AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT SYSTEM

Course End Project of BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(A8205)
In

Department of computer science and engineering

By

24881A05M0 G.Ritish

24881A05M1 G.Niveditha

24881A05M2 G.Akshita

24881A05M G.Kodandaram

24881A05M4 J.Jennymarx

JUNE 2025
 Department of Computer science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Complex Engineering Problem titled Automatic Street light is carried
out by

in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING to

department of computer science and engineering during the year 2025-26

24881A05M0 G.Ritish

24881A05M1 G.Niveditha

24881A05M2 G.Akshita

24881A05M G.Kodandaram

24881A05M4 J.Jennymarx

Course Instructor Head Of the Department

G. Indira Rani Dr. P. Venkateshwar Reddy
Assistant Professor, CSE Assistant Professor, CSE

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AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT SYSTEM

1. Introduction
Automatic street-light systems leverage ambient light sensors to control street lamps without manual operation.
The primary sensor is a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), whose resistance increases in the dark and decreases
in daylight.
A basic circuit includes:
 An LDR forming a voltage divider with a resistor or potentiometer.
 A comparator—either a transistor (like BC547) or IC (e.g., op-amp like LM358 or timer 555)—to check
voltage thresholds A relay or MOSFET switch to turn the high-power streetlight on/off based on the
comparator’s output .

2. Literature Review
Automatic street lighting systems have evolved significantly, aiming to reduce energy consumption, enhance
safety, and provide sustainable urban illumination. Early systems primarily relied on Light Dependent Resistors
(LDRs) and simple circuits—typically using a transistor or relay—to switch lights on at dusk and off at dawn These
manual-triggered mechanisms cut wasted operation time but lacked responsiveness to real-world conditions like
traffic flow.Modern designs integrate motion detection—via Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors or IR tripwires—to
dynamically dim lights during inactivity and brighten them when pedestrians or vehicles are detected Such systems
can yield energy savings of 35–80%, based on site-specific traffic and environmental patterns .The emergence of
IoT enhancements has introduced smarter, networked street lighting. Vehicles like intelligent CCTV and PIR
cameras feed real-time data to central controllers that adjust lighting adaptively. Innovations include hierarchical
control strategies—such as timer-lux LDR logic, traffic-based dimming, image-based detection
viaOpenCV/CNN,andfederatedlearning respond not only to darkness but also to pedestrian/vehicle presence and
traffic volumes.Case studies highlight successful implementations: Bangladesh saw ~60% reduction in energy costs
via cloud-monitored dimming and fault-detection systems. Europe recorded 30–50% savings using smart adaptive
lighting, notably a 2006 Oslo deployment . Common frameworks combine LDRs, PIR/motion sensors,
microcontrollers (e.g. Arduino, PIC), relays, LEDs, and optional solar PV with storage Advanced implementations
incorporate ML-based image processing, federated model updates, and vehicle-to-infrastructure interaction.
Gaps & future directions: Integrating cross-modal sensing (traffic, weather, pedestrian flow), standardizing
IoT-based communication protocols, optimizing energy storage integration, and scaling federated systems remain
key research areas .

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3. Problem Formulation
Current streetlights:
 Operate manually or via static timers/LDRs, keeping lights fully ON throughout the night—even in daylight
and absence of activity.
 Consume excess energy and require frequent maintenance.
We aim to:
1. Automatically control illumination using ambient and activity sensing.
2. Minimize energy use while ensuring public safety.
3. Enable remote monitoring and fault detection.
Inputs & Sensing
 Ambient light (LDR or light sensor)—detect day/night cycles Motion detection (PIR/IR/ultrasonic) to sense
pedestrians or vehicles
 (Optional) Cameras with AI (e.g., YOLOv5) to classify traffic and adjust brightness levels
outputs & Actuation
 Switch ON/OFF based on ambient and motion triggers.
 Dimming modes:
 Generate alerts/health status for maintenance via IoT modules (e.g., ESP8266) .
Objectives & Metrics
 Minimize energy consumption (kWh) across all poles.
 Maintain reaction latency—lights should brighten within seconds of detection.
 Ensure detection accuracy with low false activations or misses.
 Maximize availability, low maintenance via remote fault reporting .

4. Methodology

This study begins by selecting and integrating key hardware components, including an LDR for ambient
light sensing, a PIR sensor for motion detection, and an Arduino Uno or ESP32 microcontroller to
orchestrate control logic and optional IoT communication. The prototype connects sensors to the
microcontroller, which triggers relays or dimmable drivers for the LED lamp depending on environmental
inputs. Energy usage is tracked via modules like PZEM. The control algorithm operates on a tiered
approach: when ambient light drops below a threshold, the system shifts to nighttime mode; motion
detection then activates full illumination for a set period before reverting to dimmed standby. During the
daytime, the system ensures the lights remain off regardless of motion . Optionally, IoT features enable
real-time logging of sensor readings, lamp states, and power metrics to a cloud server, facilitating remote
monitoring, fault detection, and web-based user. Advanced prototypes may integrate cameras with
convolutional neural networks (e.g., YOLO or U-Net) for vehicle and pedestrian classification to further
optimize luminance levels the testing phase involves simulating day/night cycles and motion events to
evaluate key performance indicators: energy consumption reductions compared to baseline always-on or
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timer-based systems, reaction latency, detection accuracy, and system reliability. Collected data undergo
statistical and regression analysis to correlate sensor thresholds with energy and safety tradeoffs, guiding
iterative refinement of parameters like ambient thresholds, motion-trigger durations, and dimming levels .
The methodology is modular, allowing evaluation of simpler LDR+PIR setups up to sophisticated IoT- or
AI-enhanced systems, and benchmarks each against static lighting systems. Ultimately, this framework
supports quantifying energy savings (30–70%), response speed (<2 seconds), false activation rates, and
maintenance efficiency—ensuring a balanced, scalable, and effective street lighting solution.

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 5. Design and Implementation
The design and implementation of an automatic street light system aim to enhance energy efficiency and reduce
manual intervention by utilizing sensors and microcontrollers. A typical system employs a Light Dependent Resistor
(LDR) to detect ambient light levels, allowing the system to switch street lights on at dusk and off at dawn
automatically. To further optimize energy usage, Passive Infrared (PIR) or Infrared (IR) sensors can be integrated to
detect the presence of pedestrians or vehicles, ensuring that lights are only fully illuminated when necessary.
Microcontrollers like the Arduino UNO or ATmega8 process input from these sensors to control the lighting
accordingly. For sustainable energy consumption, solar panels can be incorporated to charge batteries during the day,
providing power to the lights at night. This combination of components results in a cost-effective, low-maintenance
solution that not only conserves energy but also enhances public safety by ensuring adequate lighting when and where
it's needed.
For practical implementation, several DIY kits are available that include the necessary components for building an
automatic street light system. These kits typically come with LDRs, microcontrollers, and other essential parts,
making them suitable for educational purposes or small-scale projects. DIY Kit Automatic Street Light Using LDR:
This kit provides a hands-on experience in assembling an automatic street light system using an LDR sensor. It's
suitable for beginners and educational demonstrations.
ESPTRONICS Automatic Street Light Project Class 12 Working Model Kit: Designed for school projects, this kit
offers a comprehensive setup for students to understand the workings of automatic street lighting systems.
amiciSmart Automatic On/Off Street Light Switch Controller: This controller automates the switching of street
lights based on ambient light levels, providing a plug-and-play solution for existing lighting systems

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 6.Results and Analysis

The Bristle Bot was successfully designed and constructed using a toothbrush head, vibration motor, and
coin cell battery. Upon powering the motor, the bot exhibited motion across a flat surface through vibration-
based propulsion. The movement was continuous and stable, confirming that the components were correctly
assembled and functional. The bot demonstrated the conversion of electrical energy (from the battery) into
mechanical vibration (through the motor), which was then translated into directional movement via the angled
bristles of the toothbrush head. The bot operated effectively on smooth surfaces like plastic and tile, covering
small distances with consistent vibration.

The bot's speed and direction were influenced by the bristle angle, motor placement, and surface texture.
Angled bristles and centered motor placement provided better forward motion. On rough surfaces, movement
was less effective.

7. Conclusion:

Automatic street-light systems—especially those integrating ambient light sensing, motion-

triggereddimming, LED fixtures, and IoT or solar power—represent a powerful solution for energy-
efficient, safe, and sustainable urban lighting.
Energy Savings: Field studies show energy reductions of 40–81% compared to conventional systems. One
microcontroller-driven prototype achieved about 77–81% power savings, while others report ~88% savings
with IR motion detection and LED .
Environmental Impact: The adoption of smart LED systems, sometimes combined with solar power, leads
to substantial carbon emissions reductions (30–60%), reduced light pollution, and enhanced ecological
outcomes pubublic Safety & Functionality: Adaptive illumination—staying dim during inactivity and
brightening upon detecting vehicles or pedestrians—ensures sufficient visibility when needed while
minimizing waste. IoT monitoring enables predictive maintenance and quick fault detection, contributing to
uptime rates as high as 98%.
Cost & Lifecycle Benefits: Despite slightly higher upfront costs, smart systems deliver compelling ROI
through reduced energy bills, extended bulb lifetimes (LEDs often last 50,000 h+), and lower maintenance
expenses .Scalability & Resilience: These systems can be deployed as standalone setups or retrofitted into
existing networks. Connectivity via Zigbee, LoRa, or 5G enables scalable, smart, city-wide infrastructure .
Automatic street-lighting systems offer a robust, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly upgrade
to traditional lighting infrastructure. They conserve significant energy, enhance public safety, reduce carbon
footprints, and improve operational efficiency.
With scalable architectures and smart connectivity, these systems align closely with urban smart city
goals—making them a compelling choice for modern municipalities looking for sustainability and
innovation.

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 8.Future Work:
Future development of automatic street-light systems will focus on transforming them into intelligent, multi-
functional urban nodes. Key advancements include integrating federated learning on-controller to enable local
AI for anomaly detection, predictive maintenance, and adaptive lighting policies—while ensuring privacy and
minimizing data transfer to central servers. Adopting global standards like TALQ ensures interoperability across
device vendors, allowing centralized management systems to seamlessly control heterogeneous lighting networks.
With the infrastructure of street lights already in place, cities will upgrade them into smart poles – embedding air
quality sensors, Wi-Fi/5G connectivity, EV chargers, surveillance tools, and even Li-Fi data capabilities—all
powered by edge computing platforms . Renewable energy integration will intensify, using hybrid solar and
storage systems to ensure independence from grid outages and improve sustainability . Meanwhile, advanced
communication methods (NB-IoT, 5G backhaul, Li-Fi) will support robust two-way control, real-time monitoring,
and ultra-fast data applications. Finally, a shift towards modular and human-centric designs—with plug-and-play
components and lighting optimized for well-being—will support easier upgrades, reduce light pollution, and respect
ecological concerns. This holistic roadmap positions street lights not just as lighting devices, but as integrated
platforms driving smart city ecosystems and sustainable urban growth.

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 9.REFERENCES:

TALQ Standard & Interoperability

The TALQ Consortium, founded in 2012, defines an open Smart City Protocol facilitating vendor-neutral integration of street
lighting networks.version 2.6.0 introduced features like cabinet control and color-light commands, further enhancing its
flexibility.Collaboration between TALQ, DALI, and Zhaga formalizes data exchange standards across smart lighting.
Smart Poles & IoT Edge InfrastructureSmart poles integrate LED lighting with sensors, EV charging, air-quality monitoring,
Wi-Fi/5G, and edge computing—serving as multi-purpose urban Renewable & Hybrid Energy SystemsHybrid solar-wind
streetlight systems prototype independent and sustainable power—e.g., achieving 10-hour backup and reduced CO₂ footprint.
Review of Smart Street Lighting ControlsA 2024 survey from Elsevier provides a comprehensive overview of IoT-enabled
adaptive street lighting, highlighting energysaving methods and control frameworks While specific deployments are nascent,
research mentions Li-Fi and advanced LPWAN techniques (e.g., NB-IoT) as future enablers of two-way ultra-fast control and
data services—highlighted in control surveys .
("Federated Learning for Edge Networks") — Academic survey exploring FL’s role in resource-optimized, edge-basedML.
("From Federated to Fog Learning") — Introduces hybrid federated models across devices and edge/cloud
("Applications of Federated Learning in Smart Cities") — Reviews FL use cases in IoT and smart city systems .
Federated learning Wikipedia page — Highlights data privacy, decentralization, and relevance to IoT.

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