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Python Lecture 2-Fundamental-Algorithms

The document outlines fundamental algorithms for various mathematical problems including evaluating the sine function using series expansion, finding square roots, generating Fibonacci sequences, reversing digits of a number, and calculating the greatest common divisor (gcd). It provides pseudocode for each algorithm and discusses methods for finding the smallest exact divisor of an integer. Each algorithm is presented with a problem statement, input requirements, and step-by-step logic.

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Abhishek Goutam
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3 views14 pages

Python Lecture 2-Fundamental-Algorithms

The document outlines fundamental algorithms for various mathematical problems including evaluating the sine function using series expansion, finding square roots, generating Fibonacci sequences, reversing digits of a number, and calculating the greatest common divisor (gcd). It provides pseudocode for each algorithm and discusses methods for finding the smallest exact divisor of an integer. Each algorithm is presented with a problem statement, input requirements, and step-by-step logic.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Goutam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Some Fundamental Algorithms

(contd)
Sine function as series

• Problem
Evaluate sin(x) as a series expansion i.e, upto n
terms

– Instead of computing upto n terms, terminate


based on an error
Sine function as series

term = x
sum = x
i=1
y = x*x
error = 0.00001
while (abs(term) > error) do
i=i+2
term = -term*y/(i*(i-1)
sum = sum + term
end-while
output sum
Square Root (x)
• Problem
Find square root of x.

Source:https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-0001-introduction-to-computer-science-and-
programming-in-python-fall-2016/lecture-slides-code/
Fibonacci series

• Problem
Generate and print first n terms of Fibonacci
sequence, which looks like
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 ….

An improved version:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 ….
a=0 a=a+b
b=1 b=a+b
Fibonacci series

input n
a=0
An improved version!
b=1
i=2 # keeps track of number of terms decided
while i<n do
output(a,b)
a=a+b
b=a+b
i=i+2
end-while
if i==n then output (a,b) else output a
Reverse Digits of (x)

• Problem
Given a positive integer, reverse the order of its digit.

Input 17653
Outpur 35671

17653 = 1x104 + 7x103 + 6x102 + 5x101 + 3

Let div performs integer division and mod provides


remainder
Reverse Digits of (x)

• Problem
Given a positive integer, reverse the order of its digit.

17653 mod 10 = 3 17653 div 10 = 1765


(first digit for the reversed number) (for next iteration)
1765 mod 10 = 5 1765 div 10 = 176
176 mod 10 = 6 176 div 10 = 17
17 mod 10 = 7 17 div 10 = 1
1 mod 10 = 1 1 div 10 = 0
Reverse Digits of (x)
input n
reverse=0
while (n > 0) do
reverse = reverse * 10 + n mod 10
n = n div 10
end-while
output reverse
Greatest Common Divisor (gcd)

• Problem
Given two positive non-zero integers n and m find
their greatest common divisor

m = 18, n = 30
gcd = 6
Greatest Common Divisor (gcd)

• Problem
Given two positive non-zero integers n and m find
their greatest common divisor
input n , m
variable r
while r > 0
r = n mod m
n=m
m=r
end while
output n
Smallest Exact Divisor

• Problem
Given an integer n find its smallest exact divisor
other than 1
Option 1
start from 2, 3, 4, 5, … till n
check if n is exactly divided
input n
for i = 2 to n
if n mod i == 0
break
end for
output i
Smallest Exact Divisor

• Problem
Given an integer n find its smallest exact divisor
other than 1
Option 2
When a number s exactly divides n, there exists another
number b that also exactly divides n
36
s b sxb=n
2 18
3 12
4 9
6 6 b=s so here sxs=n
Smallest Exact Divisor
Option 2
If n is even the smallest divisor is 2!
Input n
if n mod 2 == 0
s=2
else
d=3
r = sqrt(n)
while ((n mod d != 0) and (d<r))
d = d+2
end while
if n mod d == 0
s=d
else
s=1

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