PROGRAM 01: Implement Block diagram reduction
technique to obtain transfer function a control system.
CODE:
% Define the transfer functions for the blocks
G1 = tf([1], [1 1]); % Example transfer function for G1 (numerator: 1, denominator: s+1)
G2 = tf([2], [1 2]); % Example transfer function for G2 (numerator: 2, denominator: s+2)
H = tf([1], [1 3]); % Example transfer function for H (numerator: 1, denominator: s+3)
% Combine G1 and G2 in series
G_series = series(G1, G2);
% Combine the series block with the feedback H
G_total = feedback(G_series, H);
% Display the resulting transfer function
disp('The overall transfer function is:');
G_total
OUTPUT:
PROGRAM 02: Implement Signal Flow graph to obtain
transfer function a control system.
CODE:
function T = masons_gain(nodes, forward_paths, loops)
% Mason's Gain Formula to find transfer function from a signal flow graph
% nodes - total number of nodes
% forward_paths - cell array of forward paths and their gains
% loops - cell array of loops and their gains
% Calculate Delta
delta = 1 - sum(cellfun(@(x) x{2}, loops));
% Calculate Delta_i for each forward path
deltas = zeros(length(forward_paths), 1);
for i = 1:length(forward_paths)
path = forward_paths{i}{1};
touching_loops = find_touching_loops(path, loops);
deltas(i) = 1 - sum(cellfun(@(x) x{2}, touching_loops));
end
% Calculate transfer function using Mason's Gain Formula
T = 0;
for i = 1:length(forward_paths)
T = T + forward_paths{i}{2} * deltas(i);
end
T = T / delta;
end
function touching_loops = find_touching_loops(path, loops)
% Find loops touching the given path
touching_loops = {};
for i = 1:length(loops)
loop_nodes = loops{i}{1};
if ~isempty(intersect(path, loop_nodes))
touching_loops{end+1} = loops{i};
end
end
end
% Example usage:
% Define the nodes (This is illustrative, nodes are typically implied in paths and loops)
nodes = 4;
% Define forward paths and their gains
% Each forward path is defined as a cell {nodes_in_path, gain}
forward_paths = {
{ [1 2 3 4], 1*2*3 }; % Example path 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 with gain 1*2*3
{ [1 3 4], 1*4 }; % Example path 1 -> 3 -> 4 with gain 1*4
};
% Define loops and their gains
% Each loop is defined as a cell {nodes_in_loop, gain}
loops = {
{ [2 3 2], -2*3 }; % Example loop 2 -> 3 -> 2 with gain -2*3
{ [1 2 3 1], -1*2*3 }; % Example loop 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 1 with gain -1*2*3
};
% Calculate the transfer function
T = masons_gain(nodes, forward_paths, loops);
disp('The transfer function is:');
disp(T);
OUTPUT:
PROGRAM 03: Simulation of poles and zeros of a transfer
function.
CODE:
% Define the numerator and denominator of the transfer function
num = [1 3 5]; % Example numerator coefficients
den = [1 2 3 4]; % Example denominator coefficients
% Create the transfer function
sys = tf(num, den);
% Compute the poles and zeros
poles = pole(sys);
zeros = zero(sys);
% Display poles and zeros
disp('Poles of the transfer function:');
disp(poles);
disp('Zeros of the transfer function:');
disp(zeros);
% Plot the poles and zeros on the complex plane
figure;
pzmap(sys);
title('Poles and Zeros of the Transfer Function');
grid on;
OUTPUT:
PROGRAM 04: Implement time response specification of a
second order Under damped System, for different
damping factors.
CODE:
% Define parameters
zeta = 0.5; % Damping factor
omega_n = 5; % Natural frequency
% Define the transfer function of the second-order system
num = [omega_n^2];
den = [1 2*zeta*omega_n omega_n^2];
sys = tf(num, den);
% Compute time response specifications
info = stepinfo(sys);
% Display time response specifications
disp('Time Response Specifications:');
disp(['Rise Time (Tr): ', num2str(info.RiseTime)]);
disp(['Peak Time (Tp): ', num2str(info.PeakTime)]);
disp(['Settling Time (Ts): ', num2str(info.SettlingTime)]);
disp(['Maximum Overshoot (Mp): ', num2str(info.Overshoot), '%']);
% Compute and plot step response
t = 0:0.01:5; % Time vector
[y, t] = step(sys, t);
figure;
plot(t, y, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Step Response of a Second-Order Underdamped System');
xlabel('Time (seconds)');
ylabel('Response');
grid on;
% Annotate plot with time response specifications
hold on;
plot(info.PeakTime, y(find(t >= info.PeakTime, 1)), 'ro'); % Peak point
text(info.PeakTime, y(find(t >= info.PeakTime, 1)), sprintf('Peak (%.2f)', info.PeakTime),
'VerticalAlignment', 'bottom', 'HorizontalAlignment', 'left');
plot(info.SettlingTime, 1, 'go'); % Settling time point
text(info.SettlingTime, 1, sprintf('Settling (%.2f)', info.SettlingTime), 'VerticalAlignment',
'bottom', 'HorizontalAlignment', 'left');
plot(info.RiseTime, y(find(t >= info.RiseTime, 1)), 'bo'); % Rise time point
text(info.RiseTime, y(find(t >= info.RiseTime, 1)), sprintf('Rise (%.2f)', info.RiseTime),
'VerticalAlignment', 'bottom', 'HorizontalAlignment', 'left');
% Plot reference lines
yline(1, '--k'); % Final value
hold off;
OUTPUT:
PROGRAM 05: Implement frequency response of a second
order System.
CODE:
% Parameters for the second-order system
% Define the natural frequency (omega_n) and damping ratio (zeta)
omega_n = 10; % Natural frequency (rad/s)
zeta = 0.5; % Damping ratio
% Define the transfer function of the second-order system
num = [omega_n^2];
den = [1 2*zeta*omega_n omega_n^2];
sys = tf(num, den);
% Display the transfer function
fprintf('Transfer Function: \n');
disp(sys);
% Plot the frequency response (Bode plot)
figure;
bode(sys);
grid on;
title('Frequency Response of Second-Order System');
OUTPUT:
PROGRAM 06: Implement frequency response of a lead
lag compensator.
CODE:
% Lead-lag compensator parameters
% Adjust these parameters as needed
K = 1; % Gain
alpha = 0.1; % Lead compensator zero/pole ratio
beta = 10; % Lag compensator zero/pole ratio
T1 = 0.1; % Time constant of the lead compensator
T2 = 1; % Time constant of the lag compensator
% Transfer function of the lead compensator
% G_lead(s) = K * (1 + alpha*T1*s) / (1 + T1*s)
num_lead = [K*alpha*T1 K];
den_lead = [T1 1];
G_lead = tf(num_lead, den_lead);
% Transfer function of the lag compensator
% G_lag(s) = (1 + T2*s) / (1 + beta*T2*s)
num_lag = [T2 1];
den_lag = [beta*T2 1];
G_lag = tf(num_lag, den_lag);
% Combined lead-lag compensator transfer function
G_lead_lag = G_lead * G_lag;
% Display the transfer function
fprintf('Lead Compensator Transfer Function: \n');
disp(G_lead);
fprintf('Lag Compensator Transfer Function: \n');
disp(G_lag);
fprintf('Lead-Lag Compensator Transfer Function: \n');
disp(G_lead_lag);
% Plot the frequency response (Bode plot)
figure;
bode(G_lead_lag);
grid on;
title('Frequency Response of Lead-Lag Compensator');
OUTPUT:
PROGRAM 07: Analyze the stability of the given system
using Routh stability criterion.
CODE:
function routh_stability(coefficients)
% coefficients: Vector of the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial
% Example: coefficients = [1 3 5 6] for the polynomial s^3 + 3s^2 + 5s + 6
n = length(coefficients);
routh_table = zeros(n, ceil(n/2));
% Fill the first two rows of the Routh array
routh_table(1, :) = coefficients(1:2:end);
if mod(n, 2) == 0
routh_table(2, :) = coefficients(2:2:end);
else
routh_table(2, 1:end-1) = coefficients(2:2:end);
end
% Calculate the rest of the Routh array
for i = 3:n
for j = 1:ceil((n-i+1)/2)
routh_table(i, j) = (routh_table(i-1, 1) * routh_table(i-2, j+1) - routh_table(i-2, 1) *
routh_table(i-1, j+1)) / routh_table(i-1, 1);
end
% Special case: row of all zeros
if all(routh_table(i, :) == 0)
order = n - i + 1;
poly_derivative = polyder(coefficients(1:order+1));
routh_table(i, 1:length(poly_derivative)) = poly_derivative;
end
% Special case: zero in the first column
if routh_table(i, 1) == 0
routh_table(i, 1) = eps;
end
end
% Display the Routh table
disp('Routh Table:');
disp(routh_table);
% Check the number of sign changes in the first column
first_column = routh_table(:, 1);
sign_changes = sum(diff(sign(first_column)) ~= 0);
if sign_changes == 0
disp('The system is stable.');
else
disp(['The system is unstable with ', num2str(sign_changes), ' poles in the right half-
plane.']);
end
end
% Example usage
coefficients = [1 3 5 6]; % Define the coefficients of your system's characteristic polynomial
routh_stability(coefficients);
OUTPUT:
