Chapter Seven

Sections 7.1 - 7.2

7.1 The probability distribution of the population data is called the population distribution. Table
7.2 on p. 301 of the text provides an example of such a distribution. The probability distribution
of a sample statistic is called its sampling distribution. Table 7.5 on p. 303 of the text provides
an example of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

7.3 Nonsampling errors are errors that may occur in the collection, recording, and tabulation of data.
Example 7–1 on pp. 304-305 of the text exhibits nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can
occur in both a sample survey and a census.

7.5 a. µ = (20 + 25 + 13 + 19 + 9 + 15 + 11 + 7 + 17 + 30)/10 = 166/10 = 16.60

b. x = (20 + 25 + 13 + 9 + 15 + 11 + 7 + 17 + 30)/9 = 147/9 = 16.33
Sampling error = x − µ = 16.33 − 16.60 = −.27
c. Rich’s incorrect x = (20 + 25 + 13 + 9 + 15 + 11 + 17 + 17 + 30)/9 = 157/9 = 17.44
x − µ = 17.44 − 16.60 = .84
Sampling error (from part b) = –.27
Nonsampling error = .84 − (–.27) = 1.11
d.
Sample x x −µ
25, 13 19, 9,15,11,7,17,30 16.22 –.38
20, 13, 19, 9, 15, 11, 7, 17, 30 15.67 –.93
20, 25 19, 9, 15, 11, 7, 17, 30 17.00 .40
20, 25, 13, 9, 15, 11, 7, 17, 30 16.33 –.27
20, 25, 13, 19, 15, 11, 7, 17, 30 17.44 .84
20, 25, 13, 19, 9, 11, 7, 17, 30 16.78 .18
20, 25, 13, 19, 9, 15, 7, 17, 30 17.22 .62
20, 25, 13, 19, 9, 15, 11, 17, 30 17.67 1.07
20, 25, 13, 19, 9, 15, 11, 7, 30 16.56 –.04
20, 25, 13, 19, 9, 15, 11, 7, 17 15.11 –1.49

111
112 Chapter Seven

7.7 a.
x P(x)
15 1/6=.167
21 1/6=.167
25 1/6=.167
28 1/6=.167
53 1/6=.167
55 1/6=.167

b.
Sample x
55, 53, 28, 25, 21 36.4
55, 53, 28, 25, 15 35.2
55, 53, 28, 21, 15 34.4
55, 53, 25, 21, 15 33.8
55, 28, 25, 21, 15 28.8
53, 28, 25, 21, 15 28.4

x P( x )
28.4 1/6=.167
28.8 1/6=.167
33.8 1/6=.167
34.4 1/6=.167
35.2 1/6=.167
36.4 1/6=.167

c. The mean for the population data is µ = (55 + 53 + 28 + 25 + 21 + 15)/6 = 197/6 = 32.83
Suppose the random sample of five family members includes the observations: 55, 28, 25, 21,
and 15. The mean for this sample is x = (55 + 28 + 25 + 21 + 15)/5 = 144/5 = 28.80
Sampling error = x − µ = 28.80 − 32.83 = −4.03

Section 7.3

7.9 a. Mean of x = μ x = μ
b. Standard deviation of x = σ x = σ n where σ = population standard deviation and
n = sample size.

7.11 An estimator is consistent when its standard deviation decreases as the sample size is increased.
The sample mean x is a consistent estimator of μ because its standard deviation decreases as the

sample size increases. As n increases, n increases, and, consequently, the value of σ x = σ n

decreases.
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 113

7.13 μ = 60 and σ = 10

a. μ x = μ = 60 and σ x = σ n = 10 18 = 2.357

b. μ x = μ = 60 and σ x = σ n = 10 90 = 1.054

7.15 a. n/N = 300/5000 = .06 > .05

σ N −n 25 5000 − 300
σx = = = 1.400
n N −1 300 5000 − 1

b. Since n/N = 100/5000 = .02 < .05, σ x = σ n = 25 100 = 2.500

7.17 μ = 125 and σ = 36

a. Since σ x = σ n , n = (σ σ x )2 = (36 3.6 )2 = 100

b. n = (σ σ x )2 = (36 2.25)2 = 256

7.19 μ = $3.084, σ = $.263, and n = 47

μ x = μ = $3.084 and σ x = σ n = .263 47 = $.038

7.21 μ = $520, σ = $72, and n = 25

μx = μ = $520 and σ x = σ n = 72 25 = $14.40

7.23 σ = $2000 and σ x = $125

n = (σ σ x ) = (2000 125) = 256 players

2 2

7.25 a.

x P( x ) xP(x) x2 x2P(x)
76.00 .20 15.200 5776.0000 1155.200
76.67 .10 7.667 5878.2889 587.829
79.33 .10 7.933 6293.2489 629.325
81.00 .10 8.100 6561.0000 656.100
81.67 .20 16.334 6669.9889 1333.998
84.33 .20 16.866 7111.5489 1422.310
85.00 .10 8.500 7225.0000 722.500
2
∑xP(x) = 80.60 ∑x P(x) = 6507.262

∑xP(x) = 80.60 is the same value found in Exercise 7.6 for μ.

b. σ x = ∑ x 2 P ( x ) − μ x2 = 6507.262 − (80.60) 2 = 3.302
114 Chapter Seven

c. σ n = 8.09 3 = 4.67 is not equal to σ x = 3.30 in this case because n/N = 3/5 = .60 > .05.

σ N − n 8.09 5 − 3
d. σ x = = = 3.302
n N −1 3 5 −1

Section 7.4

7.27 The central limit theorem states that for a large sample, the sampling distribution of the sample
mean is approximately normal, irrespective of the shape of the population distribution.

Furthermore, μ x = μ and σ x = σ n , where μ and σ are the population mean and standard

deviation, respectively. A sample size of 30 or more is considered large enough to apply the
central limit theorem to x .

7.29 a. Slightly skewed to the right

b Approximately normal because n ≥ 30and the central limit theorem applies
c. Close to normal with a slight skew to the right

7.31 a. and b. In both cases the sampling distribution of x would be normal because the population
distribution is normal.

7.33 μ = 20.20 hours, σ = 2.60 hours, and n = 18

μ x = μ = 20.20 hours and σ x = σ n = 2.60 18 = .613 hour

The sampling distribution of x is approximately normal because the population is approximately

normally distributed.

7.35 μ = 3.02, σ = .29, N = 5540 and n = 48

μ x = μ = 3.02

Since n/N = 48/5540 = .009 < .05, σ x = σ n = .29 48 = .042 .

The sampling distribution of x is approximately normal because the population is approximately

normally distributed.

7.37 μ = 91.4 grams, σ = 93.25 grams

For n = 20, μ x = μ = 91.4 grams and σ x = σ n = 93.25 20 = 20.851 grams

The sampling distribution of x is skewed to the right because the distribution of x is strongly
skewed to the right and the sample size is not large (n < 30).
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 115

For n = 75, μ x = μ = 91.4 grams and σ x = σ n = 93.25 75 = 10.768 grams

The sampling distribution of x is approximately normal because the sample size is large (n ≥ 30).

7.39 μ = 200 pieces, σ = 145 pieces, and n = 84

μ x = μ = 200 pieces and σ x = σ n = 145 84 = 15.821 pieces

The sampling distribution of x is approximately normal. We do not need to know the shape of
the population distribution in order to make this conclusion because the sample size is large
(n ≥ 30) and the central limit theorem applies.

Section 7.5

7.41 P ( μ − 1.50σ x ≤ x ≤ μ + 1.50σ x ) = P (−1.50 ≤ z ≤ 1.50) = P( z ≤ 1.50) − P( z ≤ −1.50) = .9332 −

.0668 = .8664 or 86.64%.

7.43 μ = 66, σ = 7, N = 205,000, and n = 49

μ x = μ = 66

Since n/N = 49/205,000 = .0002 < .05, σ x = σ n =7 49 = 1

a. z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (68.44 − 66)/1 = 2.44

b. z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (58.75 − 66)/1 = −7.25

c. z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (62.35 − 66)/1 = −3.65

d. z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (71.82 − 66)/1 = 5.82

7.45 μ = 48, σ = 8, and n = 16

μ x = μ = 48 and σ x = σ n = 8 16 = 2

a. For x = 49.6: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (49.6 − 48)/2 = .80

For x = 52.2: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (52.2 − 48)/2 = 2.10

P(49.6 < x < 52.2) =P(.80 < z < 2.10) = P( z < 2.10) − P( z < .80) = .9821 − .7881 = .1940
b. For x = 45.7: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (45.7 − 48)/2 = −1.15

P( x > 45.7) = P(z > −1.15) = 1 − P( z ≤ −1.15) = 1 − .1251 = .8749

7.47 μ = 90, σ = 18, and n = 64

μ x = μ = 90 and σ x = σ n = 18 64 = 2.25
116 Chapter Seven

a. For x = 82.3: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (82.3 − 90)/2.25 = −3.42

P( x < 82.3) = P(z < −3.42) = .0003

b. For x = 86.7: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (86.7 − 90)/2.25 = −1.47

P( x > 86.7) = P(z > −1.47) = 1 − P( z ≤ −1.47) = 1 − .0708 = .9292

7.49 μ = 3.02, σ = .29, and n = 20

μ x = μ = 3.02 and σ x = σ n = .29 20 = .06484597

a. For x = 3.10: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (3.10 − 3.02)/.06484597 = 1.23

P( x ≥ 3.10) = P(z ≥ 1.23) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.23) = 1 − .8907 = .1093

b. For x = 2.90: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (2.90 − 3.02)/.06484597 = −1.85

P( x ≤ 2.90) = P(z ≤ −1.85) = .0322

a. For x = 2.95: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (2.95 − 3.02)/.06484597 = −1.08

For x = 3.11: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (3.11 − 3.02)/.06484597 = 1.39

P(2.95 ≤ x ≤ 3.11) = P(−1.08 ≤ z ≤ 1.39) = P( z ≤ 1.39) − P( z ≤ −1.08) = .9177 − .1401 =
.7776

7.51 μ = $55, σ = $13.25, and n = 33

μ x = μ = $55 and σ x = σ n = 13.25 33 = $2.30652894

a. For x = 60: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (60 − 55)/2.30652894 = 2.17

P( x > 60) = P(z ≥ 2.17) = 1 − P( z ≤ 2.17) = 1 − .9850 = .0150

b. For x = 52: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (52 − 55)/2.30652894 = −1.30

P( x < 52) = P( z < −1.30) = .0968

c. For x = 54: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (54 − 55)/2.30652894 = −.43

For x = 57.99: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (57.99 − 55)/2.30652894 = 1.30

P(54 ≤ x ≤ 57.99) = P(−.43 ≤ z ≤ 1.30) = P( z ≤ 1.30) − P( z ≤ −.43) = .9032 − .3336 = .5696

7.53 μ = $2840, σ = $672, and n = 36

μ x = μ = $2840 and σ x = σ n = 672 36 = 112

a. For x = 2600: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (2600 − 2840)/112 = −2.14

For x = 2950: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (2950 − 2840)/112 = .98

P(2600 < x < 2950) =P(−2.14 < z < .98) = P( z < .98) − P( z < −2.14) = .8365 − .0162 = .8203
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 117

b. For x = 3060: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (3060 − 2840)/112 = 1.96

P( x < 3060) = P(z < 1.96) = .9750

7.55 μ = $140, σ = $30, and n = 75

μ x = μ = $140 and σ x = σ n = 30 75 = $3.46410162

a. For x = 132: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (132 − 140)/3.46410162 = −2.31

For x = 136: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (136 − 140)/3.46410162 = −1.15

P(132 < x < 136) =P(−2.31 < z < −1.15) = P( z < −1.15) − P( z < −2.31) = .1251 − .0104 =
.1147
b. P( x within $6 of μ) = P(134 ≤ x ≤ 146)
For x = 134: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (134 − 140)/3.46410162 = −1.73

For x = 146: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (146 − 140)/3.46410162 = 1.73

P(134 ≤ x ≤ 146) = P(−1.73 ≤ z ≤ 1.73) = P( z ≤ 1.73) − P( z ≤ −1.73) = .9582 − .0418 =
.9164
c. P( x greater than μ by at least $4) = P( x ≥ 144)
For x = 144: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (144 − 140)/3.46410162 = 1.15

P( x ≥ 144) = P(z ≥ 1.15) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.15) = 1 − .8749 = .1251

7.57 μ = 20.20 hours, σ = 2.60 hours, and n = 18

μ x = μ = 20.20 hours and σ x = σ n = 2.60 18 = .61282588 hour

a. P( x is not within one hour of μ) = P( x < 19.20) + P( x > 21.20) = 1 − P(19.20 ≤ z ≤ 21.20)
For x = 19.20: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (19.20 – 20.20)/.61282588 = −1.63

For x = 21.20: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (21.20 – 20.20)/.61282588 = 1.63

P( x < 19.20) + P( x > 21.20) = 1 − P(19.20 ≤ x ≤ 21.20) = 1 − P(−1.63 ≤ z ≤ 1.63)
= 1 – [P( z ≤ 1.63) − P( z ≤ −1.63)] = 1 – [.9484 − .0516] = 1 − .8968 = .1032
b. For x = 20.0: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (20.0 – 20.20)/.61282588 = −.33

For x = 20.5: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (20.5 – 20.20)/.61282588 = .49

P(20.0 < x < 20.5) =P(−.33 < z < .49) = P( z < .49) − P( z < −.33) = .6879 − .3707 = .3172
c. For x = 22: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (22 – 20.20)/.61282588 = 2.94

P( x ≥ 22) = P(z ≥ 2.94) = 1 − P( z < 2.94) = 1 − .9984 = .0016

d. For x = 21: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (21 – 20.20)/.61282588 = 1.31

P( x ≤ 21) = P(z ≤ 1.31) = .9049

118 Chapter Seven

7.59 μ = 3 inches, σ = .1 inch, and n = 25

μ x = μ = 3 inches and σ x = σ n = .1 25 = .02 inch

For x = 2.95: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (2.95 − 3)/.02 = −2.50

For x = 3.05: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (3.05 − 3)/.02 = 2.50

P(x < 2.95) + P(x > 3.05) = 1 − [P(2.95 ≤ x ≤ 3.05)] = 1 − [P(−2.50 ≤ z ≤ 2.50)]
= 1 − [P( z ≤ 2.50) − P( z ≤ −2.50)] = 1 − [.9938 − .0062] = 1 − .9876 = .0124

Sections 7.6 - 7.7

7.61 p = 600/5000 = .12 and p̂ = 18/120 = .15

7.63 Number with characteristic in population = (9500)(.75) = 7125

Number with characteristic in sample = (400)(.78) = 312

7.65 Sampling error = p̂ – p = .66 – .71 = –.05

7.67 The estimator of p is the sample proportion p̂ .

The sample proportion p̂ is an unbiased estimator of p, since the mean of p̂ is equal to p.

7.69 σ pˆ = pq / n , hence σ p̂ decreases as n increases.

7.71 p = .21 and q = 1 − p = 1 − .21 = .79

a. n = 400, μ pˆ = p = .21, and σ pˆ = pq / n = (.21)(.79) / 400 = .020

b. n = 750, μ pˆ = p = .21, and σ pˆ = pq / n = (.21)(.79) / 750 = .015

7.73 p = .47, q = 1 − p = 1 − .47 = .53, and N = 1400

a. n/N = 90/1400 = .064 > .05

pq N −n (.47)(.53) 1400 − 90
σ pˆ = = = .051
n N −1 90 1400 − 1

b. Since n/N = 50/1400 = .036 < .05, σ pˆ = pq / n = (.47)(.53) / 50 = .071

7.75 a. np = (400)(.28) = 112 and nq = (400)(.72) = 288

Since np > 5 and nq > 5, the central limit theorem applies.
b. np = (80)(.05) = 4; since np < 5, the central limit theorem does not apply.
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 119

c. np = (60)(.12) = 7.2 and nq = (60)(.88) = 52.8

Since np > 5 and nq > 5, the central limit theorem applies.
d. np = (100)(.035) = 3.5; since np < 5, the central limit theorem does not apply.

7.77 a. p = 4/6 = .667

b. 6C5 = 6.
c & d. Let: G = good TV set and D = defective TV set
Let the six TV sets be denoted as: 1 = G, 2 = G, 3 = D, 4 = D, 5 = G, and 6 = G. The six
possible samples, their sample proportions, and the sampling errors are given in the table
below.

Sample TV sets p̂ Sampling error

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 G, G, D, D, G 3/5=.60 .60 – .667 = –.067
1, 2, 3, 4, 6 G, G, D, D, G 3/5=.60 .60 – .667 = –.067
1, 2, 3, 5, 6 G, G, D, G, G 4/5=.80 .80 – .667 = .133
1, 2, 4, 5, 6 G, G, D, G, G 4/5=.80 .80 – .667 = .133
1, 3, 4, 5, 6 G, D, D, G, G 3/5=.60 .60 – .667 = –.067
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 G, D, D, G, G 3/5=.60 .60 – .667 = –.067

p̂ f Relative Frequency p̂ P( pˆ )
.60 4 4/6=.667 .60 .667
.80 2 2/6=.333 .80 .333
∑ f =6

7.79 p = .30, q = 1 − p = 1 − .30 = .70, and n = 180

μ pˆ = p = .30, and σ pˆ = pq / n = (.30)(.70) / 180 = .0342

np = (180)(.30) = 54 and nq = (180)(.70) = 126

Since np > 5 and nq > 5, the sampling distribution of p̂ is approximately normal.

7.81 p = .561, q = 1 − p = 1 − .561 = .439, and n = 340

μ pˆ = p = .561, and σ pˆ = pq / n = (.561)(.439) / 340 = .0269

np = (340)(.561) = 190.74 and nq = (340)(.439) = 149.26

Since np > 5 and nq > 5, the sampling distribution of p̂ is approximately normal.
120 Chapter Seven

Section 7.8

7.83 P( p − 2.0σ pˆ ≤ pˆ ≤ p + 2.0σ pˆ ) = P(−2.00 ≤ z ≤ 2.00) = P( z ≤ 2.00) − P( z ≤ −2.00) = .9772 − .0228

= .9544 or 95.44%.

7.85 p = .59, q = 1 − p = 1 − .59 = .41, N = 30,000, and n = 400

n/N = 100/30,000 = .033 < .05, np = (100)(.59) = 59 > 5, nq = (100)(41) = 41 > 5

σ pˆ = pq / n = (.59)(.41) / 100 = .04918333

a. z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.56 − .59)/.04918333 = −.61

b. z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.68 − .59)/.04918333 = 1.83

c. z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.53 − .59)/.04918333 = −1.22

d. z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.65 − .59)/.04918333 = 1.22

7.87 p = .30, q = 1 − p = 1 − .30 = .70, and n = 180

σ pˆ = pq / n = (.30)(.70) / 180 = .03415650

a. For pˆ = .35: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.35 − .30)/.03415650 = 1.46

P( p̂ > .35) = P(z > 1.46) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.46) = 1 − .9279 = .0721

b. For pˆ = .22: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.22 − .30)/.03415650 = −2.34

For pˆ = .27: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.27 − .30)/.03415650 = −.88

P(.22 < p̂ < .27) =P(−2.34 < z < −.88) = P( z < −.88) − P( z < −2.34) = .1894 − .0096 = .1798

7.89 p = .43, q = 1 − p = 1 − .43 = .57, and n = 110

σ pˆ = pq / n = (.43)(.57) / 110 = .04720362

a. For pˆ = .30: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.30 − .43)/.04720362 = −2.75

P( p̂ < .30) =P(z < −2.75) = .0030

b. For pˆ = .45: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.45 − .43)/.04720362 = .42

For p̂ = .50: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.50 − .43)/.04720362 = 1.48

P(.45 < p̂ < .50) =P(.42 < z < 1.48) = P( z < 1.48) − P( z < .42) = .9306 − .6628 = .2678
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 121

7.91 p = .06, q = 1 − p = 1 − .06 = .94, and n = 100

σ pˆ = pq / n = (.06)(.94) / 100 = .02374868

For pˆ = .08: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.08 − .06)/.02374868 = .84

P( p̂ ≥ .08) = P(z ≥ .84) = 1 − P( z ≤ .84) = 1 − .7995 = .2005

Supplementary Exercises

7.93 μ = 750 hours, σ = 55 hours, and n = 25

μ x = μ = 750 hours and σ x = σ n = 55 25 = 11 hours

The sampling distribution of x is normal because the population is normally distributed.

7.95 μ = 750 hours, σ = 55 hours, and n = 25

μ x = μ = 750 hours and σ x = σ n = 55 25 = 11 hours

a. For x = 735: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (735 − 750)/11 = −1.36

P( x > 735) = P(z > −1.36) = 1 − P( z ≤ −1.36) = 1 − .0869 = .9131

b. For x = 725: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (725 − 750)/11 = −2.27

For x = 740: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (740 − 750)/11 = −.91

P(725 < x < 740) = P(−2.27 < z < −.91) = P( z < −.91) − P( z < −2.27) = .1814 − .0116
= .1698
c. P( x within 15 hours of μ) = P(735 ≤ x ≤ 765)
For x = 735: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (735 − 750)/11 = −1.36

For x = 765: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (765 − 750)/11 = 1.36

P(735 ≤ x ≤ 765) = P(−1.36 ≤ z ≤ 1.36) = P( z ≤ 1.36) − P( z ≤ −1.36) = .9131 − .0869

= .8262
d. P( x is less than μ by 20 hours or more) = P( x < 730)
For x = 730: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (730 − 750)/11 = −1.82

P( x < 730) = P(z < −1.82) = .0344

7.97 μ = 190 minutes, σ = 53.4 minutes, and n = 12

μ x = μ = 190 minutes and σ x = σ n = 53.4 12 = 15.41525219 minutes

a. P( x within 10 minutes of μ) = P(180 ≤ x ≤ 200)

122 Chapter Seven

For x = 180: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (180 − 190)/15.41525219 = −.65

For x = 200: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (200 − 190)/15.41525219 = .65

P(180 ≤ x ≤ 200) = P(−.65 ≤ z ≤ .65) = P( z ≤ .65) − P( z ≤ −.65) = .7422 − .2578 = .4844

b. For x = 240: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (240 − 190)/15.41525219 = 3.24

P( x > 240) = P( z > 3.24) = 1 − P( z ≤ 3.24) = 1 − .9994 = .0006

c. P( x at least 20 minutes different than μ) = P( x < 170) + P( x > 210)
For x = 170: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (170 – 190)/15.41525219 = −1.30

For x = 210: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (210 – 190)/15.41525219 = 1.30

P( x < 170) + P( x > 210) = 1 − P(170 ≤ x ≤ 210) = 1 − P(−1.30 ≤ z ≤ 1.30)

= 1 – [P( z ≤ 1.30) − P( z ≤ −1.30)] = 1 – [.9032 − .0968] = 1 − .8064 = .1936
d. For x = 207: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (207 − 190)/15.41525219 = 1.10

P( x < 207) = P(z < 1.10) = .8643

7.99 p = .88, q = 1 − p = 1 − .88 = .12, and n = 80

μ pˆ = p = .88, and σ pˆ = pq / n = (.88)(.12) / 80 = .03633180

np = (80)(.88) = 70.4 > 5, nq = (80)(.12) = 9.6 > 5

Since np and nq are both greater than 5, the sampling distribution of p̂ is approximately normal.

7.101 p = .70, q = 1 − p = 1 − .70 = .30, and n = 400

μ pˆ = p = .70, and σ pˆ = pq / n = (.70)(.30) / 400 = .02291288

a. i. For pˆ = .65: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.65 − .70)/.02291288 = −2.18

P( pˆ < .65) = P(z < −2.18) = .0146

ii. For pˆ = .73: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.73 − .70)/.02291288 = 1.31

For pˆ = .76: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.76 − .70)/.02291288 = 2.62

P(.73 < p̂ < .76) = P(1.31 < z < 2.62) = P( z < 2.62) − P( z < 1.31) = .9956 − .9049
= .0907
b. P( p̂ within .06 of p) = P(.64 ≤ p̂ ≤ .76)

For p̂ = .64: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.64 − .70)/.02291288 = −2.62

For p̂ = .76: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.76 − .70)/.02291288 = 2.62

P(.64 ≤ p̂ ≤ .76) = P(−2.62 ≤ z ≤ 2.62) = P( z ≤ 2.62) − P( z ≤ −2.62) = .9956 − .0044 = .9912

 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 123

c. P( p̂ greater than p by .05 or more) = P( p̂ ≥ .75)

For pˆ = .75: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.75 − .70)/.02291288 = 2.18

P( p̂ ≥ .75) = P(z ≥ 2.18) = 1 − P( z ≤ 2.18) = 1 − .9854 = .0146

7.103 σ = $2,845,000, and n = 32

σx = σ n = 2.845,000 26 = $557,950.40

The required probability is: P ( μ − 500,000 ≤ x ≤ μ + 500,000)

For x = μ − 500,000: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (μ − 500,000 − μ)/557,950.40 = −.90

For x = μ + 500,000: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (μ + 500,000 − μ)/557,950.40 = .90

P(μ − 500,000 ≤ x ≤ μ + 500,000) = P(−.90 ≤ z ≤ .90) = P( z ≤ .90) − P( z ≤ −.90) = .8159 − .1841
= .6318

7.105 μ = c and σ = .8 ppm

We want P(μ − .5 ≤ x ≤ μ + .5) = .95. The corresponding z value is 1.96; then 1.96 σ x = .5 and

σ x = .255. Since σ x = σ n , n = (σ σ x )2 = (.8 .255)2 = 9.84 . Thus, 10 measurements are

necessary.

7.107 a. p = .53, q = 1 − p = 1 − .53 = .47, and n = 200

σ pˆ = pq / n = (.53)(.47) / 200 = .03529164

For pˆ = .50: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.50 − .53)/.03529164 = −.85

P( pˆ > .50) = P(z > −.85) = 1 − P( z ≤ −.85) = 1 − .1977 = .8023

b. For .95 or higher, z = −1.65. Now,
pˆ − p .5 − .53
z = ( pˆ − p) / σ p̂ , so σ pˆ = = = .01818182 . Then, since
z − 1.65

σ pˆ = pq / n , n = pq /(σ pˆ ) 2 = .53(.47) /(.01818182 ) 2 = 753.53 . The politician should take a

sample of at least 754 voters.

7.109 μ = 160 pounds, σ = 25 pounds, and n = 35

μ x = μ = 160 pounds and σ x = σ n = 25 35 = 4.22577127 pounds

Since n ≥ 30, x is approximately normally distributed.

P (sum of 35 weights exceeds 6000 pounds) = P (mean weight exceeds 6000/35) = P( x >171.43)
124 Chapter Seven

For x = 171.43: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (171.43 − 160)/4.22577127 = 2.70

P( x > 171.43) = P(z > 2.70) = 1 − P( z ≤ 2.70) = 1 − .9965 = .0035

7.111
Sample Scores Sample Median
ABC 70, 78, 80 78
ABD 70, 78, 80 78
ABE 70, 78, 95 78
ACD 70, 80, 80 80
ACE 70, 80, 95 80
ADE 70, 80, 95 80
BCD 78, 80, 80 80
BCE 78, 80, 95 80
BDE 78, 80, 95 80
CDE 80, 80, 95 80

Mean of the sample medians: (78 + 78 + 78 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80)/10 = 79.4. This

is not equal to the population mean of 80.6. We could change the 78 to 80 and change the 95 to
90. Then, each of the sample medians would be equal to 80, and therefore have a mean of 80.
The population mean would become µ = (70 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 90)/10
= 80.

Self – Review Test

1. b 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. b

7. c 8. a 9. a 10. a 11. c 12. a

13. According to the central limit theorem, for a large sample size, the sampling distribution of the sample
mean is approximately normal irrespective of the shape of the population distribution. The mean and

standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean are μ x = μ and σ x = σ n,

respectively. The sample size is usually considered to be large if n ≥ 30. From the same theorem, the
sampling distribution of p̂ is approximately normal for sufficiently large samples. In the case of
proportion, the sample is sufficiently large if np > 5 and nq > 5.

14. μ = 145 pounds and σ = 18 pounds

a. μ x = μ = 145 pounds and σ x = σ n = 18 25 = 3.60 pounds

b. μ x = μ = 145 pounds and σ x = σ n = 18 100 = 1.80 pounds

 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 125

In both cases the sampling distribution of x is approximately normal because the population has
an approximate normal distribution.

15. μ = 45,000 miles and σ = 2360 miles

a. μ x = μ = 45,000 miles and σ x = σ n = 2360 / 20 = 527.71 miles

Since the population has an unknown distribution and n < 30, we can draw no conclusion about
the shape of the sampling distribution of x .

b. μ x = μ = 45,000 miles and σ x = σ n = 2360 / 65 = 292.72 miles

Since n ≥ 30, the sampling distribution of x is approximately normal.

16. μ = 45,000 miles and σ = 2360 miles

μ x = μ = 45,000 miles and σ x = σ n = 2360 / 65 = 292.7219736 miles

a. For x = 44,500: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (44,500 – 45,000)/292.7219736 = −1.71

For x = 44,750: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (44,750 – 45,000)/292.7219736 = −.85

P(44,500 < x < 44,750) = P(−1.71 < z < −.85) = P( z < −.85) − P( z < −1.71) = .1977 − .0436
= .1541
b. P( x within 180 miles of μ) = P(44,820 ≤ x ≤ 45,180)
For x = 44,820: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (44,820 – 45,000)/292.7219736 = −.61

For x = 45,180: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (45,180 – 45,000)/292.7219736 = .61

P(44,820 ≤ x ≤ 45,180) = P(−.61 ≤ z ≤ .61) = P( z ≤ .61) − P( z ≤ −.61) = .7291 − .2709 = .4582
c. For x = 46,000: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (46,000 – 45,000)/292.7219736 = 3.42

P( x ≥ 46,000) = P(z ≥ 3.42) = 1 − P( z ≤ 3.42) = 1 − .9997 = .0003

d. P( x not within 400 miles of μ) = P( x ≤ 44,600) + P( x ≥ 45,400)
For x = 44,600: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (44,600 – 45,000)/292.7219736 = −1.37

For x = 45,400: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (45,400 – 45,000)/292.7219736 = 1.37

P( x ≤ 44,600) + P( x ≥ 45,400) = 1 − P(44,600 < x < 45,400) = 1 − P(−1.37 ≤ z ≤ 1.37)

= 1 – [P( z ≤ 1.37) − P( z ≤ −1.37)] = 1 – [.9147 − .0853] = 1 − .8294 = .1706
e. For x = 44,300: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (44,300 – 45,000)/292.7219736 = −2.39

P( x < 44,300) = P(z < −2.39) = .0084

17. μ = 16 ounces, σ = .18 ounce, and n = 16

μ x = μ = 16 ounces and σ x = σ n = .18 16 = .045 ounce

126 Chapter Seven

a. i. For x = 15.90: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (15.90 − 16)/.045 = −2.22

For x = 15.95: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (15.95− 16)/.045 = −1.11

P(15.90 < x < 15.95) = P(−2.22 < z < −1.11) = P( z < −1.11) − P( z < −2.22) = .1335 − .0132
= .1203
ii. For x = 15.95: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (15.95− 16)/.045 = −1.11

P( x < 15.95) = P(z < −1.11) = .1335

iii. For x = 15.97: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (15.97 − 16)/.045 = −.67

P( x > 15.97) = P(z > −.67) = 1 − P( z ≤ −.67) = 1 − .2514 = .7486

b. P( x within .10 ounce of μ) = P(15.90 ≤ x ≤ 16.10)
For x = 15.90: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (15.90 − 16)/.045 = −2.22

For x = 16.10: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (16.10 − 16)/.045 = 2.22

P(15.90 ≤ x ≤ 16.10) = P(−2.22 ≤ z ≤ 2.22) = P( z ≤ 2.22) − P( z ≤ −2.22) = .9868 − .0132

= .9736
c. P( x is less than μ by .135 ounce or more) = P( x < 15.865)
For x = 15.865: z = ( x − μ ) / σ x = (15.865 − 16)/.045 = −3.00

P( x < 15.865) = P(z < −3.00) = .0013

18. p = .048, and q = 1 − p = 1 − .048 = .952

a. n = 50, μ pˆ = p = .048, and σ pˆ = pq / n = (.048)(.952) / 50 = .0302

np = (50)(.048) = 2.4 and nq = (50)(.952) = 47.6

Since np < 5, we can draw no conclusion about the shape of the sampling distribution of p̂ .

b. n = 500, μ pˆ = p = .048, and σ pˆ = pq / n = (.048)(.952) / 500 = .0096

np = (500)(.048) = 24 and nq = (500)(.952) = 476

Since np > 5 and nq > 5, the sampling distribution of p̂ is approximately normal.

c. n = 5000, μ pˆ = p = .048, and σ pˆ = pq / n = (.048)(.952) / 5000 = .0030

np = (5000)(.048) = 240 and nq = (5000)(.952) = 4760

Since np > 5 and nq > 5, the sampling distribution of p̂ is approximately normal.

19. p = .0352, q = 1 − p = 1 − .0352 = .9648, and n = 900

a. σ pˆ = pq / n = (.0352)(.9648) / 900 = .00614283

 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 127

i. For p̂ = .05: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.05 − .0352)/.00614283 = 2.41

P( p̂ > .05) = P(z > 2.41) = 1 − P( z ≤ 2.41) = 1 − .9920 = .0080

ii. For pˆ = .03: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.03 − .0352)/.00614283 = −.85

For pˆ = .0375: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.0375 − .0352)/.00614283 = .37

P(.03 < p̂ < .0375) =P(−.85 < z < .37) = P( z < .37) − P( z < −.85) = .6443 − .1977 = .4466

iii. For p̂ = .04: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.04 − .0352)/.00614283 = .78

P( pˆ < .04) = P(z < .78) = .7823

iv. For pˆ = .025: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.025 − .0352)/.00614283 = −1.66

For pˆ = .0325: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.0325 − .0352)/.00614283 = −.44

P(.025 < p̂ < .0325) =P(−1.66 < z < −.44) = P( z < −.44) − P( z < −1.66) = .3300 − .0485 =
.2815
b. P( pˆ within .005 of p) = P(.0302 ≤ p̂ ≤ .0402)

For pˆ = .0302: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.0302 − .0352)/.00614283 = −.81

For pˆ = .0402: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.0402 − .0352)/.00614283 = .81

P(.0302 ≤ p̂ ≤ .0402) = P(−.81 ≤ z ≤ .81) = P( z ≤ .81) − P( z ≤ −.81) = .7910 − .2090 = .5820

c. P( pˆ not within .008 of p) = P( p̂ ≤ .0272) + P( p̂ ≥ .0432)

For pˆ = .0272: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.0272 − .0352)/.00614283 = −1.30

For pˆ = .0432: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.0432 − .0352)/.00614283 = 1.30

P( p̂ ≤ .0272) + P( p̂ ≥ .0432) = 1 − P(.0272 < p̂ < .0432) = 1 − P(−1.30 ≤ z ≤ 1.30)

= 1 – [P( z ≤ 1.30) − P( z ≤ −1.30)] = 1 – [.9032 − .0968] = 1 − .8064 = .1936
d. P( pˆ greater than p by .0095 or more) = P( p̂ ≥ .0447)

For p̂ = .0447: z = ( pˆ − p) / σ pˆ = (.0447 − .0352)/.00614283 = 1.55

P( pˆ ≥ .0447) = P(z ≥ 1.55) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.55) = 1 − .9394 = .0606

128 Chapter Seven