Module:-1

Point :-1

1. Algorithm & its properties. Difference between Algorithm, Flowchart &

Programming Language

✅ What is an Algorithm?

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of rules designed to perform a specific task

or solve a problem.

🔁 Example: To add two numbers:

1. Start
2. Take two inputs
3. Add the inputs
4. Show the result
5. End

✅ Properties of a Good Algorithm:

1. Input: Should have 0 or more inputs.

2. Output: Should have at least 1 output.
3. Definiteness: Every step must be clear and unambiguous.
4. Finiteness: Should end after a finite number of steps.
5. Effectiveness: Every step should be basic and feasible.

✅ Difference Between:

Feature Algorithm Flowchart Programming Language

Step-by-step Graphical representation Syntax and code to write
Definition
instructions of steps programs
Textual (written in Diagram (with arrows
Representation Code (like Python, C++, Java)
steps) and shapes)
Solve a problem Visualize the steps of a Implement the logic into a
Purpose
logically process working program
Planner (e.g., logic
User Analyst or designer Programmer / developer
designer)

Let me know if you want this in Hindi or with a real-life example!

Sure! Below are the answers to questions 1 to 4 (except 5), each written in easy English and
within 50 to 70 words:

✅ 1. Define an algorithm. Explain any three essential properties of a good

algorithm with examples.

An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem.

Three properties:

 Input: It takes some input values.

 Output: It gives the correct output.
 Finiteness: It stops after a limited number of steps.
Example: To add two numbers, take input → add → show result → stop.

✅ 2. Differentiate between Algorithm and Flowchart with suitable examples.

An algorithm is a written list of steps to solve a problem, while a flowchart is a visual

diagram showing those steps using symbols.
Example: An algorithm to add numbers uses steps; a flowchart uses arrows and boxes.
Flowcharts are easier to understand visually, while algorithms are more detailed and written
in text.

✅ 3. List and explain the key differences between an Algorithm and a

Programming Language.

An algorithm is a basic idea or plan to solve a problem. A programming language is used to

write that idea into actual code.
Algorithm: Not written in code, just steps.
Programming Language: Uses syntax and rules (like Python or C++) to make a program run
on a computer.

✅ 4. Why is ‘Finiteness’ and ‘Effectiveness’ considered important properties

of an algorithm? Explain with an example.

Finiteness means the algorithm must end after some steps. Effectiveness means every step
must be simple and possible.
These help the algorithm work properly.
Example: In an addition algorithm, “Add numbers” is effective and the steps end after
showing the result (finite).
Sure! Here's the answer to Question 5 in easy English and within 50–70 words:

✅ 5. Draw a simple flowchart to add two numbers and explain the steps.

Answer:

A simple flowchart to add two numbers has these steps:

1. Start
2. Input two numbers (A and B)
3. Add A and B → Store in Sum
4. Display Sum
5. End

🔽 Flowchart steps in words:

Start → Input A, B → Sum = A + B → Print Sum → End

(You can draw boxes for each step with arrows in your exam.)

Let me know if you want a diagram of this flowchart too!

Absolutely! Here's a deep explanation in simple English for both Time Complexity and
Space Complexity:

✅ 1. Time Complexity – What is it?

📌 Definition:

Time complexity is used to measure how much time an algorithm takes to complete, based
on the size of the input. It helps us understand the efficiency of the algorithm.

📌 Big-O Notation:

We use Big-O to express time complexity. It describes the growth rate of the algorithm —
how the time increases as input increases.

Big-O Meaning Example Use Case

O(1) Constant time Accessing an array element

O(n) Linear time Single loop

O(n²) Quadratic time Nested loops

O(log n) Logarithmic time Binary Search

O(n log n) Log-linear time Merge Sort, Quick Sort (avg)

✅ Example 1:
for i in range(n):
print(i)

➡️The loop runs n times → Time Complexity: O(n)

✅ Example 2:
for i in range(n):
for j in range(n):
print(i, j)
➡️Two nested loops → n * n steps → Time Complexity: O(n²)

✅ 2. Space Complexity – What is it?

📌 Definition:

Space complexity measures how much memory (RAM) is required by an algorithm during
execution. It includes:

 Input data
 Temporary variables
 Data structures like arrays, lists, etc.

✅ Example 1:
a = 5
b = 10
sum = a + b

➡️Uses a few variables → Space Complexity: O(1) (constant space)

✅ Example 2:
arr = []
for i in range(n):
arr.append(i)

➡️Array of size n → Space Complexity: O(n)

🎯 Difference Between Time & Space Complexity:

Time Complexity Space Complexity

Measures time taken by algorithm Measures memory used by algorithm

Related to CPU performance Related to RAM usage

Affects how fast program runs Affects how much memory it consumes

✅ Summary:
  Use Time Complexity to know how fast your algorithm runs.
 Use Space Complexity to know how much memory it needs.

Let me know if you'd like 5-mark short questions and answers based on this!

END

Sure! Below are the answers to the 5-mark B.Tech-level questions, written in
simple English and limited to 50–70 words each, as requested:

✅ 1. Define time complexity. Discuss the time complexity of linear search and
binary search algorithms with proper justification.

Answer:
Time complexity measures how long an algorithm takes to run based on input size.

 Linear Search: O(n) – It checks each element one by one.

 Binary Search: O(log n) – It divides the array into halves each time, so it’s faster but
only works on sorted data.

✅ 2. What is space complexity? Explain with an example how space

complexity changes with the use of additional data structures like arrays or
recursion.

Answer:
Space complexity is the total memory used by an algorithm, including input and extra space.
Example:

 A simple loop using 1-2 variables → O(1) space.

 Using an array of size n → O(n).
 Recursive calls also use memory for each function call, increasing space complexity.

✅ 3. Differentiate between time complexity and space complexity with

suitable examples. Why is it important to consider both when designing an
efficient algorithm?

Answer:
Time complexity shows how fast an algorithm runs; space complexity shows how much
memory it uses.
Example:
  O(n) time vs. O(n²) time
 O(1) space vs. O(n) space
Both are important: fast algorithms save time; low-space ones run on limited-memory
systems. A good algorithm balances both.

✅ 4. Analyze the time and space complexity of the following code snippet:
for i in range(n):
for j in range(n):
print(i, j)

Answer:
The outer and inner loops both run n times. So, total operations = n × n = O(n²) → time
complexity.
No extra memory is used other than loop variables → Space complexity = O(1).
This is a quadratic time algorithm with constant space usage.

✅ 5. Explain the concept of Big-O notation. List and describe at least four
common time complexities with real-life algorithm examples.

Answer:
Big-O notation describes the worst-case time needed by an algorithm based on input size.
Common time complexities:

 O(1): Constant time (array access)

 O(n): Linear time (linear search)
 O(log n): Logarithmic (binary search)
 O(n²): Quadratic (bubble sort)
Big-O helps in comparing algorithm performance.

Let me know if you'd like these in a printable format or translated into Hindi!

END
Point:-3
Great! Let’s now explain Module 1 – Point 3 from the syllabus:

✅ 3. Asymptotic Notations – Big O, Omega, and Theta

This topic explains how we analyze the performance of an algorithm mathematically using
notations. These notations help compare algorithms without running them.

🔹 What is Asymptotic Analysis?

It is a method to describe the running time or memory usage of an algorithm when the input
size becomes very large (n → ∞).

We don’t care about small inputs or exact time. We focus on growth rate.

✅ Three Main Asymptotic Notations:

1. Big-O (O) – Worst Case

 Definition: Big-O shows the maximum time an algorithm can take.

 It gives an upper bound.
 Used when we want to guarantee the worst performance.

📌 Example:

In linear search:

 Best case: O(1) (element at start)

 Worst case: O(n) → Big-O

2. Omega (Ω) – Best Case

 Definition: Omega shows the minimum time an algorithm will take.

 It gives a lower bound.
 Used when we want to show the fastest an algorithm can work.

📌 Example:
In linear search:

 Best case: Ω(1) (element found at first position)

3. Theta (Θ) – Average/Exact Case

 Definition: Theta gives the average or tight bound.

 It means the time will grow at this rate in all cases.
 If both upper and lower bounds are same → Θ

📌 Example:

If time is always between cn and kn (for constants c and k), then time is Θ(n)

🎯 Summary Table:
Notation Meaning Case Use Case

O(f(n)) Upper Bound Worst Case Time won’t be more than this

Ω(f(n)) Lower Bound Best Case Time won’t be less than this

Θ(f(n)) Tight Bound Exact Case Time grows exactly at this rate

Let me know if you'd like 5-mark questions and answers on this point!