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Experiment 10 NLP

The document outlines foundational knowledge and core concepts related to transformer architecture and various NLP models, including BERT and GPT. It details practical applications of NLP tasks such as text classification, generation, and question answering, along with an implementation guide for fine-tuning models. Additionally, it discusses evaluation metrics, best practices for prompting and optimization, current research challenges, and emerging trends in the field.

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Tushar Garg
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2 views5 pages

Experiment 10 NLP

The document outlines foundational knowledge and core concepts related to transformer architecture and various NLP models, including BERT and GPT. It details practical applications of NLP tasks such as text classification, generation, and question answering, along with an implementation guide for fine-tuning models. Additionally, it discusses evaluation metrics, best practices for prompting and optimization, current research challenges, and emerging trends in the field.

Uploaded by

Tushar Garg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 10

1. Foundational Knowledge

Core Concepts
- Transformer architecture
- Attention mechanisms
- Pre-training and fine-tuning
- Prompting techniques
- Few-shot and zero-shot learning
- Context window and token limits

Key Models to Study


- BERT and its variants (RoBERTa, DistilBERT)
- GPT family
- T5 and its variants
- BLOOM, LLaMA
- Domain-specific models (BioBERT, LegalBERT, etc.)

2. Practical Applications

Common NLP Tasks


1. Text Classification
- Sentiment analysis
- Topic classification
- Intent detection

2. Text Generation
- Summarization
- Paraphrasing
- Content creation

3. Information Extraction
- Named Entity Recognition (NER)
- Relation extraction
- Key phrase extraction
4. Question Answering
- Open-domain QA
- Domain-specific QA
- Reading comprehension

3. Implementation Guide

Setting Up Environment

```python
Essential libraries
import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification, AutoTokenizer
from datasets import load_dataset
from evaluate import load
```

Example: Fine-tuning for Sentiment Analysis


```python
def prepare_model():
Load pre-trained model and tokenizer
model_name = "bert-base-uncased"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
model_name,
num_labels=2 binary classification
)
return model, tokenizer

def preprocess_data(texts, labels, tokenizer):


Tokenize and prepare dataset
return tokenizer(
texts,
padding=True,
truncation=True,
max_length=512,
return_tensors="pt"
)

def train_model(model, train_dataset, eval_dataset):


Training configuration
training_args = TrainingArguments(
output_dir="./results",
num_train_epochs=3,
per_device_train_batch_size=16,
evaluation_strategy="epoch"
)

Initialize trainer
trainer = Trainer(
model=model,
args=training_args,
train_dataset=train_dataset,
eval_dataset=eval_dataset
)

Train the model


trainer.train()
```

4. Evaluation Framework

Metrics to Consider
1. Task-Specific Metrics
- Classification: Accuracy, F1-score, ROC-AUC
- Generation: BLEU, ROUGE, METEOR
- QA: Exact Match, F1-score

2. Efficiency Metrics
- Inference time
- Memory usage
- Model size
Example Evaluation Code

```python
def evaluate_model(model, test_dataset):
Load metric
metric = load("accuracy")

Make predictions
predictions = model.predict(test_dataset)

Calculate metrics
results = metric.compute(
predictions=predictions,
references=test_dataset["labels"]
)
return results
```

5. Best Practices

Prompting Strategies
1. Zero-shot prompting
2. Few-shot prompting
3. Chain-of-thought prompting
4. Self-consistency prompting

Optimization Techniques
1. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT)
2. Quantization
3. Knowledge distillation
4. Model pruning

Deployment Considerations
1. Model compression
2. Inference optimization
3. Scaling strategies
4. Monitoring and maintenance
6. Research Areas

Current Challenges
1. Hallucination mitigation
2. Bias detection and mitigation
3. Model interpretability
4. Context window optimization

Emerging Trends
1. Multimodal LLMs
2. Retrieval-augmented generation
3. Constitutional AI
4. Domain adaptation techniques

Resources and References


1. Research Papers
- "Attention Is All You Need" (Transformer architecture)
- "Language Models are Few-Shot Learners" (GPT-3)
- "BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers"

2. Online Courses
- Stanford CS224N: Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning
- Hugging Face courses
- Fast.ai NLP course

3. Tools and Libraries


- Hugging Face Transformers
- OpenAI API
- LangChain
- Anthropic Claude API

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