DATABASE SECURITY

CHAPTER 1: IDENTIFY TYPES OF DATABASES

Introduction to Database Management System

Page 6 of 72
 Integration of Data - In
Database management
system, data in database
is stored in tables. A
single database contains
multiple tables and
relationships can be
created between tables
(or
associated data entities).
This makes easy to
retrieve and update data.
Page | 1
 Integration
Constraints - Integrity
constraints or
consistency rules can be
applied to database so
that the correct data can
be entered into database.
The constraints may be
applied to data item
within a single record or
the may be applied to
relationships between
records.
 Data Security - Form is
very important object of
Page | 2
DBMS. You can create
forms very easily and
quickly in DBMS. Once a
form is created, it can be
used many times and it
can be modified very
easily. The created forms
are also saved along with
database and behave like
a software
component. A form
provides very easy way
(user-friendly) to enter
data into database, edit
data
Page | 3
and display data from
database. The non-
technical users can also
perform various
operations on
database through forms
without going into
technical details of a
fatabase.
 Report Writers - Most
of the DBMSs provide the
report writer tools used
to create reports. The
users can create very
easily and quickly. Once
Page | 4
a report is created, it can
be used may times and it
can be modified very
easily. The created
reports are also saved
along with database and
behave
like a software
component.
 Control Over
Concurrency - In a
computer file-based
system, if two users are
allowed to access

Page | 5
data simultaneously, it is
possible that they will
interfere with each other.
For example, if both
users attempt to perform
update operation on the
same record, then one
may overwrite the values
recorded by the other.
Most database
management systems
have sub-systems to
control the

Page | 6
concurrency so that
transactions are always
recorded with accuracy.
 Backup and Recovery
Procedures - In a
computer file-based
system, the user creates
the backup
of data regularly to
protect the valuable data
from damage due to
failures to the computer
system
or application program. It
is very time consuming
Page | 7
method, if amount of
data is large. Most of the
DBMSs provide the
'backup and recovery'
sub-systems that
automatically create the
backup of
data and restore data if
required.
 Data Independence -
The separation of data
structure of database
from the application
program

Page | 8
that uses the data is
called data
independence. In DBMS,
you can easily change
the structure of
database without
modifying the application
program.
Meaning of "database
system
A database system is a
high-level definition of the
structure and relationship
between stored data, a

Page | 9
database or databases,
users and the hardware or
operating system used for
the storage
Introduction to
Database
management system
(DBMS)
Database management
system (DBMS) are
computer software
applications that interact
with the user,
other applications, and the
database itself to capture
Page | 10
and analyze data. A
general-purpose DBMS is
designed to allow the
definition, creation,
querying, update, and
administration of
databases.
It’s a set of software
programs that controls the
organization, storage and
retrieval of data (fields,
records and files) in a
database. It also controls
the security and integrity of
the database.

Page | 11
The following are main
examples of database
applications
Introduction to
Database
management system
(DBMS)
Database management
system (DBMS) are
computer software
applications that interact
with the user,
other applications, and the
database itself to capture

Page | 12
and analyze data. A
general-purpose DBMS is
designed to allow the
definition, creation,
querying, update, and
administration of
databases.
It’s a set of software
programs that controls the
organization, storage and
retrieval of data (fields,
records and files) in a
database. It also controls
the security and integrity of
the database.

Page | 13
The following are main
examples of database
applications
Database management systems (DBMS) are computer software applications that interact with the
user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose
DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of
databases. It’s a set of software programs that controls the organization, storage and retrieval of
data (fields, records and files) in a database. It also controls the security and integrity of the
database. The following are main examples of database applications:

Computerized library
systems
• Automated teller
machines
• Flight reservation
systems
• Computerized parts
inventory systems
 Computerized library systems
 Automated teller machines
 Flight reservation systems
 Computerized parts inventory systems

Advantages of DBMS

Page | 14
The database management system has a number of advantages as compared to traditional
computer file-based processing approach.

The Main advantages of DBMS are described below.

 Controlling Data Redundancy - In non-database systems each application program has its
own private files. In this case, the duplicated copies of the same data are created in many places.
In DBMS, all data of an organization is integrated into a single database file. The data is
recorded in only one place in the database and it is not duplicated.

 Sharing of Data - In DBMS, data can be shared by authorized users of the organization. The
database administrator manages the data and gives rights to users to access the data. Many users
can be authorized to access the same piece of information simultaneously. The remote users can
also share same data. Similarly, the data of same database can be shared between different
application programs.

 Data Consistency - By controlling the data redundancy, the data consistency is obtained. If a
data item appears only once, any update to its value has to be performed only once and the
updated value is immediately available to all users. If the DBMS has controlled redundancy, the
database system enforces consistency.

 Integration of Data - In Database management system, data in database is stored in tables. A

single database contains multiple tables and relationships can be created between tables (or
associated data entities). This makes easy to retrieve and update data.

 Integration Constraints - Integrity constraints or consistency rules can be applied to database

so that the correct data can be entered into database. The constraints may be applied to data item
within a single record or they may be applied to relationships between records.

 Data Security - Form is very important object of DBMS. You can create forms very easily and
quickly in DBMS. Once a form is created, it can be used many times and it can be modified very
easily. The created forms are also saved along with database and behave like a software
component. A form provides very easy way (user-friendly) to enter data into database, edit data
and display data from database. The non-technical users can also perform various operations on
database through forms without going into technical details of a database.

 Report Writers - Most of the DBMSs provide the report writer tools used to create reports.
The users can create very easily and quickly. Once a report is created, it can be used may times
and it can be modified very easily. The created reports are also saved along with database and
behave like a software component.

 Control over Concurrency - In a computer file-based system, if two users are allowed to
access data simultaneously, it is possible that they will interfere with each other. For example, if
both users attempt to perform update operation on the same record, then one may overwrite the
values recorded by the other. Most database management systems have sub-systems to control
the concurrency so that transactions are always recorded with accuracy.

Page | 15
 Backup and Recovery Procedures - In a computer file-based system, the user creates the
backup of data regularly to protect the valuable data from damage due to failures to the computer
system or application program. It is very time consuming method, if amount of data is large.
Most of the DBMSs provide the 'backup and recovery' sub-systems that automatically create the
backup of data and restore data if required.

 Data Independence - The separation of data structure of database from the application
program that uses the data is called data independence. In DBMS, you can easily change the
structure of database without modifying the application program.

Components of DBMS
A database management system (DBMS) consists of several components. Each component plays
very important role in the database management system environment. The major components of
database management system are:
 Software
 Hardware
 Data
 Procedures
 Database Access Language

Software
The main component of a DBMS is the software. It is the set of programs used to handle the
database and to control and manage the overall computerized database
1. DBMS software itself, is the most important software component in the overall system
2. Operating system including network software being used in network, to share the data of
database among multiple users.
3. Application programs developed in programming languages such as C++, Visual Basic that
are used to access database in database management system. Each program contains statements
that request the DBMS to perform operation on database. The operations may include retrieving,
updating, deleting data etc. The application program may be conventional or online workstations
or terminals.

Hardware
Hardware consists of a set of physical electronic devices such as computers (together with
associated I/O devices like disk drives), storage devices, I/O channels, electromechanical devices
that make interface between computers and the real world systems etc., and so on. It is
impossible to implement the DBMS without the hardware devices, in a network, a powerful
computer with high data processing speed and a storage device with large storage capacity is
required as database server.

Data
Data is the most important component of the DBMS. The main purpose of DBMS is to process
the data. In DBMS, databases are defined, constructed and then data is stored, updated and
retrieved to and from the databases. The database contains both the actual (or operational) data
and the metadata (data about data or description about data).

Page | 16
Procedures
Procedures refer to the instructions and rules that help to design the database and to use the
DBMS. The users that operate and manage the DBMS require documented procedures on hot use
or run the database management system. These may include.
1. Procedure to install the new DBMS.
2. To log on to the DBMS.
3. To use the DBMS or application program.
4. To make backup copies of database.
5. To change the structure of database.
6. To generate the reports of data retrieved from database.

Database Access Language

The database access language is used to access the data to and from the database. The users use
the database access language to enter new data, change the existing data in database and to
retrieve required data from databases. The users write a set of appropriate commands in a
database access language and submit these to the DBMS. The DBMS translates the user
commands and sends it to a specific part of the DBMS called the Database Jet Engine. The
database engine generates a set of results according to the commands submitted by user, converts
these into a user readable form called an Inquiry Report and then displays them on the screen.
The administrators may also use the database access language to create and maintain the
databases. The most popular database access language is SQL (Structured Query Language).
Relational databases are required to have a database query language.

Users (role of key players in database design and development)

The users are the people who manage the databases and perform different operations on the
databases in the database system. There are three kinds of people who play different roles in
database system

1. Application Programmers
2. Database Administrators
3. End-Users

Application Programmers
The people who write application programs in programming languages (such as Visual Basic,
Java, or C++) to interact with databases are called Application Programmer.

Database Administrators
A person who is responsible for managing the overall database management system is called
database administrator or simply DBA. A database developer is an IT professional responsible
for working on database technologies. Where database administrators are more focused on
routine maintenance and support for an existing database setup, database developers tend to
focus more on improving databases, expanding their range or functionality, or otherwise
developing submissions for a company's IT architecture.

End-Users

Page | 17
The end-users are the people who interact with database management system to perform
different operations on database such as retrieving, updating, inserting, deleting data etc.

Page | 18