Gomputer Networks Chapter

Introduction
to computer networks
10
wWhati s n c t w o r k ?

oftwo Or more siilar things or

Agroup people interconnected with
Some of theexamples each other is called
Give: of network in our everyday life include. network.
Social network
) Mobile network

c)
Network of computers
d) Airlines, railway, banks, hospitals networks
Define computer network?
Acomputer network is an interconnection among two
or more computers or computing devices.
Write a note on computer network.
a) A computer network iS an
interconnection among two or more computers or computing
) Such interconnection allows devices.
computers to share data and resources among each
c) A basic network may connect a few computers
other.
placed in a room.
d) The network size may vary from small
to large depending on the number of computers
e) A computer network can include different types it connects.
of hosts (also called nodes) like server, desktop,
cellular phones. laptop,
) Networking devices are used to connect multiple
computers in different settings.
5. List the networking devices?
Ans: 1. switch
ii. router

iii. modem etc,;

6 What is packets?
Ans: data in a network is divided into smaller chunks called packets.
7. What is node?
Ans: In a communication network, each device that is a part of a network and
that can receive, create, store or
send data to different network routes is called a node.

10.2 Evolution of Networking

8. Explain Evolution of Networking.
Ans: In the 196Os, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network.
(ARPANET) in the U.S. Department of
Defence commissioned a research project to connect academic and research
institutions for scientific
collaborations. The first message was sent between UCLA and Stanford Research
Institute. As more
organizations joined ARPANET, independent smaller networks formed.

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IUP/rntnred as (R02 I1)verninn of
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rt Agny
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r r t h a l i d

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mail Rymbol progrnm
omee h mean at
1907

1999
1990
1074 Domain Name Bystem
ARPANET became introduced
Anctional by
connecting UCLÀand
SRI The Berners-Lee at
The term nternet was CERN developed HTML
coined, and URL, thus iving
birth to World Wide Web
First commercial use of
(www)
ARPANET, WAS Started
in the name of Telenet

10.3 Types of networks

Mention different types of computer network.
Ans: Different types of computer network
a) PAN (Personal Area Network)
b) LAN (Local Area Network)
c) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
d) WAN (Wide Area Network)
10. Explain personal computer with example.
Ans: A personal area network connects personal devices within a 10m range, either wired or wireless, such a

computers, laptops, mobile phones, and printers.

Example: Awired PAN (Phone-Laptop Network) is formed by a mobile phone connected via USB, while
wireless PAN (Wi-Fi)is formed by two smartphones communicating via Bluetooth technology.

11. Explain Local Area Network in detail.

Ans: a) ALocal Area Network (LAN) connects devices like computers, mobile phones, tablets, and printers aa
limited distance. It covers various geographica! areas, such as single rooms,floors, offices, laboratone3
schools, colleges, or universities, using wires, Ethernet cables, fiber optics, or Wi-Fi.
b) LANs are secure networks where only authentic users can access shared resources. They ofier Stoi
range communication with high-speed data transfer rates, ranging from 10 Mbps (Ethermet) to I0

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9
Tave
 AAons

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dyee |
theret ales te tnneet

Area
Metropolitan

Network .give
Network (MAN) Is an example.
Arca
Mmttan

ith data
transter rates in cxtended fornm of LAN that
MAN also ranges covers larger geographical areas Iike
d of network can be in Mbps, but
cxtended upto 30 to 40
14N

1 h i sk i i n d ,

Cable TV networks km.

considerably less as comparcd to
A p l e s :

and broadband
internet serviccs, and can be
extended up to 30-40 km.

LAN 1

LAN

LAN 2

Explain
detail. WAN in
Area Network (WAN) connects
Wide computers and other LANS and MANS across
tis usedIby large organizations like business, education, and government geographical
to connect their brancheslocations.
globally.
The Internet is the largest WAN, connecting billions of computers, smartphones, and LANs from different
continents.

Network User Network User

Network User
Network User

Netwotk yitch Netyork Switch

Network User Network User

Interaet

Network User Network User

Network User Network User
LAN 1-Shimla
LAN 1 - Delhi

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1 0 . 4 NETWORK D E V I C E S
CGompileyr
networkIng devices.
I4 Mention different
networking devices are
Ans: The difterent
Modem

) Hu

c) Switch
d) Repeater
c) Router

) Gateway
15. Why network devices are used?
Ans: To communicate data through different transmission media and to configure networks
functionality,we require different network devices. with difeteN
16. Expand Modem.
Ans: Modem stands for Modulator DeModulator
17. Explain Modem.
Ans: Amodem is a device that converts analog signals into digital bits for transmission or browsing
It converts digital data into analog signals at the sender's end, and vice versa, converting analog the intere
digitaldata for the receiver. Modems are connected to both source and destination nodes. signals inty
Analg Siaa!
Deednation
Dgital Signal. Dsusátn tion
AAAAAAAL Socdattan Digital Sienal

Modes Stodeas

18. What do you mean by a modem? Why is it used?

Ans: MODEM (Modulator Demodulator) refers to a device used for conversion between analog sicss
digital bits. Itis used because computers understand only digital data i.e. 0and 1. The modem at the
end acts as a modulator that converts the digital data into analog signals. sender's
19. Explain Ethernet card.
Ans: a) Ethernet card, also known as Network Interface Card (NIC card in
short) is a network adapter nged t'
set up a wired network. A Network Interface Card acts as an
interface between computer and the
network. It is a circuit board mounted on the motherboard of a computer.
b) The Ethernet cable connects the computer to the network through
NIC.
c) Ethernet cards can support data transfer between 10 Mbps
and 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps).
d) NIC has a MAC address, which helps in uniquely
identifying the computer on the network.

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Interfae (ard.
Ayand AC.

V A Cs t a n d s
Media Aves (Coontrol Adtress
note on RJ45.
a
rte Jack 4 s an cight pn
connectur that ts used excusIvely Wth i thernet cables foe

a
standart nctwth ing interface that can he seen at
the end of all netwotk cables
plastie plug that fits into RJ45 jacks of
the Ethernct cards present In varOUs coTnputinz

Define Repeater.
neneater is analog devices that regenerate the signals on the cables to which it is connected.
Explain Repeater.
AS: ) Data is transmitted via cables,which can travel a specified distance of 100meters. Signals lose strength
bevond this limit, requiring regeneration to maintain their strength.
b) A repeater is an analog device that regenerates and re-enables weakened signals on the cables it is
connected to, ensuring the signal is properly regenerated.
Define ISP
4.
eAn Internet service provider ([SP) isany organisation that provides services for accessing the Internet.
Expand ISP.
n6: ISP stands for Internet service provider.
6. What is hub?
ns: a) An Ethernet hub isa network device used to connect different devices through wires.
b) Data arriving on any of the lines are sent out on all the others.
c) The limitation of Hub is that if data from two devices come at the same time, they will collide.

() 10 20 304050 6 70 8

Define Switch.
ns: Aswitch is a networking device used to connect multiple computers or communicating devices.
Or

A switch is a networking device that connects multiple computers or devices to a Local Area Network
(LAN).

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to deetmn whe

endn

Hhat is roeter? other nes..

devvce that can receive the data. analyse it and transmit it to
Arster is anefwork
Arite a short
4 router is a note on router.
networking device that connects multiple networks and dirccts data packets bctwcen them.
plays a crucal role in managing intermet traffic by determining the best path for data transmission using
addresses. Routers enable communication between devices within a local network and provide access to t
internet. They come in wired and wireless forms, with Wi-Fi routers allowing wireless connectivity. Moder
routers includc security fcatures like firewalls, encryption, and parental controls to protect against cyb
threats Thcy also support multiple devices, ensuring efficient data transfer, network stability and seamle

organizations.
connectivity for homes. businesses, and
31. Explain Router. transmits data from a local area network
nctwork device that receives, analyses, and to th
Ans: a) Aroutcr is a switches, such as analysing data,
internet. It has advanced capabilities compared
to hubs or packaging
and sending it to different networks network that cannot has,
can be divided into smaller packets for adifferent
b) For example, data
over.
ones, which the router then sends fronm an ISP and con.s.
to incoming broadband lines
wired or wireless, connects
c) Arouter, either
computing devices. These routers also
have ports for wired
into digital data for processing by
accesS.

32. Define Gateway. of a network mus

the entry and exit point of a network, as all data coming in or going out
Ans: Gateway serves as
first pass through the gateway inorder to use routing paths
33. Explain Gateway. Internet, serving as th
gateway is a crucial access point between an organization's network and the
Ans :a) A
entry and exit point for data.
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0.5 NETWORKING TOPOLOGIES

What is topology?

The arrangement of computers and other peripherals in a network is called its topology.
Whata r e t h e different types of network
topologies?
network topologies are
The
Mesh topology
a)
Ring topology
b)
Bustopology
c) Star topology
d) Tree topology
e)
Explain imesh topology.
multiple other nodes.
is a network structure where each device (node) is connected to
Mesh topology
IS:
ensuring
efficient and reliable data transmission.
Types of.Mesh Topology:
other nodes.
Full Mesh Topology Every node is connected to all complexity.
have multiple onnections, reducing cost and
1.

2. Partial Mesh Topology - Only some nodes

Advantages:

a) High reliability (no single point of failure)

b) Efficient data transmission with multiple paths
c) Self-healing capability if a link fails
mission-critical applications
d) Suitable for wireless networks and

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Diadantages!
handwae costs
A) Eyensie ue o high vabling ond
) (nples installaionand maintenance
Rquirs mOTe owerand resources
Mesh toogy is omnonly used in wvireless networks, industrial automation. and military
stems
Computer

Computer Compuler

Computer Computer

Computer

37. Explain ring topology?

Ans: Ring topology is a network configuration where each device (node) is connected to exactly
devices, forming a circular pathway for data transmission. Data travels in one or both twwo othe
(unidirectionalor bidirectional), passing through each node untilit reaches its destination. direcios
Advantages:
a) Simple and easy to install.
b) Reduced chances of data collision due to token passing.
c) Equal access for all devices in the network.
Disadvantages:
a) A single node failure can disrupt the entire network (unless a dual ring is used).
b) Slower performance as data passes through multiple nodes.
c) Difficult to troubleshoot and reconfigure.

Device 1

Device 6 Device 2

Device 5 Device 3

Device 4

Ring Topology
38. Explain Bus topology.
Ans: Bus topology is anetwork setup where all devices (nodes) are connected to asingle central cable, knoWn 35
the backbone or bus, which carries data in both directions. Each device communicates by sending dala
along the shared bus, and the data is received by the intended recipient.
Advantages:
a) Cost-effective - Requires less cable and is easy to set up.

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yolcations
design
ldeal forsIall nc(works
stmple

Devices Can be adled without major

to
expand
changes.
piesdvantages:
EAsy

of failure lr hc main calble fails, the

point cntire network goes down.
single
sealnbility
Perfomance decreases as morc devices are added.
Limited
a)
-More traflic can lcad to slow data
pata
c o l l i s i o n s

trans1mission.

Explainstar topology.
topology
is a network configuration where all devices (nodes) are connected to a central hub, switch,
central device manages data traffic and ensures efficient communication between nodes.
star
o rr o u t e r . T h e

Advantages
of, Star Topology:
Easy
install and manage
9) Fast data transfer since each node has a dedicated connection
b) anlt isolation - A failure in one node does not affect the entire network
Scalable - Devices can be easily added or removed
pisadvantages of Star Topology:
Single point of failure -Ifthe central hub fails, the entire network goes down
- Requires more cables compared to bus topology
Expensive

b)
dependency - Network performance depends on the hub's efficiency
Hub

STAR TOPOLOGY

Explain Tree or hybrid topology.

networks are connected to
Tree topology is a combination of star and bus topologies, where multiple star
large networks. Since it
amain backbone cable (bus). It follows a hierarchical structure, making it ideal for
combines two or more topologies, it is also considered a hybrid topology.
Advantages of Tree Topology:
a) Scalability New nodes can be added without affecting the whole network
b) Easy Maintenance - Individual segments can be monitored and troubleshooted separately
) Efficient Data Management - Suitable for structured and hietarchical organizations
d) Supports Large Networks - Conmonly used in universities, corporations, and ISPs

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Disadvantagesof Tree Topology:

Expensive- Requires alot of cables and nctwork devices (switches, hubs, routers)
Cormpui
Single Point of Failure- Ifthe main backbonc cable fails, the entire network is affectco
and maintenance.
c) Complex Configuration - Requircs proper planning

Bodes

Modes

Conce
(Htto,

Backbone Cable

10.6 ldentification Nodes in a Networked Communication.

41. How to ldentifying Nodes in a Networked Communication?
Ans: Each node in a network should be uniquely identified so that a network device can identify the sender
receiver and decide a routing path to transmit data.
42. Expalin MAC address in brief.
Ans: a) MACstands for Media Access Control
b) The MAC address, also known as the physical or hardware address is_a unique permanent
associated with a network adapter called a NIC. It is used to physically identify a machine onvalue the
network.
c) MAC, or Media Access Çontrol is á permanent address on a Network Adapter (NIC), engraved a
manufacturing time, allowing the machine to be physically identified on the network.
d) MAC addresses are 12-digit hexadecimal numbers, with the first six digits representine &
manufacturer's Organisational Unique ldentifier (0U1) and the last six digitsrepresenting the
serial number.
Domain Name.
http://www.ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm
URL

43. Explain P Address in detail.

Ans: a) P addresses, also known as Internet Protocol addresses, are unique identifiers for each node in a
network.

b) IP addresses, or Internet Protocoladdresses, uniquely identify each node in a

network using Intenct
Protocol for communication. They enable global communication, but can change if anode the is removed
from one network.
c) IPV4 is a 32-bit numeric address, consisting of four decimal
numbers separated by periods, with valks
ranging from 0to255, as shown in a sample
192:168:0:178

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3 5 6

R T

V
 avarlahfe rr the
nique atiresses
I4lene nltio11
0000 000 257 ,52
Internet, Web and the
Internet of Things (loT)
fine nt e r n e ,

lolbal incimork of
comuting
devceS. nteTs, scahers,decvices including desktop. laptop. servers,
h a n d h e l d ,
tablets, mobilc
other roulers. switches, gateways,
etc
Vide Web or WWW) Is a
oh hc
syslem of interlinkcd online resources that can
web pages and
ilemCl using a web broYser u allows information
images, videos, and other
through websites, users to acceSs and share
digital content.
c h a l l y
of things?
i n t e r n e t

of Things (loT)
is,
riers to anctwork of communicate and
over the mternet without human interconnected physical devices that
w

Intcrnet
h a t

cmbedded with sensors,

data
1he
Nchange
sofware,
intervention. Thesc devices,
and connectivity, Collect and share data to enhance automation and efficicncy.
ExplainInnternet.

is a global network of tablcts,

The
Internet

computing devices, including desktops, laptops, servers,

phones, printers, Scanners, routers, switches, and as well as smart
electronic
mobile
like TVS, ACs, refrigerators, fans, and gateways,
appliances
security cameras.
The
Internet's
architecture is constantly evolving, with computers connected to modems via cable or
(Wi-Fi). These modemns are connected to which connect to national
networks,
b) wireless local ISPs,
forming regional networks and the Internet backbone.
The
influence extends beyond computer communications,
Internet's
influencing education, creativity.
c)
entertainment, socialization, and e-commerce, extending beyond technical fields to society as a
widespread network.

E x p a n d W w w .

stands for World Wide Web.

WWW

Explain WWw.

aWorld Wide Web (WWw) or web in short, is an ocean of information, stored in the torm ot
1s: a) trillions of interlinked web pages and web resources
World Wide Web in
Sir Tim
Berners-Lee - a British computer scientist invented the revolutionary
b)
1990.
ensures web content
Hypertext Markup Language(HTML) is astandardized web design language that
c) and únderstandable from any computer.
accessible
is easily
ARL, or Uniform Resource Identifier, is a unique address or path for
each web resource, including
domain name and other relevant information, found on every page on the web.
http://www.ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.ht1m
pages
HTTP - The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is aset
of rules which is used to retrieve linked web
e)
across the web. The more secure and advanced version
is HTTPS.
Web.
A Who invented World Wide
computer scientist invented the revolutionary
World Wide Web in 1990.
Ans: Sir Tim Berners-Lee a British

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 ereatinn of web?
teehntngtee
that lenl to
ontamental

he thrve

r
design standardiseel Wch a
which is used to
52 langunge Basic structure of every webwa
Markup anguage I is a arny computer.
Ten from
A7
: r understoo
H t nbe read and
Rig HIMI
address or path
for cach
resource located on the
Eplsin RI. It is a unique
ldentifier.
Unifom Resource (URL).
: A) Resource Locator in
Unifomm
Ih is also known as
https://www.mhrd.goy.

) Examples arc:
web has aunique URL.
Ivery pagcon the
http://www.ncert.nic.in.http://www.airindia.in, ctc.
the domain
However, a URL 1S not only namc.
sometimes also called web address.
d) URL is
completes a web addrss,
otherinformation that
Domain Name
http://www.ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm

URL

Ans: What
$4. Ihe HyperText
is HTTP? Transfer Protocol is a set of rules which is used to retrieve linked web pages across the we

is HTTPS.
The more secure and advanced vyersion

10.8Domain Name System.

55. Explain Domain Name System.
Ans: Each computer server hostinga website or web resource is given a name against its IP address These nanr

are called the Domain names or hostnames.

The Internet is a vast ocean of information, with millions of websites stored On servers Connected
a)
the internet. Each server has an IP address, which is used to access a website. However, remenmber
these IP addresses is challenging due totheir resemblance tonumbers or strings.
b) Domain names or hostnames are assigned to computer servers hosting websites or web resour
corresponding to unique IP addresses. These names are easier to remember and can he itans,
phonebook, where names are assigned to numbers instead of phone numbers.
Table ShowsExamples of domain namnes and their mapped IP addresses
Domain Name IPAddress
ncert.nic.in 164.100.60.233

cbse.nic.in 164.100.107.32

mhrd.gov.in 164.100.163.45

wikipedia.org 198.35.26.96

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 Ioad th nfmatlrt nto th

spond1ng lP addros And the

HTTP 164 10023

Browset DNS
Server

et is a database tnat stores

domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. It operates in
hicrarchical order. with 13 root
servers at the top and other servers at different levcls. A DNS server
a contain
lhe lP address of a domain or the IP
can
address of other DNS servers for domain entry scarches.
Multiple Choice Questions (Mcas)
computer network?
is a
What collection of isolated computers
o finterconnected computers that share resources and data
g r O U p

b)
A
single
computer with multiple processors
A without any peripheral devices
c) c o m p u t e r

A
device is used to connect multiple networks together?
Which b) Hub
S w i t c h

a)
c ) R o u t e r
d) Repeater
topology is each node connected to every other node?
In
which
b) Ring
9) Star d) Mesh
Bus
c) 'LAN' stand for?
the acronym
What
does
Network
b) Local Area Network
a) Large
Area
Lightwave Area Network d) Linear Area Network

is primarily used for browsing websites?

protocol b) SMTP
Which
FTP d) SNMP
c) HTTP
network? devices
main function
of a switch in a Filter and
forward data to specific
What is the b)
signals to analog
a) Amplify signals
d) Convert digital
networks
different encryption?
Connect
c) responsible for data
the OSI model is
Layer
Which layer of b) Data Link
d) Session Layer
Physical Layer
a) Presentation Layer
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dent's lluminator
 What dos Pstand for in P Address'?
Internet
Interface vetre
otoo b) Intenal Program
d) Intcgratcd Process
Which of the follow ing is a pr ate network within an organization?
COrnpllt
a) Intenet b) Intranct
)ENtranet Ethemct
hichdere generates and amplifles signals in a network?
a) Router b) Switch
) Reater
d) Bridge
Which of the follon ing is NOT a type of netwvork?
a) LAN b) MAN
C) WAN
d) NAN
12. Which network topologv has a central node to which all other nodes are
connected?
Bus b) Star
Ring d) Mesh
13. Which protocol is used to transfer files over the internet?
a) HTTP b) FTP
c) SMTP d) SNMP
14. Which layer of the OSI model handles error detection and correction?
a) Network Layer b) Transport Layer
c) Data Link Layer d) Application Layer
I5. What is the function ofa firewall in anetwork?
a) Connecting different networks b) Blocking unauthorized access
c) Spccding up internet connections d) Storing network files
16.
Which of the following uses light signals for data transmission?
Coaxial cable b) Twisted pair cable
c) Optical fiber Ethernet cable
d)
17. Which of the following is NOT a wired transmission medium?
a) Fiber optic cable b) Twisted pair cable
c) Coaxial cable d Bluetooth
18. Which protocol is used to send emails?
a) HTTP b) FTP
c) SMTP d) POP
19.
Which of the following is an example ofapublic IP address?
a) 192.168.1.1 b) -10.0.0.1
C) 172.16.0.1 d) 8.8.8.8
20. Which network device operates at the Data Link Layer of the OSImodel?
a) Router b) Hub
C) Switch d) Modem
Answer Keys
2 4 6 7 a 10
b C d b C b
11 12 13 14 15 16
|
17 18 19 20
d C b C

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Publications

Higher Order Thinking Skils (HOTS)

(A): Acomputer ne(n ork is acolletion of nteoncted desIt Cs that Can outun al Mith
ASsCrtion

c c h other:.

ReASon ( R ) :
Networking alloWs esoUeshang. such as files. printers, and internct onnctitons
Both Aand Rarc nuc, andR is the coTeet explanation of A
Both A :and are tne., but Ris l0t the coreet explanation
R of A.
is false
Ais true, butR
is ftalse, but
R is c.
A
d) (A):LAN(Local Area Network)is uscd for communication over asmall geographical arca
Assertion(A
Reason (R):: LANS are typically owned. controlled, and managed by a single organization.
Both A and R arc truc, and R is the correct explanation of A.
a)
Both A and Rare true, but Ris not the correct explanation of A.
Ais true, but R is falsc.
c)
) Ais false, but Ris true.
Assertion (A): The IP address uniquely identifies a device on a network.
Reason (R): 1P addresses are assigned dynamicallyand cannot be static.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
d A is true, but R is false.
e) A is false, but R is true.
Assertion (A):HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is
a protocol used for secure communication over the
web.
provides encryption and security to HTTP.
Reason (R):HTTPS(HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)
true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
a) Both A and Rare correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the
c) A isfalse, but R is true.
d) Both A and R are false.,
Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI
Assertion (A):Switches are network devices that operate at the
model.
packets to the correct destination.
Reason (R): Switches use IP addresses to forward data
explanation ofA.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.
the fundamental
Assertion (A):TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protoco/Internet Protocol) is
communication protocol of the Internet.
addressing and
Reason (R): TCP is responsible for breaking data into packets, while IP is responsible for
routing them.
a) Both A and Rare true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.
7. Assertion (A):DNS (Domain Name Svstem) translates domain names into IP addresses.
Reason (R): Computers understand domain names directly without needing IP addresses.
a). Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Student's lluminator I| PUC Computer Science
 Bth A and R are te, bat R is not the
correct explanation of A. Gornpte
Ais t , bat R is false.
Ai falee, ut R is fne
Asertkn (A:Fiewall is a netwtk security system that monitors and controls
neir rafl
incoming and
nctwork.
Reaton (R: ieuals went all types ofeyber attaekson a
A.
A) Bth Aand R arv ime, and R is the coreetexplnation of
A
N) Rh AandR ane tme, but R is not the vorrect explanation of

transmit data
Avertion (A:W ircless networks (Wi-F) use radio waves to
Reason (R): Wireless networks are always faster andmore seCure than wired netw.ret.
of A.
a) Bth Aand R are truc, and R is the correct explanation
explanationof A.
Borh A and R are true, but R is not the correct
AIN tre, but R is false.
Ais false. but R is true.
Answer Keys
3 4 5 6 9
2
C C
a C

Fill in the blanks

Set 1
browser)
(wi-fi,protocol, network, network topology, web
and share reso.
1. A is a collection of interconnected devices that can communicate
Ans: network
2. The main function of a is to divide data into packets of a definite size on the source computer.
Ans: protocol
cables
3 refers to wireless fidelity, enabling devices to connect to the internet without
Ans: VWi-Fi
the inta
4 A is asoftware application that enables users to access and explore websites on
Ans: web browser
5. The physical layout that defines how computers are connected in a network is called
Ans: network topology
Set 2
(router, star, protocol, internet, MACaddress)
1. In a topology, each node is connected to a central hub or switch..
Ans: star
2. is a network device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
Ans: Router

3. A is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communication within a ne

segment.
Ans: MACaddress

Student's Illuminator I| PUCComputer Science

 nPutblicalions
is a global System of nteICODneed comitet neeoke that se the Interef prto o site
link deVices wolwide
h e

tnterncr
is a
sct of ules go\emng he exhamyeommissrutt of tn hetweet devues
Protocol

NCERT Exercise
Evpand the followiing:
a ) A R P AN E T

D) MAC

c )I S P

d )U R I

ARPANET Advanced Rescarch Projcct Agency Network

n$: a)

MAC Media Access Control

b)

c)
ISP -Internet Service Provider
URI Uniform Resource Indicator
)

What do you understand by the term network? exchange

devices that can share and
A network is an interconnected collection of autonomous computing
4ns:
information and resources.
network of computing devices.
Mention any two main advantages of using a
are as follows:
using a network of computing devices
.

.n6: The two main advantages of resources can be shared

Sharing Through a network, data, software and hardware
a) Resource resources and the user.
irrespective of the physical location of the network, so if one of them
file can have its copies on two or more computers of the
b) Reliability - A network more reliable.
unavailable, the other copies could be used. That makes a
is
Differentiate between LAN and WAN.

ns:
WAN
LAN Network.
Network. WAN Stands for Wide Area
LAN stands for Local Area
spread across countries or on a
networks that are confined to a The networks
Small computer known as Wide
1km are known as Local very big geographical area are
localized area up to
Area Network
Area Network
It costs higher to set it up.
It usually costs less to set it up.
It is usualiy a network of many networks.
It is usually a single network. sharing and
WANs facilitate information
LANs facilitate information sharing, enhanced enhanced communication primarily.
communication and resource sharing.
networking devices.
5. Write down the names of few commonly used
are modem, hub, switch, router etc.
Ans: A few commonly used networking devices

I|PUC Computer Science

Student's llluminator
 200

Two universitics in diferent States want to transfer

information. Which Computer
(ype 01 network
to use for this?
Ans: hen two univesities lated in diferent states Want to
transfcr informnation
designcl to conncet devices av. bctween hem. hey neen
we a W de Area Nework (WAN), WA Ns are long distances,hey wm
hetweCn feent cies, s0aies, or ontriCs. N
topologies?
Define the term tnpology, What are the popular network
7

peripherals in u network is called

Ans: Thc artangement of omputers and other topology. The
tonoges are Mosh, Rng, Bus, Star and Tree. D0nur
8. Hon is tree topoogy different from bus topology?
Ans: Tre wology is a hicrarchical structure where multiple branches can cach have
ndwy
transmitted from
onc Or noro
oogCs, such as ring, bås, or star. In this type of network, data the source first
thc ventralizd device. and from there. the data passes through every branch where cach branch
links for more nodes. canKeache
In bus topoBogy, cach communicating device connects to a transmission medium known have
as a bus.
trom a node arc transmitted along the length of the bus in both directions. As a result. data can be Data sem
by any of the nodes connccted to the bus.
received
ldentify the type of topology from the following:
a)Each node is connected with the help of asingle cable.
b) Each node is connected with central switching through independent cables.
Ans: a) Bus Topology
b) Star Topology
10. What do you mean by a modem ? Why is it used ?
Ans: A modem is a computer peripheral that allows us to connect and communicate with other
telephone lines. Modem stands for 'Modulator Demodulator'. The modem at the sender's computers
end acts
via
modulator that converts the digital data into analog signals. The modem at the receiver's end as a
acts as a
demodulator that converts the analog signals into digital data that the destination node can understewa
I1. Explain the following devices:
a) Switch
b)Repeater
c) Router
d) Gateway
e) NIC
Ans: a) Switch ASwitch is a networking device that connects various computing/network devices on a
computer network using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination. When data
arrives, the switch extracts the destination address from the data packet and stores it in a table to
determine where to send the packet. This allows the switch to send signals to only selected devices
instead of broadcasting to all devices. Additionally, a switch can forward multiple packets
simultaneously. One of the key features ofa switch is that it does not forward noisy or corrupted
signals. Instead, it drops such signals and requests the sender to resend them.
b) Repeater - A repeater is a device that amplifies a signal being transmitted on the network. It 1S
used in long network lines, which exceed the maximum rated distance for a
single run. Over
distance, the cables connecting a network lose the signal transmitted. If the signal degrades t00

udent's Iluminator
IIPUC Computer Science
 ,Publicalions
ch, it fails to fcach he destnaon O f t does ate the degtadatuty of the rne ssage make
Uscless RepcaleTs Can he installed along the WAY to nentr that data fvackets reach thettk tinaltn
R o n t e r
A TOuteT IS anetwok devie thst fote tde ata (trtn oht tetork trr anther A rnter
works
like a bridgc but can handle difleent totcos Maced ua totork toacl map alled attnsting
hle routers can help enne hat akets e ncliny the mst cffec ht path: tr ther de tinaticm
.ta lnk bewecn i o otes fale, the sendng tet an detcmne 4n alternate tongte to he iratte

mong
A2ateMa Is aetok deice that conncts dissmlar otnputer network follng
(Gatew ay
oloolh. he gateways act as cntrv and exit pont for
a nctwork as they trarnslate
Ailerent
omunicaions Ironmonc network protocol to the
other
deice that is attachcd to cach of thc workstations
and
NIC Ork interfacecard (NICis a
The nc and has 4
c) the all-important conncction with the network
the servCr. lhels the workstation establish
address.
unique number identifying it. known as the nodc
topology connecting five computers.
Degw anetwork lavout of star topology and bus
A: SAr lopology

Bus Topology

significance of MAC address? which is assigned to

the hardware
13. What is the physical address,
Control) address is the remains fixed.. The
machine on which
The MAC (Media Access computer and
AnS: Card), of the host address. The NIC
network card
(Network Interface
the network using its MAC
physically identified on separated by a
attached, can be (48 bits) with each byte
the NIC is is a 6
which byte address unique
organizational
assigns a MAC address manufacturer-id or the
manufacturer address are the
bytes (24 bits) of MAC
colon. The first three bytes (24 bits) are the
card-number.
the last three
identifier (0UI) and briefly.
address? Discuss uniquely
address different from MAC address that can be used to
How is IP unique
14. Protocol address, is a address can change if
a node is
address, also known as Internet MAC address, IP looks
Ans: IP network. However,
unlike sample IP address
node in a network. A
identify each connected to another
one network and
removed from
hardwar
is assigned to the
like: 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 0 . 1 7 8 .
physical address, which whic
Access Control) address is the remains fixed. The machine on
The MAC(Media host computer and sample MA
(Network Interface Card), of the using its MAC address. A
network card the network
physically identified on
attached, can be
the NIC is FC:F8:AE:CE:7B:16.

address looks like:

Scie
IIPUC Computer

Student's Illuminator
 202

What is DNS ?What is a DNS server ?

Ans: The character baset namng svstem by which servers are
identified is
(DNS), DNS helhs to translate domain names into IP addresses that known
Compuler
drcoy that matehes human-adable domain names to their Computers canas undoain
allowing users to aoNS Websites without needing to remembecr corresponding numerical wame
or type in
A DNS server is a NDCialisd server responsible for finding the correet he 1P y
IP
l6,
name. Domain Name Seners are the phone book of' the Internet.
Sahil, a class Nstudent, has just started understanding the
addresses
address for a
Hc is a bit vonfused in betveen the terms basics of
"World Wide Web" and
ndersanding both the terms with the help of suitable
Internet and weh
irey
Ans: The Wortd Wide Web (Www)
is a set of
examples of each. *"Internet". H
(echnoogle
through a naming system based on URLs. protocols that allows us to access any
The WWW also specifies a way.
Transter Protocol (HTTP), to request and
send hypermedia documents over known document
Ihe Internet is a worldwide the Internet as the on he
network of computer networks that allows
intormation with each other. They
Protocol) for conmmunication. follow all
protocols like TCP/P (Transmission computers to
lypene
Control
The
WWW is a small part of
services and features. and the the Internet. We can say that the Internet is a highwav
Protocol cxChang
information. WWW is a vehicle (like a that
Interme
truck) that uses this
highwa: tooffers
traspon many

ninator