Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

MODULE-4
Three Phase Induction Motor
Introduction:

The asynchronous motors or the induction motors are most widely used ac motors in
industry. They convert electrical energy in AC form into mechanical energy. They work on
the principle of electromagnetic induction. They are simple and rugged in construction, quite
economical with good operating characteristics and efficiency, requiring minimum
maintenance, but have a low starting torque. They run at practically constant speed from no
load to full load condition. The 3 - phase induction motors are self starting while the single
phase motors are not self starting. The speed of the squirrel cage induction motor cannot be
varied easily.

Classification:

They are basically classified into two types based on the rotor construction
1. Squirrel cage motor
2. Slip ring motor or phase wound motor

Construction:

Three phase induction motor consists of two parts

(1) stator (2) rotor

Stator

It is the stationary part of the motor supporting the entire motor assembly. This outer frame
is made up of a single piece of cast iron in case of small machines. In case of larger machines
they are fabricated in sections of steel and bolted together. The core is made of thin
laminations of silicon steel and flash enameled to reduce eddy current and hysteresis losses.
Slots are evenly spaced on the inner periphery of the laminations. Conductors insulated from
each other are placed in these slots and are connected to form a balanced 3 - phase star or
delta connected stator circuit. Depending on the desired speed the stator winding is wound
for the required number of poles. Greater the speed lesser is the number of poles.

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

Rotor

Squirrel Cage Rotor

Squirrel cage rotors are widely used because of their ruggedness. The rotor consists of
hollow laminated core with parallel slots provided on the outer periphery. The rotor
conductors are solid bars of copper, aluminum or their alloys. The bars are inserted from the
ends into the semi-enclosed slots and are brazed to the thick short circuited end rings. This
sort of construction resembles a squirrel cage hence the name “squirrel cage induction
motor”. The rotor conductors being permanently short circuited using copper end rings. This
kind of rotor produces more uniform torque while running. The rotor bars are not placed
parallel to each other but are slightly skewed which reduces the magnetic hum and prevents
cogging of the rotor and the stator teeth.

Slip Ring Rotor

The rotor in case of a phase wound/ slip ring motor has a 3-phase double layer distributed
winding made up of coils, similar to that of an alternator. The rotor winding is usually star
connected and is wound to the number of stator poles. The terminals are brought out and
connected to three slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft with the brushes resting on the slip
rings. The brushes are externally connected to the star connected rheostat in case a higher
starting torque and modification in the speed torque characteristics are required. Under
normal running conditions all the slip rings are automatically short circuited by a metal collar
provided on the shaft and the condition is similar to that of a cage rotor. Provision is made to
lift the brushes to reduce the frictional losses. The slip ring and the enclosures are made of
phosphor bronze.

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

In both the type of motors the shaft and bearings (ball and roller) are designed for trouble free
operation. Fans are provided on the shaft for effective circulation of air. The insulated (mica
and varnish) stator and rotor windings are rigidly braced to withstand the short circuit forces
and heavy centrifugal forces respectively. Care is taken to maintain a uniform air gap
between the stator and the rotor.

Comparison of the squirrel cage and slip ring rotors

The cage rotor has the following advantages:
1. Rugged in construction and economical.
2. Has a slightly higher efficiency and better power factor than slip ring motor.
3. The absence of slip rings and brushes eliminate the risk of sparking which helps in a
totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC) construction.

The advantages of the slip ring rotor are:

1. The starting torque is much higher and the starting current much lower when
compared to a cage motor with the inclusion of external resistance.
2. The speed can be varied by means of solid state switching

Working of the Induction Motor:

(a) Production of rotating magnetic field

Consider a 3- phase induction motor whose stator windings mutually displaced from
each other by 120° are connected in delta and energized by a 3- phase supply.

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

The currents flowing in each phase will set up a flux in the respective phases as
shown.

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

The corresponding phase fluxes can be represented by the following equations

∅ R =∅ m sinωt
0
∅ Y =∅ m sin ⁡(ωt−120 )
0
∅ B =∅ m sin ⁡(ωt−240 )

The resultant flux at any instant is given by the vector sum of the flux in each of the
phases.
∘
(i) When θ=0 , from the flux waveform diagram, we have
0
∅ R =∅ m sin 0 =0
−√ 3
∅ Y =∅ m sin ( 0 −120 ) =∅ m sin ( −120 )=
0 0 0
∅m
2
0 0 0 √3
∅ B =∅ m sin ( 0 −240 ) =∅ m sin ( −240 )= ∅
2 m

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

The resultant flux ∅ Res is given as

√|
∅ Res
|| | | || |
2 2

∅ Res =
√ 3 ∅ + √ 3 ∅ +2 × √ 3 ∅ × √ 3 ∅ ×cos 600
m m m m
2 2 2 2

∅ Res =
√ 3 2 3 2 3 2
4 4 4
9
4
3
2 √
∅ m + ∅ m + ∅ m= ∅ 2m = ∅ m

(ii) Whenθ=600, from the flux waveform diagram, we have

∅ R =∅ m sin 60 0= √ ∅
3
2 m
−√ 3
∅ Y =∅ m sin ( 60 −120 ) =∅ m sin ( −60 )=
0 0 0
∅m
2
∅ B =∅ m sin ( 60 0−2400 ) =∅ m sin (−1800 )=0

√| || | | || |
2 2

∅ Res =
√ 3 ∅ + √ 3 ∅ +2 × √ 3 ∅ × √ 3 ∅ ×cos 600
m m m m
2 2 2 2

∅ Res =
√ 3 2 3 2 3 2
4 4 4
9
4
3
2 √
∅ m + ∅ m + ∅ m= ∅ 2m = ∅ m

(iii) Whenθ=1200, from the flux waveform diagram, we have

∅ R =∅ m sin 120 =
0 √3 ∅
2 m

∅ Y =∅ m sin ( 120 −120 ) =∅ m sin ( 00 )=0

0 0

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 Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

0 0 0 √3
∅ B =∅ m sin ( 120 −240 ) =∅ m sin (−120 )=− ∅
2 m

√| || | | || |
2 2

∅ Res =
√ 3 ∅ + √ 3 ∅ +2 × √ 3 ∅ × √ 3 ∅ ×cos 600
m m m m
2 2 2 2

∅ Res =
√ 3 2 3 2 3 2 9 3
∅ + ∅ + ∅ = ∅ 2m = ∅ m
4 m 4 m 4 m 4 2 √
(iii) Whenθ=1800, from the flux waveform diagram, we have
0
∅ R =∅ m sin 180 =0
0 0 0 √3
∅ Y =∅ m sin ( 180 −120 ) =∅ m sin ( 6 0 )= ∅
2 m

∅ B =∅ m sin ( 180 0−2400 ) =∅ m sin (−600 )=− √ ∅

3
2 m

√| || | | || |
2 2

∅ Res =
√ 3 ∅ + √ 3 ∅ +2 × √ 3 ∅ × √ 3 ∅ ×cos 600
m m m m
2 2 2 2

∅ Res =
√ 3 2 3 2 3 2
4 4 4
9
4 √ 3
∅ m + ∅ m + ∅ m= ∅ 2m = ∅ m
2

From the above discussion it is very clear that when the stator of a 3-phase induction
motor is energized, a magnetic field of constant magnitude (1.5 φ m) rotating at
synchronous speed (Ns) with respect to stator winding is produced.

(b) Rotation of the rotor

Consider a 3- phase stator winding energized from a 3 phase supply. As explained earlier a
rotating magnetic field is produced running at a synchronous speed NS

120× f
NS=
P

Where f = supply frequency

P = Number of stator poles

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

Consider a portion of 3- phase induction motor as shown in the above figure which is
representative in nature. The rotating field crosses the air gap and cuts the initially stationary
rotor conductors. Due to the relative speed between the rotating magnetic field and the
initially stationary rotor,(change of flux linking with the conductor) an e.m.f. is induced in the
rotor conductors, in accordance with the Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
Current flows in the rotor conductors as the rotor circuit is short circuited. Now the situation
is similar to that of a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. Hence, the rotor
conductors experience a mechanical force which eventually leads to production of torque.
This torque tends to move the rotor in the same direction as that of the rotating magnetic
field.

Concept of slip:

According to Lenz’s law, the direction of rotor current will be such that they tend to oppose
the cause producing it. The cause producing the rotor current is the relative speed between
the rotating field and the stationary rotor. Hence, to reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts
running in the same direction as that of stator field and tries to catch it. In practice the rotor
can never reach the speed of the rotating magnetic field produced by the stator. This is
because if rotor speed equals the synchronous speed, then there is no relative speed between
the rotating magnetic field and the rotor. This makes the rotor current zero and hence no
torque is produced and the rotor will tend to remain stationary. In practice, windage and
friction losses cause the rotor to slow down. Hence, the rotor speed (N) is always less than
the stator field speed (NS). Thus the induction motor cannot run with ZERO SLIP. The
frequency of the rotor current is f r=sf. The difference between the synchronous speed
(NS) of the rotating stator field and the actual rotor speed (N) is called the slip speed.

Slip speed =N S −N depends upon the load of themotor

N S−N
% slip ( s ) = ×100
NS

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

Note: In an induction motor the slip value ranges from 2% to 4%

Applications of Induction Motor:

Squirrel cage induction motor

Squirrel cage induction motors are simple and rugged in construction, are relatively cheap
and require little maintenance. Hence, squirrel cage induction motors are preferred in most of
the industrial applications such as in

i) Lathes
ii) Drilling machines
iii) Agricultural and industrial pumps
iv) Industrial drives.

Slip ring induction motors

Slip ring induction motors when compared to squirrel cage motors have high starting torque,
smooth acceleration under heavy loads, adjustable speed and good running characteristics.

They are used in

i) Lifts
ii) Cranes
iii) Conveyors , etc.,

During staring the starter switch is thrown on to the STAR - START. In this position the
stator winding is connected in star fashion and the voltage per phase is 1/3 of the supply
voltage. This will limit the current at starting to 1/3 of the value drawn during direct
switching. When the motor accelerates the starter switch is thrown on to the DELTA - RUN
side. In this position the stator winding gets connected in the  fashion and the motor draws
the normal rated current.

TRANSFORMERS

TRANSFORMER is a static device which transfers electric energy from one electric circuit
to another at any desired voltage without any change in frequency.

Necessity of Transformers

1. A key application of transformers is in economically transmitting and distributing

electrical power over long distances, thus, permitting generation to be located
remotely from the points of demand.
The general practice is to generate ac voltage at about 11kV, then step up by means of
a transformer to higher voltages of 132kV, 220kV and 400kV for the transmission
lines. High voltage lines carry low currents and hence cost of lines and the power loss

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

are tremendously reduced. At distribution points, other transformers are used to step
the voltage down to 440V or 230V for use in offices, industries and homes.
2. A transformer also isolates the end user from contact with the supply voltage.
3. Small sized transformers are used in communication circuits, radio and TV circuits,
telephone circuits, instrumentations and control systems.

Principle of Operation of Transformers:

The transformer has primary and secondary windings tightly coupled magnetically. When
primary is connected to an A.C supply V 1 ,an alternating current flows through the primary
winding P and this current produces an alternating flux φ which passes through the core of
the transformer. This alternating flux conducted by the core of the transformer links with both
primary and secondary windings inducing emf in them. If N 1 is the number of turns in
primary and N2 is the number of turns in secondary, then primary induced emf

d∅
E1=−N 1
dt

and emf induced in secondary

d∅
E2=−N 2
dt

The transfer of energy from primary to secondary takes place electromagnetically by virtue of
magnetic coupling between the circuits. The entire operation takes place at constant
frequency and power.

The ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage

E2 N 2
= =k
E1 N 1

Where K is known as the voltage transformation ratio.

In a transformer primary power is equal to the power on the secondary side. That is

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

E1 I 1 =E2 I 2

E2 I 1
= =K
E1 I 2

For a step-up transformer K>1

Step-down transformer K<1

For 1:1 transformer K=1

TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMERS

There are two basic parts in a transformer

1) Core 2) Windings

The core forms the magnetic circuit of the transformer. The function of the core is to
conduct the magnetic flux produced by the primary windings. The core is made up
silicon steel laminations fitted together in such a way as to ensure a continuous
magnetic path, with a minimum of air gap. The silicon steel is chosen because it has
high permeability, low reluctance and low co-efficient of hysteresis losses.

Lamination of the core reduces eddy current losses. These laminations are insulated
from each other by a thin coating of varnish. The thickness of laminations ranges
from 0.35mm to 0.5mm.

The two main types of transformers are

a) CORE TYPE b) SHELL TYPE

Core Type:

Figs (a) shows the details of the elevation and plan of a core type transformer.

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

i) The core has two limbs, two yokes and one window.

ii) Large part of the core is surrounded by windings

iii) The windings are wound on the outer limbs. The limbs are wound with half the L.V. and
half the H.V. windings with proper insulation between them.

vi) The whole assembly taken inside a steel tank filled with oil for the purpose of insulation
and cooling.

v) Every part of the core carries the same amount of flux φ

Shell Type:

Fig (b) shows the details of the elevation and plan of shell type transformer.

i) The core has three limbs, two yokes and two windows.

ii) In this type windings occupy a smaller portion of the core.

iii) The primary and secondary windings are located on the central limb separated by a layer
of insulation.

iv) The thickness of the central is double the thickness of the outer two limbs.

v) The central limb carries a flux of φ and the outer two limbs carry a flux of φ/2

Windings

A practical transformer essentially consists of two windings mounted on a magnetic core. The
winding across which an alternating voltage source is connected is termed as primary
winding and the winding across which loads are connected is termed as secondary winding.
The windings are normally mounted on the limbs of the laminated, rectangular magnetic core
made up of silicon steel.

EMF EQUATION:

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

Priciple:- Whenever a coil is subjected to alternating flux, there will be an induced emf in it
and is called the statically induced emf

d∅
e=−N
dt

Let N1, N2 be the no. of turns of the primary and secondary windings, E 1, E2 the induced emf
in the primary and secondary coils. Φmbe the maximum value of the sinusoidal flux, and f be
the frequency in Hz.

Figure showing the sinusoidally varying flux of peak value∅ m.

Step 1: Whenever a coil of N no- of turns are linked by a time varying fluxφ , the average
emf induced in this coil is

d∅
e=−N
dt

Step 2: As the flux is sinusoidal the change in flux from 0 to +φ m takes place in duration dt =
T/4 seconds.

Therefore,

d∅ ∅m 4∅m
= =
dt T T
4

We know that frequency,

1
f=
T

Therefore,

d∅
=4 f ∅ m………(i)
dt

Step 3: Primary induced emf

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

d∅
E1=−N 1 ……….(ii)
dt

Substituting equation (1) in (2) we get

E1=−N 1 4 f ∅ m volts ….(iii)

Step 4: Equation (3) gives us the average value of emf. For a sinusoidal voltage

RMS
=1.11
Average

Therefore Rms value is

E1 RMS =−N 1 4 f ∅ m ×1.11 volts

E1 RMS =−4.44 N 1 f ∅ m volts

Similarly RMS value of voltage induced in secondary winding is

E2 RMS=−4.44 N 2 f ∅ m volts

Power Losses in a Transformer:

Being static, the transformer does not have friction losses. However, the only losses
occurring are

a) Core or Iron losses

b) Copper losses

a) Core or iron losses: This loss occurs in the core of the transformer due to alternating
flux. Because the core flux practically remains constant for all loads, the core loss is
practically constant at all loads.

(i) Hysteresis Loss: Since the flux in the core of the transformer core is alternating,
therefore, power is required for the continuous reversal of the molecular magnets, which
comprise the core. This power is dissipated in the form of heat and is known as hysteresis
loss. It depends on the flux density in the core and supply frequency.

Hysteresis Loss ,
1.6
Ph=K h Bmax f watts

Where Bmax is maximum flux density (Wb/m2)

f is frequency (Hz)
P is a constant known as co efficient of hysteresis loss.
(ii) Eddy-Current Loss: Due to the alternating flux in the core, eddy currents flow in the
core. Power is required to maintain these eddy currents. This power is dissipated in the form

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

of heat and is called eddy current loss. In order to ensure that these currents are small, a high
resistance path is made out for them. This can be done by making the core of thin
laminations, the laminations being separated from each other by varnish. The eddy current
loss also depends upon the flux density int the core and supply frequency.

Eddy current loss,

2 2
Pe =K e B max f watts

where Q is known as co-efficient of eddy current loss.

Core loss is a constant for a given transformer. These losses are independent of the load
and hence generally termed as constant losses.
Core loss can be minimized by using steel of high silicon content for the core and by
using very thin laminations.
b) Copper losses or I2R losses: These losses occur due to the ohmic resistance in both the
primary and secondary windings. If R1 and R2 are the primary and secondary resistances and
I1 and I2 are the primary and currents respectively.
2 2
TotalCuloss( PCu )=I 1 R1 + I 2 R2

TRANSFORMER EFFECIENCY:

Efficiency of a transformer at a particular load and power factor is defined as the output
power divided by input power, both being measured in the same units, either in watts or
kilowatts.

Outputpower Iutputpower−Losses
Effeciency ( η ) = Effeciency ( η )=
Inputpower Inputpower

Iutputpower −CuLosses−IronLoss
Effeciency ( η ) =
Inputpower

Load Corresponding to Maximum efficiency:

We know that transformer efficiency will be maximum only when the iron loss W i is equal to
the full load copper loss Wcu. If X is the load under this condition, W i becomes the copper
loss for X KVA output. We know that copper loss is proportional to (KVA)2, so

2
PCu ∝(fullloadkVA) …………..(i)

At X kVA load
2
PCuat Xload ∝(XkVA )

Also since the efficiency is maximum at X laod

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering(BESCK204B) Module-4

Pi=PCu

Therefore,
2
W i ∝(XkVA ) ………(ii)

Dividing equation (ii) by (i) we get,

2
Wi ( XkVA )
=
W Cu (fullloadkVA )2

2 2 Pi
(XkVA ) =(fullloadkVA ) ×
P Cu

XkVA =fullloadkVA ×
√[ ] Pi
PCu

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