Learning Content / Topics

01.Identification of documentation requirements

02.Selecting and/or collecting required documentation
03.Documentation procedures and methods
04.Completing /perfecting documentation
05.Reading, interpreting and using equipment/system manuals and
specifications
06.Interpretation of all applicable laws, policies and procedures relevant to
enterprise
07.Computer and information system usage
08.Forecasting Techniques
09.Forecasting Software
10.Mathematical Modeling
11.Data Collection Techniques for Market Research
12.The range of analytical techniques appropriate for analysis of information
13.The influence of human factors on information analysis, e.g. Prejudices
and biases
14.Conducting and recording of performance evaluations
 01)Identification of documentation
requirements
Data
• Information in raw or unorganized form (such as alphabets, numbers,
or symbols) that refer to, or represent, conditions, ideas, or objects
Ex:- Each student's test score is one piece of data.

Information
• When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given
context so as to make it useful, it is called Information.
Ex:- The class' average score or the school's average score is the
information that can be concluded from the given data.
 Primary Data
• Raw data also known as primary data that’s not involving processing
or any other manipulation.
• Data that has been collected from first-hand-experience is known as
primary data
• Raw data may have the following attributes:
possibly containing errors
not validated
in different formats
uncoded or unformatted
For example, a data input sheet might contain dates as raw data in
many forms: "31st January 1999", "31/01/1999", "31/1/99", "31 Jan",
or "today
 Secondary Data
• Secondary data is data that has been collected by someone other
than the user.
• Data collected from a source that has already been published in any
form is called as secondary data.
Examples of secondary data include censuses, organizational records,
research reports, reference books, the Internet, government reports,
government statistics, company reports
 What are the Characteristics of Good Information

Quality The accuracy and reliability of available information

affects the quality of decisions that managers make
using the information.

Timelessness The availability of real-time information that reflects

current conditions allows managers to maximize the
effectiveness of their decisions.

Completeness Complete information allows managers to consider all

relevant factors when making decisions.

Relevance Having information specific to a situation assists

managers in making better decisions.
 Information Management
• Information management is analyze the collection of information
from one or more sources, and process it to enable, for managers
make quicker and better decisions.

Information System
• An integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and
processing data and for delivering information, knowledge, and digital
products
 Formal information flow
• Is when your information flow is documented, traceable and follows
an ordered structure.
• For example, the use of computerized systems, such as data in
databases, where the data tables, relationships, reports, etc

Informal information flow

• Has no order, structure, or traceability, although it may still contain
useful information.
• Examples include conversations (over coffee, in corridors), telephone
calls, memos, notice boards, etc.
 Computer Based Information System
• An integration of hardware and software technologies and human
elements designed to produce timely, integrated, accurate and useful
information for decision making purposes.

Components of CBIS
 Functions of an Information System
• Input: Captures raw data from organization or external environment
• Processing: Converts data into meaningful form
• Output: Transfers processed information to people or activities that
use it
• Feedback: Output returned to appropriate members of organization
to help evaluate or correct input stage
Information Systems components
• Hardware – desktops, laptops, PDAs
• Software – operating systems, application programs
• Data – facts and figures entered into computers
• Procedures – how the other four components are used
• People – users, technologists, IS support
 What is the Difference Between Information Technology and
Information Systems
Information technology pertains to
• Products
• Methods
• Inventions
Standards Information Systems include five components
• Hardware
• Software
• Data
• Procedures
• People
 Different Kind of Information Level
• Operational-level
Information systems that monitor the elementary activities and transactions of the
organization.
support operational managers, keeping track of the elementary activities and transactions.

• Knowledge-level
Information systems that support knowledge and data workers in an organization.

• Management-level
Information systems that support the monitoring, controlling, decision making, and
administrative activities of middle managers.
serve the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities.

• Strategic-level
Information systems that support the long-range planning activities of senior management.
help senior management tackle and address strategic issues.
 Major Types of Information Systems

• Executive Support Systems (ESS)

• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Management Information Systems (MIS)
• Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
• Office Automation Systems (OAS)
• Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
 TPS – Transaction Processing Systems
• Computerized systems that perform and record the daily routine
Transactions necessary to conduct the business, they serve the
organization’s operational level.
Ex,
Payroll System ,Bank ATM ,Sales Order Info System

OAS – Office Automation Systems

• Computer systems, such as word processing, electronic mail systems,
and scheduling systems, that are designed to increase the
productivity of data workers in the office operational level.
Ex, Word,Excell,Powerpoint,Access E-Mail,Fax
 KWS-Knowledge work systems
• Specialized systems built for engineers, scientists, other knowledge
workers charged with discovering and creating new knowledge level.
Ex,
Engineering work station ,Computer-aided design System (CAD)
Computer-aided manufacturing systems (CAM) ,Virtual reality systems
MIS-Management Information Systems
Information systems at the management level of organization that
serve the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making by
providing routine summary and exception reports.
Ex,
Annual budgeting ,Capital investment analysis
 DSS –Decision Support Systems
Information systems at the management level of an organization that
combine data and sophisticated analytical models to support non-
routine decision making.
EX,
Contract cost analysis ,Pricing / profitability analysis
Production scheduling ,Sales region analysis
ESS–Executive Support Systems
• Information system at the organization’s strategic level designed to
address unstructured decision making through advanced graphics and
communications.
Ex:
5-year operating plan ,5-Year sales and forecasting ,Profit planning
Four major types of information system
Another Classification of information system
Another aspect of Interrelationships Among Systems
 Work Place
• A place where people work, such as an office or factory. A workplace is the location at which
an employee provides work for an employer.
• The workplace is located in a variety of settings including offices, manufacturing facilities or
factories, stores, farms, out-of-doors, and in any location where work is performed.
Identification of Documentation within workplace
• workplace policies and procedures
• Relevant contracts and agreements
• manufacturers specifications
• workplace documentation policies
• supplier and/or client instructions
• material safety data sheets
• legislation, regulations and related documentation
• award, enterprise bargaining agreement, other industrial arrangements
• standards and certification requirements
• Quality Assurance procedures
• emergency procedures
• Working timetables
 Type of Documentation using workplace
• workplace and on road transport memos
• letters
• diaries
• logs
• checklists
• maintenance schedules
• workplace form and standard documents
Documents may include
• hard copy
• computer based documents and forms
• Faxes
• E-Mail
 02)Selecting and/or collecting required documentation

How to Selecting required documentation for manage workplace information system

• Documentation is a set of documents provided on paper, or online, or on digital or
analog media, such as audio tape or CDs
user guides , white papers ,on-line help ,quick-reference guides.
• Each organization must have access to information and data if it is to function efficiently.
• This information needs to be collected (or created), stored and cared for and be easily
accessed or retrieved. Records are sources of information (documents or other items)
which the organization wants or needs to retain So, such documentations are require for
build manage workplace information system.

Documentation in computer science

• Request for Proposal (RFP)
• Requirements/ Statement of work/ Scope of Work (SOW)
• Software Design and Functional Specification
• System Design and Functional Specifications
• Change Management, Error and Enhancement Tracking
• User Acceptance Testing
 Producing documentation

• Technical writers and corporate communicators are professionals

whose field and work is documentation. Ideally, technical writers have
a background in both the subject matter and also in writing and
managing content (information architecture).
• Technical writers more commonly collaborate with subject matter
experts (SMEs), such as engineers, medical professionals, or other
types of clients to define and then create content (documentation)
that meets the user's needs.
• Corporate communications includes other types of written
documentation that is required for most companies.
 03)Documentation Procedures and methods
• Documentation procedures is particular process or method used to
arrange or provide set of documents
• Companies put internal controls in place to limit risks. Possible risks
include losses, poor performance on contracts, poor quality and non-
compliance with regulations.
• Documentation procedures detail the documents that the company
requires to implement its control systems and assign responsibility for
tasks and actions.
• Small businesses usually require less documentation or controls than
larger operations because each employee carries out several job
functions and the responsibilities are clearer.
• Effective documentation procedures resulting in a minimum of
efficient controls can give small businesses a competitive advantage.
• The basis of effective internal control is an organizational chart that
includes job descriptions.
• Documentation procedures have to specify that the job descriptions
clearly detail the tasks and responsibilities of each position in the
company.
• The documentation procedures assign responsibility for the
preparation and updating of the organizational chart and how the
company uses the chart.
 Policies and Procedures
• Documentation procedures usually specify that an employee manual must
contain all relevant policy and procedure documentation.
• They detail what the manual must include, who is responsible for writing
and updating the policies and procedures, and how the company
communicates them to the employees
Authorizations and Approvals
• Documented organizational charts and employee manuals form the basis
for internal controls but they have to contain the actual control measures.
• Documentation procedures detail such measures. They describe
documents that list employees who can take decisions and who can
approve expenditures.
• Each such document has to specify exactly what the employee can
authorize or approve, what form the approval or authorization will take
and the limits.
 Supporting Documentation
• Strong internal control systems rely on supporting documentation to
detail the basis for decisions.
• Documentation procedures specify what decisions require supporting
documentation and detail its nature.
(Example)
A purchase order approval may require a requisition.
The documentation procedure specifies that an employee must
prepare a requisition prior to requesting approval of a purchase order,
and it details the information the requisition must contain.
 Documentation procedures are
• document drafting
• formatting
• submitting
• reviewing
• approving
• distributing
• reposting and
• Tracking
Work place procedures are include
• company procedures
• enterprise procedures
• organizational procedures
• established procedures
 04)Completing/perfecting documentation
The skills and knowledge required to collect, prepare, analyze and process
workplace documents in accordance with workplace requirements
How to complete the documents professionally within workplace.
• keep forms clean
• write neatly
• Read instructions clearly when filling the forms(Documents)
• provide accurate information
• spell all words correctly
• Use correct codes/descriptions
• Fill in all necessary spaces and information
• Take copies of personal forms
• use short sentences
• check completed documents
• complete documents on time
 Collect and prepare information
• Relevant information is collected for inclusion in the document
• Questioning techniques are used to gain additional information and clarify
understanding

Interpret and analyze information

• Relevant information is interpreted, analyzed and collated as required for
inclusion in the document
• Where required, a draft is prepared in accordance with organizational
procedures
 Finalize workplace documents
• Document is completed in accordance with organizational policies and
procedures.
• Document is edited and a final version appropriate to the required
communication is presented
• Required documentation is prepared, or forms completed, in accordance
with workplace policies and procedures
• Information is entered into computer-based documents, where required
Logs or diaries are maintained accurately and in a timely manner in
accordance with workplace requirements.
• Required documentation is prepared, or forms completed, in accordance
with workplace policies and procedures
• Information is entered into computer-based documents, where required
• Logs or diaries are maintained accurately and in a timely manner in
accordance with workplace requirements
 05)Reading, Interpreting and using equipment/system manuals and
specifications
• In addition to reading written text sand viewing videos to gather
information for research, etc. students can gain a lot of information
by working with statistical data
• From these definitions, it is clear that MIS effectiveness is predicated
on the availability and consequent utilization of some equipment for
the transformation of data into information, storing, retrieving and
communicating this information to the end – users
Electronic Equipment such as Computers, Telephone, Telex, Fax, E-
Mail and Communications Satellite
Printing Equipment such as files and publications (Handbooks,
Bulleting, Brochures, Etc)
System manual is a technical communication document intended to
give assistance to people using a particular system.
System specification
The term system specification refers to a detailed functional and
technical description of a system. This term can also be defined as an
explicit set of requirements that need to be satisfied by a specific
system.
 06)Interpretation of all applicable laws, policies and procedures
relevant to enterprise
Policy
• A policy is a formal statement of a principle or rule that members of
an organization must follow.
• Each policy addresses an issue important to the organization's mission
or operations.
Procedure
• A procedure tells members of the organization how to carry out or
implement a policy. Policy is the "what" and the procedure is the
"how to".
Law
• A law is a fundamental set of rules which is enforced through a set of
institutions
 Policies important serve several important functions
• Communicate values and expectations for how things are done at
your organization
• Keep the organization in compliance with legislation and provide
protection against employment claims
• Document and implement best practices appropriate to the
organization
• Support consistent treatment of staff, fairness and transparency
• Help management to make decisions that are consistent, uniform and
predictable
• Protect individuals and the organization from the pressures of
expediency
Types of workplace policies Here are some examples of common workplace
policies that could assist your workplace
• code of conduct
• recruitment policy
• internet and email policy
• mobile phone policy
• non-smoking policy
• drug and alcohol policy
• health and safety policy
• anti-discrimination and harassment policy
• grievance handling policy
• discipline and termination policy
• using social media.
 07)Computer and Information system usage
• Organizations establish filing systems to accommodate the type of records they
need to keep.
• These files need to be regularly updated and accurate to maintain the integrity of
the files.
• A business might establish a centralized filing system (all the records are kept in the
one place) or a non-centralized system (departments within organizations have
control of their own records).
• These files may be paper-based (in filing cabinets) or electronically filed (on
computer systems), may be in fixed filing areas (filing cabinets or compacts units)
or in a portable filing system (so they can be moved from one area to another
easily).
• Inactive or dead files should either be destroyed or relocated to a storage area.
• Staff need to know about the types of technology and equipment used in the
organization and how it is used to organize information.
• Most organizations will train staff in their own procedures for record keeping, filing
systems and security procedures
 Good filing practices for paper-based files
• setting a regular time aside for filing
• removing paper clips or pins which might damage files
• mending any damage before filing
• attaching small documents to an A4 sheet before filing
• establishing new files rather than overfilling existing files
• avoiding the use of plastic covers
• returning files to the system as soon as possible
Classification of information
• Top secret
• Secret
• Confidential
• Restricted
• Official
• Unclassified
• Clearance
• Compartmented information
Forms of paper based storage
Forms of electronic storage
 Inactive or dead files
• It is necessary to identify, record and store dead or inactive files in order to
make way for new files.
• Organizations’ have procedures for routinely checking for dead or inactive
records and transferring them from the active filing system to secondary
storage at regular intervals.
Steps in establishing a new file
• identify the need to create a new file
• assign a file name or number
• prepare a hanging file or folder for paper based files or a sub directory or
folder on the computer for electronic files
• enter the new file in the file register or database
• enter the file into the file index if necessary
• gather items into the filing system in correct order
• store as appropriate
 08)Forecasting Techniques
Forecasting is used to answer important questions, such as:

• How much profit will the business make?

• How much demand will there be for a product or service?
• How much will it cost to produce the product or offer the service?
• How much money will the company need to borrow?
• When and how will borrowed funds be repaid?
 Forecast
• Forecast is an essential tool to predict future demand for product or
service.
Types of Forecasts
• Economic forecasts
• Technological forecasts
• Demand forecasts
• Economic forecasts
Predict a variety of economic indicators, like money supply, inflation rates,
interest rates, etc.

• Technological forecasts
Predict rates of technological progress and innovation.

• Demand forecasts
Predict the future demand for a company’s products or services.
 TYPES OF FORECASTING METHODS

Qualitative methods:
These types of forecasting methods are based on judgments, opinions,
intuition, emotions, or personal experiences and are subjective in nature.
They do not rely on any rigorous mathematical computations
Executive Opinion
• Approach in which a group of managers meet and collectively develop a
forecast
Market Survey
• Approach that uses interviews and surveys to judge preferences of
customer and to assess demand
Sales Force Composite
• Approach in which each salesperson estimates sales in his or her region
Delphi Method
• Approach in which consensus agreement is reached among a group of
experts
 Quantitative methods:
These types of forecasting methods are based on mathematical
(quantitative) models, and are objective in nature.
They rely heavily on mathematical computations.
Time-Series Models
• Time series models look at past patterns of data and attempt to
predict the future based upon the underlying patterns contained
within those data.
Associative Models
• Associative models (often called causal models) assume that the
variable being forecasted is related to other variables in the
environment.
• They try to project based upon those associations.
 Quality of good forecasting
• Simple to understand and use
• Timely
• Economy of money
• Accuracy
• Reliability
Features of Forecasting
• Forecasting in concerned with future events.
• It shows the probability of happening of future events.
• It analysis past and present data.
• It uses statistical tools and techniques.
• It uses personal observations.
 Advantages of Forecasting
• Aids decision making about future planning
• Able to predict business profit in future
• Identifying labor requirements to fulfill future targets
• Identifying material requirements to fulfill future targets
• Able to estimate the production cost against to total customer
requirements
• Able to predict about the borrowed funds, loans, for achieve the
future targets.
• Able to predicts, production schedules to achieve future targets
 09)Forecasting Software
• The use of historic data to determine the direction of future trends.
Forecasting is used by companies to determine how to allocate their
budgets for an upcoming period of time.
• This is typically based on demand for the goods and services it offers,
compared to the cost of producing them.
• Investors utilize forecasting to determine if events affecting a
company, such as sales expectations, will increase or decrease the
price of shares in that company.
• Forecasting also provides an important benchmark for firms which
have a long-term perspective of operations.
Forecasting can be divided as
• Sales forecast
• Finance forecast
• Product forecast
• Development forecast
Sales Forecast
• Being able to track the actual sales numbers against assigned quotas
is essential to managing the flow of activities along the sales pipeline.
• This gives a perspective on what can be expected in revenue from
sales for a given time of year, sales person, opportunities and such
parameters.
• This sort of fore-seeing or fore-knowledge of what can be achieved
constitutes forecasting.
 Sales forecasting solution for business raise forecast accuracy with
powerful sales forecasting software
Accuracy, flexibility, speed and ease-of-use are at your fingertips with
GMDH Shell sales forecasting software, the most powerful forecasting
engine on the market today.
There include features
• Advanced statistical forecasting methods
• Process tens of thousands of SKUs at a time
• Connect to data stored in accounting systems, databases or Excel files
• Manage product replacements, packs and kits
• Calculate reorder points and quantities
 Financial Forecast
• Castaway is a flexible forecasting solution for all businesses.
• It can be adapted to your specific needs and give you the accurate, up-to-the-
minute financial information you need to make the right decisions for your future.
• It is an essential management tool that plays a vital part in planning and managing
the successful growth of your business.
Advantages of Financial Forecasting software
• Use your time more productively
• Financial decision-making with confidence
• Financial planning as an essential management tool
• Implement a flexible forecasting tool
Examples of Forecasting Software’s
• Demand Forecasting
• Workforce Forecast Manager
• Workforce Central
 10)Mathematical Modeling
Simple situation requiring mathematical modeling . Consider following
problems
• Find the height of leaning tower at Pisa (Without climbing it)
• Find the width of river or cannel (Without crossing it)
• Find the mass of earth (Without using balance)
• Find the temperature at the surface or at the enter of the sun
(Without taking a thermometer)
• Estimate the population of India at 2021 (Without waiting till then)

All these problems and thousand of similar problems can be and have
solved through mathematical modeling
Suppose the age of a the father is four times the age of his son and
we are told that after five years, the age of the father will be only
three times the age of the son. We have to find their ages.
Let x be the age of father and y be the age of son, then the data of the
problem gives
X=4y --------- 1,
X+5=3(y+5) ------------------2,
X=40, Y=10,
The two equation of give a mathematical model of the biological
situation.
The solution of the equation is finally interpreted biologically to give
the ages of the father and the son.
 What is Mathematical Modeling?
• Mathematical modeling is a process of representing real world
problems in mathematical terms in an attempt to find solutions to the
problems.
• A mathematical model can be considered as a simplification or
abstraction of a (complex) real world problem or situation into a
mathematical form, thereby converting the real world problem into a
mathematical problem.
• The mathematical problem can then be solved using whatever known
techniques to obtain a mathematical solution.
• This solution is then interpreted and translated into real terms.
• Figure 1 shows a simplified view of the process of mathematical
modeling.
 Real
World
Formulation Mathematical
Problem Problem

Interpretation
Real Mathematical
World Solution
Solution
 Mathematical modeling process

Stage 1 Real World

problem

Stage 6 Verify the Stage 2 Make

model Assumptions

Stage 7
Report,Explain,pre
dict
Stage 5 Interpret Stage 3 Formulate
the solution mathematical
problem

Stage 4 Solve
mathematical
problem
 Advantages of Mathematical modeling

• To define problems
• Organize our thoughts
• Make predictions
• Easy to understand the data
• Communicate and test that understanding
11)Data Collection Techniques for Marketing
Research
 Market Research
• Market research is any organized effort to gather information about
target markets or customers.
• It is a very important component of business strategy.
• Market research is the process of collecting valuable information to
help you find out if there is a market for your proposed product or
service.
Why use marketing research
• Market Research is defined as the process of gathering data on goods
and services to determine whether the product or service will satisfy
customers' needs.
 Why conduct market research?

• Market research allows you to identify threats and opportunities in the

market place and provides the information on which you can make
informed decisions.
• The more accurate the information - the better the decision. Market
research therefore reduces the risk involved in making these decisions.
• It also reduces the risk of not being able to make decisions because you did
not have the information at hand (for example, a change in the market that
catches you by surprise).
• Market research is therefore the business tool that helps you reduce the
risk that a new idea will fail, and helps reduce the risk of being in business.
• In short, it helps you both stay in business and build a more profitable
business.
• However, in most businesses very little research is conducted. This is
because people are unsure how to perform such market research properly.
 Market research helps you to

• Identify new products or services.

• Spot or anticipate market trends or changes.
• Determine if customers are satisfied, and if not, what is wrong.
• Keep one step ahead of your competitors.
• Spot trends or warning signals in your own business.
• Decide which advertising medium works best for your business.
• Keep up to date with new technology in your industry.
• Tell you if a new idea is likely to be viable or not, and so on.
 Market research methods
• The type of information you want to gather about your customers,
market or competitors will influence the research methods you
choose.
• There are different ways to gather information (from primary or
secondary sources) and different types of information to gather
(quantitative and qualitative).
• You may use any combination of these research approaches to get the
results you need.
Primary research
Secondary research
• Primary and secondary research relate to the way you gather
information.
 Primary research
Primary research (or field research) gathers original information directly for
your purpose, rather than being gathered from published sources.
Primary research includes:
• surveys
• direct observations
• interviews
• focus groups
• Experiments
• Field Trials
Primary research gives you control over the type of questions you ask and
information you gather.
Primary research results can be extremely valuable; however, they can also
be much more time-consuming and costly to gather than secondary
research.
 Secondary research
Secondary research (or desk research) gathers existing information
through available sources.
Secondary research examples include:
• information on the internet
• existing market research results
• existing data from your own stock lists and customer database
• information from agencies such as industry bodies, government
agencies, libraries
 Quantitative and qualitative research
• Quantitative and qualitative research defines the type of information
you gather.
Quantitative research
Quantitative research gathers numerical data.
Quantitative research includes:
• surveys on customer return frequency
• sales figures
• industry product sales numbers
• financial trends.
 Qualitative research
Qualitative research gathers views and attitudes.
Qualitative research includes:
• focus groups with customers and potential customers to understand their
feelings and attitudes towards your products and services
• formal and informal conversations with customers about their satisfaction
with your business.
Advantages of Market Research
• Understand where your customers are
• Estimate the size of the market you can serve
• Be clear on what your customers require
• Create a marketing plan to target them effectively
12)The range of Analytical Techniques appropriate for analysis of
Information

Data analytical Techniques

Data analysis
• The process of extracting, compiling, and modeling raw data for
purposes of obtaining constructive information that can be applied to
formulating conclusions, predicting outcomes or supporting decisions
in business, scientific and social science settings.
• Data analysis is the process of analyzing all the information and
evaluating the relevant information that can be helpful in better
decision making.
• Data analysis is the process of extracting useful information from the
given data series, that will be useful in taking important decisions.
 Why Analyze Data
• Important part of problem solving process
• Easy to make decisions
• For easy to understand certain situations
• Answers many important questions about the data
• It’s helpful for forecasting
• Easy to understand the behavior of the data
• Acquiring meaningful insights from the dataset
• find out what the data actually means
• find abnormalities or errors
 Data Analysis Techniques

Univariate analysis is the simplest form of quantitative (statistical)

analysis. The analysis is carried out with the description of a single
variable in terms of the applicable unit of analysis (e.g., college
graduation)
Bivariate analysis is one of the simplest forms of quantitative
(statistical) analysis It involves the analysis of two variables (often
denoted as X, Y), for the purpose of determining the empirical
relationship between them (e.g., the relation between gender and
college graduation)
Multivariate analysis refers to any statistical technique used to
analyze data that arises from more than one variable.(e.g., the
relationship between gender, race, and college graduation)
 Types of Data Analysis

Qualitative Analysis:
• Qualitative analysis deals with the analysis of data that is categorical
in nature.
• In other words, data is not described through numerical values, but
rather by some sort of descriptive context such as text.
• Data can be gathered by many methods such as interviews, videos
and audio recordings, field notes, etc.
 The main methods for collecting qualitative data are:
• Individual interviews
• Focus groups
• Observations
• Action Research
Qualitative Data Analysis Methods
• Analytic Induction
• Logical Analysis/Matrix Analysis
• Event Analysis/Microanalysis
• Metaphorical Analysis
• Domain Analysis
 Quantitative Analysis:
• Quantitative analysis refers to the process by which numerical data is
analyzed, and often involves descriptive statistics such as mean,
media, standard deviation, etc.

Quantitative data collecting methods

• Questionnaires
• Standardized tests(IQ)
• interviews
• Focus groups
• Observations
 Quantitative Data Analysis Methods

• Mean
• Median
• Mode
• Standard Deviation
• Variance
• Range
• Coefficient of Variation
 Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

Data is observed Data is measured

Involves descriptions Involves numbers

Emphasis is on quality Emphasis is on quantity

Examples are color, smell, taste, etc. Examples are volume, weight, etc.
 Advantages of Data analysis

• Allows for the identification of important trends

• Awareness customer feedback
• leads to faster and better decisions making
• Easy to identify problems
• Able to capture clear picture about data variation
• Better awareness regarding the habits of potential customers It can
provide a company with an edge over their competitors
 13)The Influence of Human Factors on Information Analysis and ,e.g.
Prejudices Biases
Human factors
• Human factors are examines human behavior and capabilities in order
to find the best ways to design products, equipment and systems for
maximum safe, effective, satisfying use by humans
Influence of human factors on information analysis
• Information systems may be regarded as an interaction of people and
machines. In the past, however, human factors took second place.
Nowadays, the need to provide:
• (i) a functionality that meets the user's needs and
(ii) an ergonomic human-machine interface - which takes the way
people would like to solve their tasks into consideration - are both
recognized as primary concerns by the designers of information
systems.
• As new methods and rigorous techniques come into use, the
proportion of information systems development effort devoted to
analysis and design is set to increase, and the study of human factors
also to increase in importance.
• Methods, representation schemes, tools and environments cannot be
applied without a systematic understanding of their use by analysts
and designers in development teams.
• Much study in software development has concentrated on a human
factors perspective of the `end user'.
• However, this work has to be placed in the overall context of
systematic analysis and design of information systems
 Considering the Prejudice and Biases
• Prejudice is an idea or opinion that is not based on fact, logic or
actual experience.
• Prejudice is usually referred to as a negative attitude, especially when
it is a hatred or intolerance for certain kinds of people. When a
person acts on his prejudice, then it becomes discrimination
• Ex, Until the early years of the twentieth century, women were not
allowed to vote.

• Bias is a tendency to favor one person, group, thing or point of view

over another, often in an unfair way.
• Bias can be a personal opinion or a more public opinion, such as a
news story, that only presents facts that support one point of view.
 What is the difference between bias and prejudice?

• There is very little, if any, difference between the meanings f the

words 'bias' and 'prejudice.'
• Both words are used to define a nonobjective opinion of someone or
something.
• I think prejudice necessarily carries a negative connotation (I.e. one is
prejudiced against something) whereas bias can have either positive
or negative connotations depending on the context (I.e. biased in
favor or against something).
 14)Conducting and Recording of Performance Evaluations
What It Is Performance Evaluation
• Performance Evaluation is a constructive process to acknowledge the
performance of a non-probationary career employee.
• A Performance Evaluation is a tool you can use to help enhance the
efficiency of the work unit.
• This tool is a means to help ensure that employees are being utilized
effectively.
• Employees can use it as a clear indication of what is expected of them
before you tell them how well they are doing, and then as feedback of how
well they did.
• In the event a non-probationary career employee does not receive the
written evaluation, the employee's performance for the year period shall be
deemed to have been satisfactory for the purposes ofsalary increase.
 Why Performance Evaluations Important?
• As a business owner, you already know the importance of recruiting
capable staff and providing the employees with the training and tools
necessary to do their jobs.
• To ensure they're performing to your expectations calls for you to
conduct annual reviews of their work product, efficiency and attitude
over the course of their employment.
• This workplace equivalent of a report card benefits supervisors and
employees by identifying how to bring out their respective best.
• Performance evaluations are a necessary and beneficial process
which provides an opportunity for supervisors to provide feedback to
employees regarding job performance.
 Employee Performance Evaluation Form
• The Employee Performance Evaluation Form is used by companies as a
template for evaluating the performance of employees.
• The Employee Performance Evaluation Form can be used by companies to
develop better communication between employees and supervisors,
improve the quality of work, increase productivity and promote employee
development.

To create a performance evaluation system in your practice, follow these

five steps
1.Develop an evaluation form.
2.Identify performance measures.
3.Set guidelines for feedback.
4.Create disciplinary and termination procedures.
5.Set an evaluation schedule.
 Many benefits result from the Performance Evaluation process
• Control of the work that needs to be done
• Enhancement of employee motivation, commitment, and productivity
• Identification of goals and objectives for the employee
• Satisfaction of the basic human need for recognition
• Identification of process improvement opportunities
• Identification of employee development opportunities
Performance Evaluation System (PES)
• The Performance Evaluation System is a tool used to measure
individual performance and to develop employees into high-
performing
• Performance evaluations are maintained in the Human Resource
Department in employee confidential personnel files.
END