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Lab 4. Chi Squared

This document outlines a lab experiment focused on the Chi-square test to analyze the distribution of heads and tails when tossing coins of different denominations. The experiment consists of three activities involving multiple coin tosses to evaluate the influence of coin size and initial position on the outcomes. A detailed lab report is required, including sections on introduction, research questions, theoretical framework, hypothesis, experimental design, data analysis, discussion, conclusion, and references.

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2 views5 pages

Lab 4. Chi Squared

This document outlines a lab experiment focused on the Chi-square test to analyze the distribution of heads and tails when tossing coins of different denominations. The experiment consists of three activities involving multiple coin tosses to evaluate the influence of coin size and initial position on the outcomes. A detailed lab report is required, including sections on introduction, research questions, theoretical framework, hypothesis, experimental design, data analysis, discussion, conclusion, and references.

Uploaded by

xnbyxbkb4v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab 4. Chi squared.

Proportions in qualitative data.

Instructions
Carefully read this document and conduct the experiment explained. Describe the steps you followed
and report your findings in a new document with the required sections according to the rubric at the end.
Introduction
The Chi-square test is a statistical tool used to compare an observed distribution with an expected
distribution. It is used when we want to check if a dataset follows a specific theoretical distribution. In
this case, we want to analyze whether the tossing of a coin follows the expected distribution of 50%
heads and 50% tails.
When tossing a fair coin, we expect the probability of getting heads or tails to be the same (50%).
However, factors such as the initial position of the coin, the strength of the toss, or the physical
environment could cause deviations in the results. Applying the Chi-square test will help us evaluate
whether these differences are due to chance or if there is a systematic bias in the experiment.
Objective

 Evaluate whether the probability of getting heads or tails when tossing a coin is influenced by its
initial position.

 Apply the chi-square goodness-of-fit test and a test of independence to analyze whether the
experimental results significantly differ from an expected theoretical distribution.
Experimental Design
This activity is divided into three parts in which we will investigate different variables. It is necessary to
have three coins of different denominations: 2, 5, and 10 pesos.
Each team must perform the following coin tosses and record their results in the corresponding table.
Activity 1: Take a 2-peso coin and toss it 100 times. Record the results and evaluate if there is a difference
between the proportions of heads and tails. You can use a table like this:

Observed frequency

Head
s

Tails

Lab 4. Chi squared 1


Activity 2. Now, perform 100 tosses with the 5-peso coin and 100 tosses with the 10-peso coin. Analyze if
there are differences between the size of the coins and the proportions of heads and tails obtained.

You should have a table like the following one:

2-peso coin 5-peso coin 10-peso coin

Heads

Tails

Activity 3. Now, you must check if there are differences between the proportions of heads and tails
obtained depending on the initial position of the coin. To do this, choose one of the coins and perform the
following tosses:

 50 flips with heads up before you toss it.

 50 flips with tails up before you toss it.

Collect your results in a table like this:

Heads up Tails up

Heads

Tails

Data analysis
Apply the chi-square goodness-of-fit test or the test of independence, as appropriate,
comparing the observed values with the expected values.
Calculate the p-value and analyze whether the difference is significant (p < 0.05).
Deliverable (Lab report)

A team member will submit a report with a maximum length of 5 pages (excluding the cover page or
table of contents) no later than Wednesday, March 12th, at 11:59 pm in PDF format through Canvas.
The report must be written in prose and in the impersonal form, and it should contain all the relevant
information according to the rubric.

Lab 4. Chi squared 2


Rúbrica
Item and maximum score possible Description
Introduction (10 points) Brief description of the goal, context, and relevance of the
research.
If you want, you can include an abstract before this section

where you briefly summarize the whole document.


Research question (5 points) It clearly states both variables
Theoretical Framework (10 points) Detailed explanation of the topic and key concepts, such as:
 What are proportions?
 What proportions are expected when tossing a coin?
 What studies have been conducted on this?
Remember, these questions are just a guide. They are not
meant to be answered directly but to help generate a
paragraph with coherent ideas that are related to each other.
The theoretical framework must include citations within the
text, meaning the author’s name and year should appear in
parentheses.
Use at least three citations in the theoretical framework.

Hypothesis (5 points) The hypothesis mentions the relation of both variables


clearly. Explicitly mentioning what is being
measured.
Experimental Design (10 points) Explanation of the procedure, including materials and
measurement tools used.
In this practice, you must mention how you obtained the
value for each of your variables, what was measured, and
how it was done. How many people participated, how the
data was collected, who tossed the coin, etc.
This should be as explicit as possible.
Include photographs of the process.
Remember to include how the data was analyzed because that
is part of the experimental design.
Lab 4. Chi squared 3
NOTE: Include the analyses that were performed, not the
results.
Data Analysis/Results (20 points)
The table of collected data must be included. You should also
mention the statistical test used, the p-value, and whether the
null hypothesis is rejected or not. Evidence of the
measurements should be included.
Remember that the tables must have corresponding titles
and should not just be copy-pasted data.
Discussion (20 points) Explanation of the implications of the results. What does it
mean if the null hypothesis was rejected or not? Do the results
align with the expectations?
Cite and compare works. You must include at least two
citations (different from those in the theoretical framework) to
support your discussion.
You can use these questions to guide your analysis.
Conclusion (10 points)
Reflection based on the data obtained and its scientific
relevance. Inconveniences or suggestions for future research
should be mentioned.

1. Do the observed frequencies match the expected 50%-


50% distribution?

2. Does the p-value indicate that there is a significant


difference between the conditions?

3. Can we conclude that the initial position of the coin


affects the outcome of the toss?

4. What could be other sources of variation in the


experiment (force of the toss, landing surface, etc.)?

5. How could we improve the experimental design to


reduce possible biases?

The conclusion should summarize your findings from the


results and discussion and provide a summary for the reader.
Lab 4. Chi squared 4
You cannot just copy and paste. The goal is to provide an
answer to the research question.
References (10 points) References used for the theoretical framework are included,

in APA format.
Format and redaction (-20 points) There will be a penalty of up to 20 points less if there are
any format errors such as font, tables, lack of captions,
misplaced images, equations that are not in the correct
Equation Editor
format, etc.

Lab 4. Chi squared 5

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