT parameter is writable. Typically, you set a returned value for the OUT parameter
and return it to the calling program. Note that a procedure ignores the value that you supply
for an OUT parameter.
INOUT
An INOUT parameter is both readable and writable. The procedure can be read and modified.
Note that OR REPLACE option allows you to overwrite the current procedure with the new
code.
PL/SQL procedure body

Similar to an anonymous block, the procedure body has three parts. The executable part is
mandatory whereas the declarative and exception-handling parts are optional. The executable
part must contain at least one executable statement.
1) Declarative part
In this part, you can declare variables, constants, cursors, etc. Unlike an anonymous block, a
declaration part of a procedure does not start with the DECLARE keyword.
2) Executable part
This part contains one or more statements that implement specific business logic. It might
contain only a NULL statement.
3) Exception-handling part
This part contains the code that handles exceptions.

Table creation and insertion

CREATE TABLE Student1 (

rollno NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,

name VARCHAR2(50),

marks NUMBER

);

INSERT INTO Student1 VALUES (101, 'Alice', 85);

INSERT INTO Student1 VALUES (102, 'Bob', 78);

INSERT INTO Student1 VALUES (103, 'Charlie', 90);

COMMIT; -- Save the changes

Creating a Procedure with IN and OUT Parameters

Create a procedure to fetch a student's name based on their roll number.


-- Creating the procedure

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE Get_Student_Name (

p_rollno IN NUMBER, -- Input parameter (Student Roll No)

p_name OUT VARCHAR2 -- Output parameter (Student Name)

IS

BEGIN

-- Fetch the student name based on roll number

SELECT name INTO p_name FROM Student1 WHERE rollno = p_rollno;

EXCEPTION

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

p_name := 'Not Found'; -- Handling exception if roll number does not exist

END Get_Student_Name;

Executing the Procedure with IN and OUT Parameters

Since PL/SQL procedures cannot be called directly in SQL statements, we use an


anonymous PL/SQL block to call them.

DECLARE

v_rollno NUMBER := 101; -- Input value

v_name VARCHAR2(50); -- Output variable

BEGIN

-- Calling the procedure

Get_Student_Name(v_rollno, v_name);

-- Displaying the fetched name

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Student Name: ' || v_name);


END;

Procedure with IN OUT Parameter

Scenario:

Create a procedure that increments a student's marks and returns the updated value.

-- Creating the procedure

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE Update_Marks (

p_rollno IN NUMBER, -- Input parameter

p_marks IN OUT NUMBER -- Input-Output parameter (Marks)

IS

BEGIN

-- Updating marks by adding 5

p_marks := p_marks + 5;
-- Updating the Student table

UPDATE Student1

SET marks = p_marks

WHERE rollno = p_rollno;

COMMIT; -- Save changes

END Update_Marks;

Executing the IN OUT Procedure

DECLARE

v_rollno NUMBER := 101;

v_marks NUMBER := 50; -- Initial marks

BEGIN

-- Calling the procedure

Update_Marks(v_rollno, v_marks);
-- Displaying the updated marks

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Updated Marks: ' || v_marks);

END;

DECLARE

v_rollno NUMBER := 101; -- Input roll number

v_marks NUMBER; -- Variable to store marks from the table

BEGIN

-- Fetch existing marks from the table

SELECT NVL(MARKS, 0) INTO v_marks FROM Student1 WHERE ROLLNO =


v_rollno;

-- Calling the procedure

Update_Marks(v_rollno, v_marks);

-- Displaying the updated marks

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Updated Marks: ' || v_marks);


END;

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