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Chapter 2 Two

The document outlines the evolution of programming languages from their inception in 1883 with Ada Lovelace's instructions for the analytical engine to modern languages like Python and Swift. It categorizes programming paradigms into various classes, including imperative, functional, object-oriented, and logic paradigms, explaining their characteristics and applications. Additionally, it includes self-assessment exercises to reinforce understanding of the content covered.

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Hidra Ramadhani
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3 views9 pages

Chapter 2 Two

The document outlines the evolution of programming languages from their inception in 1883 with Ada Lovelace's instructions for the analytical engine to modern languages like Python and Swift. It categorizes programming paradigms into various classes, including imperative, functional, object-oriented, and logic paradigms, explaining their characteristics and applications. Additionally, it includes self-assessment exercises to reinforce understanding of the content covered.

Uploaded by

Hidra Ramadhani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Language

Evolution and Paradigms

Created by:
Mr. HR Omary
Programming Language Evolution
1883: The Beginning …!!
In the early days, Charles Babbage had made the device, but he was confused about how to give
instructions to the machine, and then Ada Lovelace wrote the instructions for the analytical engine.

1949: Assembly Language


It is a type of low-level language. It mainly consists of instructions (kind of symbols) that only
machines could understand. It is also used to create computer viruses.

1954 - : FORTRAN
FORTRAN was developed in 1954 by John Backus and IBM. It was designed for numeric
computation and scientific computing. In 1958 FORTRAN 2nd version was developed

1958: ALGOL
ALGOL stands for Algorithmic Language. The initial phase of the most popular programming
languages of C, C++, and JAVA.
Cont..
1959: COBOL
It stands for Common Business-Oriented Language. In 1997, 80% of the world’s business ran on Cobol.

1964: BASIC
BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). It was designed as a teaching language in 1963
by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz of Dartmouth college. Intended to make it easy to learn
programming.

1970: Pascal
Pascal is named after a French religious fanatic and mathematician Blaise Pascal. It was Created in 1970 with
the intension of replacing BASIC for teaching language.

1972: C
C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language and the most popular till now. All the previous
codes (like operating system and kernel) written in assembly language gets replaced by the C language.
Other Programming Languages
YEAR OF PROGRAMMING
FACTS
RELEASE LANGUAGES
1972 SQL SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D.
1978 MATLAB It stands for MATrix LABoratory.
1983 Objective-C, C++ C++ is the fastest high-level programming language.
1990 Haskell It is a purely functional programming language.
1991 Python It was Created in 1991 by GuidoVan Rossum.
JAVA JAVA is everywhere. JAVA is the platform-independent language.
PHP PHP is a scripting language mainly used in web programming for
1995
connecting databases.
JavaScript JavaScript enables interactive web pages.
2000 C# C#(C-sharp) is mainly used for making games.
2009 GO GO language is developed in Google by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike.
2011 Kotlin Kotlin is developed by JetBrains.
2014 Swift Swift language is developed by Apple Inc.
Programming Language Paradigm
A programming paradigm: Is an approach to programming a computer
based on a coherent set of principles or mathematical theory. By the word
paradigm, we understand a set of patterns and practices used to achieve a
certain goal.
programming languages are far more similar to each other because:
✓Different programming languages share the same mathematical foundation
(e.G., Boolean, Algebra, logic);
✓They provide similar functionality (e.G., Arithmetic, logic operations, and
text processing);
✓They are based on the same kind of hardware and instruction sets;
✓They have common design goals: find languages that make it simple for
humans to use and efficient for hardware to execute;
✓Designers of programming languages share their design experiences.
Categories of Programming Paradigm
A main programming paradigm stems an idea within some basic discipline
which is relevant for performing computations.
The paradigms programming languages can be divided into different classes
namely;
▪ Imperative paradigm
▪ Functional paradigm,
▪ Logic paradigm
▪ Object-Oriented paradigm
▪ Visual paradigm
▪ Parallel/concurrent paradigms,
▪ Constraint based paradigm
▪ Dynamic paradigms.
Overview of Main Programming Paradigm
There are four main programming paradigms
Imperative Paradigm:
The imperative, also called the procedural programming paradigm expresses
computation by fully specified and controlled manipulation of named data in a
stepwise fashion.
Object-Oriented Paradigm:
The object-oriented programming paradigm is basically the same as the imperative
paradigm, except that related variables and operations on variables are organized
into classes of objects.
Functional (Application) Paradigm:
The functional, also called the applicative, programming paradigm expresses
computation in terms of mathematical functions.
Logic Paradigm:
The logic, also called the declarative, programming paradigm expresses
computation in terms of logic predicates.
Self-Assessment Exercises 1
1) Explain the evolution of programming language.
2) What is programming language paradigm?
3) List all categories of programming language paradigm.
4) Compare and contrast the four programming paradigms.
5) Explain in details the four common programming language
paradigm.
This Makes an End of Chapter Two

Questions…..??

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