CE 323- Digital Systems

Design
N Amanquah.
Associate Professor of EEE
Overview
• Part I
• What course covers
• Context/Relationship to other EE courses
• Logistics & Syllabus
• What are Digital Systems?

• Part II
• Some basic number representation
By the end of this course..

Count down timer Stop watch 24 hour Digital clock

with precision of e.g. 0.1s

turnstile Parking slots remaining Scrolling marquee

MCU
DSD overview: what we will cover
• Combinational Logic
• Building blocks of digital systems and logic gates
• Methods for simplifying complex logic
• Methods for implementing digital logic
• Logic devices eg Muxes, encoders, adders
• Sequential Logic
• Flip flops:
• basis for memory and counters
• Finite State Machines: lift control, detection of errors in a bit stream…
• Interfacing to real world: DAC, ADC
• Other: Programable Logic, memory etc
• Memory organization & Representation of numbers/data
Relation to other courses:
Physics II-
Electromagnetism

• Energy systems:
• Electrical Machines Circuits &
Electronics
• Power systems
• Power Electronics Instrumentation E Machines I & II
Digital Systems
Signals & Systems
Design
• Signal/data processing
• Analog electronics Power Engineering Embedded Systems
Communication
Systems

• Digital Electronics
• Embedded Systems Power Systems
Analysis
VLSI DSP

• Digital Signal Processing

• Communication Systems
Current Prerequisite structure
Logistics
• Grading Criteria

Homework, Labs, Mini Projects 25%

Midsemester Exam 15%
Quizzes 20%
Final Assessment (exam+project) 40%

• Two lab submission times (sometimes)

• Kits/parts on hand
• Textbook: Digital Fundamentals, by Thomas Floyd
• Write notes
 Switch

Review of Analog Electronics

Lo
Main types of Electronics
• Linear Electronics:
• operate the devices in active mode of operation
• Power Electronics:
• Typically operate in cut-off and the saturation region of a transistor
• Processing of high voltage & currents. Other power devices: Diodes, SCR,
Triacs etc
• Digital Electronics:
• What is it?
Definitions
• “Digital electronics is a field of electronics involving the study of
digital signals and the engineering of devices that use or produce
them”

• “A digital signal has two or more distinguishable waveforms, ...

example, high voltage and low voltages, each of which can be
mapped onto a digit.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronics
Basic Background/Context
• Advantages of Sampled digital signal
• Reproducible with greater accuracy
• Processed and transmitted more efficiently
• stored
Basic Building Blocks for logic
And their representation, and implementation
 Logic gates
• NOT
• AND
• OR

• TTL logic

• Only 3 basic gates

Circuits made with easyeda

 Truth Tables
Representation: at least 6:
Logic Circuits

Boolean Expressions
FSM Minterms: (3)
X= A.B
(for sequential) Max terms: (0,1,2)

VHDL
Waveforms
 Implementing Digital Logic
PAL
• Three types of chips:
• Standard chips
• Programmable chips
• Custom chips
• Programmable Logic Devices
• SPLD – simple (replace a few fixed logic devices)
• PAL & GAL
• Prog Arry Logic –programmed 1 time
• Gate Array Logic- (EEPROM)
• No longer produced.
• CPLD – complex

• FPGA programming (HDL)

• Verilog, VHDL

VHDL=VHSIC Hardware Description Language.

VHSIC =for Very-High-Speed Integrated Circuit.
Programming FPGA
• Design: HDL or graphical entry
• Functional Simulation
• Synthesis
• Implementation
• Timing Simulation
• Download
 General Knowledge: Electronic Devices
• Microcontroller vs Microprocessor
• Program determines operation in microcontroller, (internal connections fixed)
used in embedded system; special purpose computer
• Microprocessor: CPU only.

• IC Package types
• Through hole devices: eg DIP (dual in line package)
• SMT: (surface mount technology)
• SOIC –small outline IC/ SOP – small outline package QFP, etc
• Pin numbering
• LSI (large), VLSI, ULSI (ultra);
see https://components101.com/articles/different-ic-package-types-and-which-one-should-you-select for package types
 Supplementary info on package types: ICs
• DIP (Double In-line Package) (THT)
• SOP/SOIC -Small Outline [Package, IC]
• SSOP (Shrink Small Outline Package):
• TSOP (Thin Small Outline Package)
• QFP (Quad Flat Package)
• LQFP (Flat Quad Flat Pack)
• QFN (Quad Flat Non-leaded Package)
• BGA (Ball Grid Array Package)

https://www.quick-pcba.com/pcb-news/ic-packaging-types.html
Be familiar, do not memorize. You will get to know it over time
Supplementary info on package types-
transistors
• Common
Transistor
Packages
(THT) TO-18 TO-92 TO-220 TO-03

• Small outline
Transistor Has increased heat sink

Packages
(SMT)
SOT-223
SOT-23

THT- through hole technology, SMT – surface mount technology

Also see: https://components101.com/articles/different-ic-package-types-and-which-one-should-you-select
Discrete components
• www.easyeda.com
Number Systems & Data
Representation
Readings: Textbook:
Digital Fundamentals by Thomas L Floyd
Please read page 84-85 (Floating Numbers) before tomorrow. It is only 2 pages.

This is under section 2-6 (signed numbers)

• What are good ways to represent a set of states/bits?

• Can you remember:

• 1010 1001 1000 0111 0110 0101 0100 0011
• Rewrite:
• ___
• Overview:
• Ways to represent lots of bits (hex, oct etc)
• How to represent –ve numbers, decimals and floating point
• Other codes: BCD, Gray code
• How to convert from DEC to other formats (and vice versa)
Familiarisation àMemorization
Decimal Bin Hex Decimal Bin Hex
0 0000 0x0 8 1000 0x8
1 0001 0x1 9 1001 0x9
2 0010 0x2 10 1010 0xA
3 0011 0x3 11 1011 0xB
4 0100 0x4 12 1100 0xC
5 0101 0x5 13 1101 0xD
6 0110 0x6 14 1110 0xE
7 0111 0x7 15 1111 0xF
Puzzle
• A special display accepts 4-bit binary numbers and shows the
corresponding HEX numbers on a 7-segment display.
• What will be displayed on a screen if each of the following 4-bit
binary numbers were expressed as a HEX digit
• 0100 1110 0101
• 1111 1010 1100 1110
Binary Numbers
• Place value
• Largest number represented =2n-1
• Conversion from Dec to Bin
• Decimals: 0.125 (multiply by 2) 0.001b, count from top down.
• Conversion from Bin to Dec
• Decimal: multiply by 2-n
• 1’s complement implemented with not
• 2’s complement implemented with NOT + add
• 1’s complement +1
• Start at RHS/LSB till first 1, invert all the rest.
 Signed numbers
• Negative Numbers:
• Sign-Magnitude form
• 1’s complement two zeros!
• 2’s complement
• Arithmetic 0011
0010
0001
0000
1111
1110
1101

Out of curiosity, what is -12.5? (apply the same rules, 2’complement or find -13+0.5)
ans=1111 0011.1 (assuming 8 whole bits)
(use 8 bits)
 Negative binary numbers
• Most commonly used in computers, microprocessors, signal processors etc
is 2’complement representation

Alt 2’s complement conversion:

Treat first bit as -1 x 2n-1 where n-1 is the leftmost bit
E.g. if 1011 is in 2’s complement è is negative
Value is (-1*23)+0+21+20= -8+2+1 =-5
Review C code with uint8_t

Floating point representation

• Biased exponent
• 8 bits in exponents:
• Add 127 to actual exponent, range of values -126 to +128
•

• NB: the Mantisa has an implicit 1. before the decimal

• Extremely large and small numbers can be represented.
• All zeros = 0.0, all ones is infinity in Exponent and zeros in the mantisa
• Convert 1.24x105 to floating point representation
• Convert 1 0010 0001 1000 0000 0001 1000 0000 000 to decimal

Double Precision: 11 bits for Exponent & 20+32bits for mantisa, 64 bits total
Exercise: what number is represented?

•1 1000 0011 1010 0000 0000 0000 0000 000

• Floating point format:
• -ve, E=131-127 = 4, mantisa = 1.101
• -24*1.1012
• = -110102= -26
• OR: -16 X [1 +1/2 +0 + 1/8] = -16*1.625 = -26

• Convert -26 to floating point representation E-127= exp

 Binary Arithmetic
• Addition
• Overflow occurs if both numbers are same sign but result is a different sign (7+5)
• Subtraction
• Subtraction with borrow 110-11 (6-3)
• For negative numbers, add the 2’s complement directly, discard carry eg 15-6
• Sign extension might be needed. Both numbers should be same #bits.

• Multiplication (0011 x 0101)=

• Division 1111 /0011
• Long division 1100/11
• By subtraction
Notes: When multiplier is negative (the second no) change the 2nd –ve val to its true form and do normal
multiplication. Change the final product to its 2’s complement equivalent for the final answer. Eg 0011 x 1110 =
11010 (3 x -2)= (-6) Do 3 x 2 then change final answer to negative.
Hex Numbers
• Dec to Hex 508à1FC
• Hex to Dec
• Hex to Bin 1FC à1 1111 1100
• Bin to Hex

• Octal Numbers,
• Groups of 3 bits 508d à774o
• Oct to bin to oct 774o à 111 111 100
Other Number Formats
What is 0.2 in bin?

BCD
• 0000 to 1001 valid

• 55 in BCD is 0101 0101

• If an add results in a number greater than 9, add a 6, can work with

the carry. Add 0110 to every column meeting the criteria
• Eg 9+ 5 = 14 à 1001 + 0101 à 1110 (+0110) à 0001 0100

Usefulness in floating point arithmetic accuracy in calculators, Also devices with 7-seg displays
BCD addition with Carry
• Eg.

1100
Gray Code
• Only one bit change from one to the next
• Positioning in shaft encoder
Creation of Gray code:
• Gray code by reflection
• BIN to Gray:
• Start form LHS, MSB is same. add one bit to the next to obtain Gray
• conversion of the binary number 10110 to Gray code

• Eg 1001b == 1101
 HINT HINT
What logic gate for adding numbers?

• Gray to BIN
• Start from LHS, MSB is same. Add new BIN bit to next Gray
• conversion of the Gray code word 11011 to binary

• Eg. 1101 à 1001b

Other codes
• ASCII A=65 (0x41), a=97 (0x61) ‘1’=49 (0x31)
• UNICODE – extends ASCII

• EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ) - IBM

relic. 8 bit vs 7-bit ASCII
Next
• Logic Gates
• Read Chapter 3