Programming Paradigms
Programming paradigms are fundamental styles of programming that influence how solutions are
structured and implemented. Each paradigm has unique principles and best-fit scenarios.
Procedural programming structures programs as a series of instructions or procedures. It
emphasizes functions and control flow, using loops and conditionals.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) models real-world entities as classes and objects. Core
principles include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.
Functional programming treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions. It avoids
changing states and mutable data. Key concepts include higher-order functions and recursion.
Logic programming focuses on formal logic. Programs consist of facts and rules. Prolog is a
well-known logic programming language.
Event-driven programming responds to user actions or messages. It's common in GUI applications
and web development. JavaScript is a popular language for this paradigm.
Declarative programming describes what the program should accomplish, not how. SQL and HTML
are examples.
Languages like Python, Java, and JavaScript support multiple paradigms, enabling flexible
programming approaches.
Code reusability and maintainability benefit from OOP and modular programming. Functional
programming enhances testability and concurrency.
Design patterns provide reusable solutions to common problems, e.g., Singleton, Factory, Observer.
They often align with specific paradigms.
Understanding paradigms helps developers choose the best model for a task, balancing
performance, readability, and scalability.
Modern trends include reactive programming, combining asynchronous data streams with functional
principles.