Arduino Uno - Assignment

1) Brief Description of Arduino

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. It consists of a microcontroller that can be programmed to sense and control
objects in the physical world. Arduino boards are widely used in education, DIY projects,
automation, robotics, and IoT systems due to their simplicity and flexibility.

2) Internal Architecture of Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is built around the ATmega328P microcontroller. Below are the main
internal components and their roles:

• CPU – The ATmega328P contains an 8-bit RISC CPU that executes instructions and
controls peripheral operations.

• Flash Memory – 32 KB non-volatile memory where user programs are stored (0.5 KB
reserved for bootloader).

• SRAM – 2 KB used for storing variables and executing functions during runtime.

• EEPROM – 1 KB of memory used to retain data even when the board is powered off.

• Digital I/O Pins – 14 configurable digital pins (D0–D13) for reading or sending HIGH/LOW
signals.

• Analog Pins – 6 analog pins (A0–A5) capable of 10-bit analog-to-digital conversion.

• Timers – Two 8-bit timers and one 16-bit timer for time-dependent tasks and PWM
generation.

• Communication Interfaces – UART for serial, SPI, and I2C for peripheral communication.

• Interrupts – Used to pause main operations and handle critical tasks immediately.

• Clock – A 16 MHz crystal oscillator keeps the microcontroller synchronized.

• Power Supply – Includes a voltage regulator to supply stable 5V and 3.3V from input
sources.

3) DIN-style Pinout Diagram of Arduino Uno

Below is a DIN-style (text-based) representation of the Arduino Uno's pin layout:
 +-----------------------------------+
GND --| |-- VIN
RESET --| |-- GND
3.3V --| |-- 5V
5V --| |-- A0
GND --| |-- A1
GND --| Arduino UNO |-- A2
IOREF--| |-- A3
--| |-- A4 (SDA)
--| |-- A5 (SCL)
D13 --| |-- AREF
D12 --| |-- GND
D11 --| |-- D0 (RX)
D10 --| |-- D1 (TX)
D9 --| |-- D2
D8 --| |-- D3 (PWM)
D7 --| |-- D4
D6 --| |-- D5 (PWM)
+-----------------------------------+

4) Categorized Pin Descriptions

Arduino Uno Pins

 Power Pins: VIN, 5V, 3.3V, GND

 Control Pins: RESET, AREF

 Digital Pins: D0-D13 (Used for digital input/output operations)

 Analog Pins: A0-A5 (Used for reading analog sensor data)

 Communication Pins:

o UART: D0 (RX), D1 (TX)

o SPI: D10 (SS), D11 (MOSI), D12 (MISO), D13 (SCK)

o I2C: A4 (SDA), A5 (SCL)

o PWM Pins: D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11

ESP-32 Pins

 Power Pins: 3.3V, GND

 Control Pins: EN (Enable), IO0 (Boot mode selection)

  Digital I/O Pins: IO0-IO39 (Can be used for general-purpose input/output, PWM,
etc.)

 Analog Pins: IO36, IO39, IO32, IO33, IO34, IO35 (ADC channels for sensor input)

 Communication Pins:

o UART: TX0, RX0

o SPI: IO18 (SCK), IO19 (MISO), IO23 (MOSI), IO5 (SS)

o I2C: IO21 (SDA), IO22 (SCL)

o PWM Pins: IO2, IO4, IO12, IO14, IO15, IO27

4) Description of Each Pin

Below are a few-line explanations for each of the key Arduino Uno pins:

VIN: This pin is used to supply voltage to the Arduino board when using an external power
source (7–12V).

5V: Provides a regulated 5V output. This can be used to power other components connected
to the Arduino.

3.3V: Provides a 3.3V supply generated by the onboard voltage regulator for low-power
devices.

GND: Ground pins used to complete electrical circuits. Multiple ground connections are
provided.

RESET: Can be used to reset the microcontroller manually when connected to ground.

IOREF: Provides the reference voltage for the microcontroller's I/O. Typically used by
shields.

AREF: Analog Reference pin used for setting an external reference voltage for analog inputs.

A0–A5: Analog input pins. These read voltages and convert them to a digital value (0–1023).
A4 and A5 also serve as I2C SDA and SCL.

D0 (RX): Used to receive data via serial communication from another device (e.g.,
computer).

D1 (TX): Used to send data via serial communication to another device.

D2–D7: General-purpose digital I/O pins for reading or writing digital values (HIGH or
LOW).

D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11: These digital pins support PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for
analog output simulation.

D8: Digital I/O pin. Can be used for basic HIGH/LOW operations.

D10: Also acts as the SS (Slave Select) pin for SPI communication.

D11: Functions as the MOSI (Master Out Slave In) pin in SPI mode and also supports PWM.

D12: MISO (Master In Slave Out) pin in SPI mode.

D13: SCK (Serial Clock) pin in SPI mode. Also connected to the onboard LED.

Here is the categorized pin description for all three boards:

Arduino Uno Pin Categorization

 Power Pins:

o VIN – External power input (7-12V).

o 5V – Regulated 5V output.

o 3.3V – Regulated 3.3V output.

o GND – Ground (multiple pins).

 Control Pins:

o RESET – Resets the microcontroller.

o AREF – Provides an external reference voltage for analog inputs.

 Digital I/O Pins (D0-D13):

o D0 (RX), D1 (TX) – UART communication.

o D2-D13 – General-purpose digital input/output.

o D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11 – PWM output pins.

  Analog Input Pins (A0-A5):

o Used for reading variable voltage levels and converting them to digital
values (0-1023).

o A4 (SDA), A5 (SCL) – I2C communication.

 Communication Pins:

o SPI: D10 (SS), D11 (MOSI), D12 (MISO), D13 (SCK).

o I2C: A4 (SDA), A5 (SCL).

o UART: D0 (RX), D1 (TX).

ESP-32 Pin Categorization

 Power Pins:

o 3.3V – Power supply for external components.

o GND – Ground (multiple pins).

 Control Pins:

o EN (Enable) – Used to reset the ESP-32.

o IO0 – Boot mode selection for flashing firmware.

 Digital I/O Pins (IO0-IO39):

o Used for general-purpose input/output.

 Analog Pins:

o IO36, IO39, IO32, IO33, IO34, IO35 – ADC channels for reading sensor
data.

 Communication Pins:

o UART: TX0, RX0.

o SPI: IO18 (SCK), IO19 (MISO), IO23 (MOSI), IO5 (SS).

o I2C: IO21 (SDA), IO22 (SCL).

o PWM Pins: IO2, IO4, IO12, IO14, IO15, IO27.

Raspberry Pi Pin Categorization

 Power Pins:

o 3.3V (Pin 1, 17) – Power supply.

o 5V (Pin 2, 4) – Power supply.

o GND – Ground (multiple pins).

 Digital GPIO Pins:

o GPIO2-GPIO27 – General-purpose input/output.

 Communication Pins:

o UART: GPIO14 (TXD), GPIO15 (RXD).

o SPI: GPIO10 (MOSI), GPIO9 (MISO), GPIO11 (SCLK), GPIO8 (CE0), GPIO7
(CE1).

o I2C: GPIO2 (SDA), GPIO3 (SCL).

o PWM Pins: GPIO12, GPIO13, GPIO18, GPIO19.

Let me know if you need any more refinements! 😊