Grade: X Subject: Artificial Intelligence (417)

Part B Unit 1- Revisiting AI project Cycle & Ethical framework for AI

Introducing AI Project cycle

The steps taken to complete a task from the beginning to its end are called Project Cycle.

Similarly, to develop AI project, we need to follow the AI project cycle that provides us with an

appropriate framework to lead us towards our goal. The AI Project cycle provides us with a

framework for planning, organizing, executing and implementing an AI project to accomplish a

task.

1. Problem Scoping
Problem Scoping refers to understanding a problem, finding out various factors which affect the
problem, define the goal or aim of the project.

4 W's of Problem Scoping

Problem Statement Template

The Problem Statement Template helps us to summarize all the key points into one
single template. So that in the future, whenever there is a need to look back at the basis
of the problem, we can take a look at the Problem Statement Template and understand
its key elements of it.
Have a look at Problem Statement Template.

The Stakeholder Who

Have a problem Issue/Problem What
When/While Context/Situation/Location Where
Ideal Solution How the solution will help the Why
stakeholders

The 4W’s of Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where, and Why.

This W’s helps in identifying and understanding the problem in a better and efficient manner.

• Who - “Who” part helps us in comprehending and categorizing who all are affected

• directly and indirectly with the problem and who are called the Stake Holders.

• What - “What” part helps us in understanding and identifying the nature of the

problem and under this block, you also gather evidence to prove that the problem

you have selected exists.

• Where - "Where” does the problem arise, situation, context, and location?

• Why - “Why” is the given problem worth solving?

2. Data Acquisition:
The next stage of the AI project cycle after problem scoping is Data Acquisition. As the term
clearly mentions, this stage is about acquiring data for the project.

Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics collected together for reference or
analysis. Whenever an AI project is able to predict an output, it should be trained first using
data.

Sources of data:

1. Surveys: A survey refers to a study of the opinions, responses,etc., of a group of stakeholders.

2. Interview: An interview refers to a one-on-one conversation between the user, clients and analyst

to find out about the system.

3. Observation: refers to human or mechanical watching, noticing what people actually do or what

events take place in a specific working environment.

4. API(Application Programming Interface): API works behind a popular software program or

game to collect specific types of data related to users.

5. Web scraping: is a data collection technique using a tool called web scraper that extracts data

from websites.

6. Sensors: are mini devices that can collect data about an environment, body or any specific task.

7. Cameras: collects graphical video form of data.

8. The internet:

Data Acquisition refers to understanding, gathering, filtering, cleaning data as per the requirement

of the AI system so as to train it using the collected data.

3. Data Exploration:
Data Exploration is the third stage in the AI project cycle. The collected data is cleaned by
removing redundant data and handling missing values and then analysed using data
visualisation and statistical techniques to understand the nature of the data.
Data Visualisation: refers to the process of representing the data visually or graphically by using

charts, graphs diagrams and maps etc.,

 Visualisation techniques:

1. Charts: use established patterns for displaying data.

Scatter Plot chart Bubble chart

2. Graphs: these contain an X and Y axis with at least one showing numerical data.

Line chart Pie chart Bar Graph

3. Maps: Used for visualising geospatial, geographic data. Examples: Choropleth, google maps,

heat map.

4. Temporal: these display data over a period of time, with a start and a finish time. Example:

timeline

5. Network:
These demonstrate how data is related within a network.

node link diagram.

6. Infographics: these visually display textual data in a multiple of aesthetically pleasing ways.

Word cloud

4. Modelling:
Modelling refers to mathematically analysing the data and its inside relationships and with the
parameters passed and finding ways through algorithm and repeated training to reach desired and
expected intelligent outcomes.
Categories of AI models:
Generally, AI models can either be data driven(Learning based model) or model driven(Rule based
model).

5. Evaluation:

Evaluation is the final stage in AI Project Cycle. Once a model has been made and trained, it needs

to go through proper testing so that one can calculate the efficiency and performance of the

model. Hence, the model is tested with the help of Testing Data.
Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability and final performance of any AI model

by giving the test data set into the model and comparing it`s output with actual answers.

a. test models: test multiple models to find which one distinguishes between various types of

waste with the highest accuracy.

b. validation: test the model with new ideas to see can correctly identify items in real time and

sort them into appropriate bins.

c. improvement: if the model strugglers with certain items, add more training data or adjust the

algorithm parameters to improve accuracy.

6. Deployment:

Deploying the model brings the AI system into real world application.

a. model integration: integrate the model into a system where the system automatically suggests

the changes.

b. monitoring: continuously track the system’s performance, making sure it correctly identifies

items and reduces sorting errors.

c. maintenance: regularly update the model with new data to adapt to changes.

Introduction to AI Domains

Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent according to the training it gets. For training, the

machine is fed with datasets. According to the applications for which the AI algorithm is being

developed, the data fed into it changes. With respect to the type of data fed in the AI model, AI

models can be broadly categorized into three domains:

1. Statistical data : Statistical data is very important for AI. It helps AI systems to collect, store,

and understand information to make better decisions.

AI systems gathers a lot of data from different sources. They look at this data to find patterns,

trends and relationships. This helps the system to make predictions and solve problems.

Examples of Statistical data:

a. Recommendation system: These systems analyse user’s data such as preference, behaviour, or

past interactions to suggest personalized options. Netflix, Disney Hotstar and Amazon are the

examples of platforms using such systems.

b. Price comparison websites: these websites help users compare prices of products or services

from different sellers. They use statistical data to find useful information like price trends, best

deals, smart pricing strategies. They collect a lot of price data, organize it, understand it, and

show the result to the users. Price grabber, Price Runner, Junglee, Shopzilla, Deal time are some

examples.

c. weather forecasting: AI uses statistical data tp predict the

weather monitoring the hail, tornadoes or tsunami with great

precision. Satellite imagery and AI is used to predict how

different factors are used to affect climate change.

2. Computer Vision:
Computer Vision, abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a machine to

get and analyse visual information and afterwards predict some decisions about it. The entire

process involves image acquiring, screening, analysing, identifying and extracting information.

This extensive processing helps computers to understand any visual content and act on it

accordingly. In computer vision, Input to machines can be photographs, videos and pictures from

thermal or infrared sensors, indicators and different sources.

The process starts with collecting visual data- this could be a photograph, a video, or even images

from special sensors like thermal cameras. The computer works to analyse and identify important

details such as objects, shapes, or patterns. Once it understands the visual content, it can act on it,

like recognizing a face, detecting obstacles or reading a sign.

Examples of CV:

a. object detection: Google lens is an application of google that can identify objects in images by

analysing a photo taken from the real world. It uses the object detection algorithm to recognize

and identify an object within images.

b. face lock in smartphones: smartphones come with a security system of using facial

recognition to lock and unlock smartphones. It uses the front cameras and computer vision

algorithms to map and store facial features securely. Once it is stored every time to unlock it

matches the input face with the features already stored in it.

c. self driving cars: self driving cars utilizes CV to recognize objects such as lamp posts,

pedestrian crossings, and stop signs. Image classification and object detection techniques enable

self driving cars to identify road boundaries, obstacles and determine actions such as stopping or

continuing to drive.
d. surveillance systems: CV is widely used to keep an eye on public places, buildings and

borders. It enables the detection of suspicious

activities by analyzing patterns and behaviors

captured o0n cameras. The technology can track

individuals or vehicles using object detection and tracking

algorithms, ensuring continuous monitoring.

e. agricultural monitoring: CV is used in agriculture for tasks like monitoring crops, detecting

pests and estimated yields. Drones equipped with

cameras capture aerial images of farmland, which are

analysed to evaluate crop health, detect pests and

optimize farming practices.

f. retail automation: smart checkout systems use computer vision to recognize products and

streamline the payment process by automating transactions.

g. drone surveillance: drones equipped with CV systems can perform aerial inspections, monitor

large areas or assess damage after natural disasters.

3. Natural Language Processing:

NLP is the domain of AI focused on enabling machines to understand, analyse and interact with

humans through natural language. It works with two types of data: text and speech.

Mainly concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages in the form of

speech input and output.

Examples of NLP:
a. email filters: identifies specific keywords, phrases and patterns to determine the appropriate

category for each mail. Similarly, analysing suspicious contetnt, sender behaviour and common

spam indicators, it ensures that irrelevant emails are directed to spam filter.

b. chatbots: are a form of artificial intelligence that is programmed to interact with humans in

such a way that they sound like humans themselves.

Chatbots are created using Natural Language Processing and

Machine Learning, which means that they understand the complexities of the English

language and find the actual meaning of the sentence and they also learn from their

conversations with humans and become better with time.

Chatbots work in two simple steps. First, they identify the meaning of the question asked and

collect all the data from the user that may be required to answer the question. Then they answer

the question appropriately.

c. sentiment analysis:
Almost all the world is on social media these days! And
companies can use sentiment analysis to understand how a
particular type of user feels about a particular topic, product,
etc. They can use natural language processing, computational
linguistics, text analysis, etc. to understand the general
sentiment of
the users for their products and services and find out if the sentiment is good, bad, or
neutral. Companies can use sentiment analysis in a lot of ways such as to find out the
emotions of their target audience, to understand product reviews, to gauge their brand
sentiment, etc. And not just private companies, even governments use sentiment
analysis to find popular opinion and also catch out any threats to the security of the
nation.
d. Language Translator: . Google Translate and other translation tools as well as use
Sequence to sequence modeling that is a technique in
Natural Language Processing. It allows the algorithm to
convert a sequence of words from one language to another
which is translation.
e. Voice assistants: They use a complex combination of speech recognition, natural language
understanding, and natural language processing to understand what humans are saying and then
act on it. Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant.

Ethical Frameworks for AI

Frameworks:

Frameworks are a set of steps that help us in solving problems. It provides a step-by-step guide

for solving problems in an organized manner.

Ethical Frameworks
Frameworks: Frameworks are a set of steps that help us in

solving problems.

It provides a step-by-step guide for solving problems in an

organized manner. Moreover, frameworks offer a structured

approach to problem-solving, ensuring that all relevant

factors and considerations are taken into account.

Ethical Frame works:

Ethics are morals or values that assists in identifying what is right and what is wrong.

Ethical frameworks provide a valuable tool that helps us in dealing with complicated moral issues.

They offer a structured approach that assists both individuals and organizational level decision

making by considering their ethical viewpoints. Such a systematic approaches minimizes the risk of

unintentional negative results.

Need for ethical frameworks for AI:

Ethical frameworks are important to ensure AI development matches the goals for the development

of human beings.

a. fairness and bias: AI should tret everyone equally and not favour anyone.

b. privacy and data protection: AI must use personal data carefully to keep it safe and private.

c. environmental impact: AI systems should save energy and protect the environment.

d. accountability: there must be ways to check and correct AI mistakes, and make AI responsible.

e. transparency and explainability: AI decisions should be clear and easy to understand.

f. effects on employment: AI may replace some jobs, so workers must be trained to handle new

roles.

Activity: My Goodness from the textbook

Visit the website – https://www.my-goodness.net/

Take a quick look at the video to learn more about the game!
Players must make 10 decisions on how they would like to make a charitable donation.
In most cases, players will receive details about the recipients. They will also be given
information on the intended use of the money they are donating. In a few instances, this
may be hidden from them, however they can choose to reveal it.
This activity aims to understand an individual’s judgment. We are looking to discover
potential biases within us!
Data is collected anonymously and with your consent.
If you wish to delve deeper and explore your own decision-making, click on “yes.”

Types of Ethical Frameworks:

Ethical frameworks for AI can be categorized into two main types: sector-based and value- based

frameworks.
1. Sector based ethical frameworks: These frameworks focus on an ethical challenge specific to a

field or industry. Such as healthcare, finance and technology.

Bioethics: Used in healthcare to ensure decisions are fair, respectful and protect everyone’s rights.

2. Value based ethical frameworks: these frameworks concentrate on essential ethical principles

such as honesty, fairness and what is right or wrong.

a. Rights: ensures AI respects human rights and trats everyone equally.

b. utility based: aims to benefit the maximum number of people by balancing risks and benefits.

c. virtue- based: focuses on good character traits like kindness, compassion and honesty while using

AI.

Bioethics:

Bioethics is an ethical framework used in healthcare and life sciences. It deals with ethical issues

related to health, medicine, and biological sciences, ensuring that AI applications in healthcare

adhere to ethical standards and considerations.

Principles of Bioethics:
These principles ensure fairness, respect, accountability in decision making. The four primary

principles of bioethics are:

1. Respect of Autonomy: Respects a person’s right to make their own choices about their body

and life.

2. Beneficence: Act to do good and promote the wellbeing of others.

3. Non- maleficence: avoid causing harm and act in the best interest of others.

4. Justice: ensure fairness and equality in the distribution of healthcare resources.

Case Study( Example on bioethics from the textbook)

Unit 1 running notes completed

Grade: X Subject: Artificial Intelligence (417)
Part B Unit 1- Revisiting AI project Cycle & Ethical framework for AI

Text book Question and Answers (Unsolved)

1. List down the steps of the AI project cycle.

A. There are six steps of AI Project cycle : Problem Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data Exploration,

Modelling, Evaluation, Deployment.

2. What do you understand by Statistical data?

A. Statistical data is a critical domain of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that focuses on the collection,

management, analysis, and interpretation of data systems and processes.

3. The face lock feature in smartphone is an application of AI. Exp;lain how this feature

works and identify the AI domain it belong to.

A. Smartphones come with a security system of using facial recognition to lock and unlock

smartphones. It uses the front camera and computer vision algorithms to map and store facial

features securely. Once it is stored, every time to unlock it matches the input face with the

features already stored in it. Face Lock feature belongs to the Computer Vision Domain.

4. Explain the Evaluation stage of the AI Project cycle.

A. The testing phase of the AI project cycle is a critical step where the model’s performance is

evaluated to ensure it meets the predefined goals and requirements. If the model does not fulfil

the required objectives, modifications may be necessary. Once the developer ensures the model
achieves satisfactory results and aligns with the project’s goals, the AI project proceeds to the

deployment phase. This means the project will be transitioned into an operational state, where

it is fully implemented and handed over to the end-user for practical use.

5. Explain the valued based Ethical frameworks.

A.These frameworks concentrate on essential ethical principles and values such as honesty,

respect and fairness that influence decision-making. They are based on different moral beliefs

and help us judge whether actions are right or wrong, encouraging ethical behaviour. They are

further categorised as:

• Rights-based ethical frameworks

• Utility-based ethical frameworks

• Virtue-based ethical frameworks

Long answer questions

1. Explain any three applications of Computer Vision.

A. Some of the applications of computer vision are:
Object detection: Google Lens is an application of Google that can identify objects in images by

analysing a photo taken from the real world. It uses the object detection algorithm to recognise and

identify an object within images. For example, if you are unaware of the name of a flower in your

garden, click a picture with your phone using Google Lens application and it will reveal its name

along with the description.

Face lock in smartphones: Smartphones come with a security system of using facial recognition to

lock and unlock smartphones. It uses the front camera and computer vision algorithms to map and

store facial features securely. Once it is stored, every time to unlock it matches the input face with

the features already stored in it.

Self-driving cars: Self-driving cars utilise CV to recognise objects such as lamp posts, pedestrian

crossings, and stop signs. Image classification and object detection techniques enable self-driving

cars to identify road boundaries, obstacles, and determine actions such as stopping or continuing

to drive.

2. List down the types of ethical frameworks.

A. The description of these types of ethical frameworks is as follows:

Sector-based ethical frameworks: These frameworks focus on an ethical challenge specific

to a field or industry. They are trained to focus on a particular sector such as technology, finance

or healthcare. For instance, in technology, key considerations include data privacy and the

responsible development of AI. In healthcare, the emphasis is on making fair decisions that

respect everyone’s rights.

Bioethics: Bioethics is an interdisciplinary framework used in healthcare to solve tough ethical

problems. It combines ideas and principles from fields like medicine, law, and philosophy to

help doctors, patients, and researchers make fair and respectful decisions. Bioethics ensures

that healthcare decisions are made fairly, respectfully, and in ways that protect everyone’s

rights. This helps build trust and improve the overall quality of care.

Value-based ethical frameworks: These frameworks concentrate on essential ethical

principles and values such as honesty, respect and fairness that influence decision-making.

They are based on different moral beliefs and help us judge whether actions are right or wrong,

encouraging ethical behaviour. They are further categorised as:

Rights-based ethical frameworks: These frameworks are based on respecting and upholding

individual’s rights. These frameworks ensure that all policies and actions focus on basic human

rights. In context to AI, it means that AI systems should respect human rights and not
discriminate any specific group.

Utility-based ethical frameworks: These frameworks evaluate actions focusing on

maximising overall good, or minimising harm. These frameworks balance benefits and costs

to achieve the maximum benefit to the maximum number of people. In context to AI, it may

involve the potential benefits of AI applications in the betterment of human race against the

risks like data privacy and biasness, involved in using AI

Virtue-based ethical frameworks: These frameworks emphasise on the importance of

building a strong moral foundation and good character traits such as kindness, compassion and

empathy involved in decision making. In context to AI, it would mean that the developers and

users of AI should follow ethical virtues throughout the AI project cycle.

These categories offer a clear way to handle ethical issues in AI development and use, making

sure that the needs of different sectors and key ethical values are properly considered.

3. List down the major issues and concerns related to AI

A. Some of the major challenges related to AI are as follows:

Job loss: Machines and robots powered by AI can replace human workers, which could lead

to unemployment. For example, a hotel in Japan called Henn-na hotel started using robots for

hospitality resulting in job loss of humans.

Privacy risks: Many AI-powered devices and apps collect personal information, raising

concerns about privacy. For instance, Smartphones had a Face ID feature that used advanced

technology to recognise faces. Initially, the phones could be unlocked using a printed photo of

the user. However, it has since been upgraded due to privacy concerns.

AI mistakes: AI systems can make errors that have serious consequences. For example, Uber’s

self-driving cars ran through red lights during a test, and Microsoft’s chatbot Tay started posting
offensive messages online shortly after its launch.

Autonomous weapons: AI is used to create “killer robots” that can make decisions on their

own. These weapons are risky because they could be misused or hacked, leading to dangerous

situations.

Bias and discrimination: AI systems learn from data, and if the data is biased, the AI can also

become biased. This has caused problems, such as unfair hiring decisions or facial recognition

systems not working well for certain groups of people.

Environmental impact: Running AI systems requires a lot of electricity, which can harm the

environment by increasing carbon emissions. This makes it important to consider how we can

use AI in a more eco-friendly way.

4. Why the ethical framework is necessary for AI?

A. Ethical frameworks provide a valuable tool that help us in dealing with complicated moral

issues. They offer a structured approach that assists both individuals and organisational level

decision-making by considering their ethical viewpoints. Such a systematic approach

guarantees that possible consequences are sensibly assessed and it minimises the risk of

unintentional negative results. By adhering ethical frameworks, individuals and organisations

can make choices that align with their values, promote beneficial outcomes for all stakeholders,

and improve the overall responsibility and ethical decision-making. AI is introducing many

great new applications and providing benefits across all areas of our lives. As AI moves from

research labs into the real world, more and more people are becoming aware of ethical concerns

AI is a powerful tool. It can be used in ways that can affect the society – positively or negatively.

For example, electricity or nuclear energy, a lot depends on us - how we utilise AI for humanity.

5. Differentiate between data acquisition and data exploration in AI project cycle.

A. Data Acquisition: The next stage in the AI project cycle is known as data acquisition. This

stage involves gathering raw data, which is essential for referencing or performing analysis that

will guide the project. The process of data acquisition encompasses the collection of a wide

range of data types, including text, numerical values, images, videos, and audio. These various

forms of data can be sourced from multiple places such as the internet, academic journals,

newspapers, and other relevant publications or databases. The goal of data acquisition is to

capture accurate and valuable information that reflects real-world scenarios. This collected data

serves as a foundation of the project that provides valuable insights and enabling the

improvement of the project’s performance and the development of more precise AI solutions.

Data Exploration: Data exploration is a crucial step that involves analysing large volumes of

data to uncover meaningful patterns, trends, and relationships using various data visualisation

and statistical techniques. By transforming raw data into visual formats such as charts, graphs,

and plots, data scientists can more easily interpret and draw insights from the information. This

analytical approach not only helps to reveal underlying structures within the dataset but also

facilitates the identification of anomalies or irregularities, ultimately laying the groundwork for

more informed and effective decision-making in subsequent stages of the AI project.

6. What is NLP? Explain any two real life applications of NLP.

A. Natural language is the language used by humans to communicate with each other by writing

or speaking. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the domain of artificial intelligence focused

on enabling machines to understand, analyse, and interact with humans through natural

language. NLP works with two main types of data: text and speech. It combines the fields of

linguistics and computer science to analyse language structure and provide guidelines to make

models which can comprehend, break down and separate significant details from text and
speech. For example, social media platforms like X (formerly Twitter) use NLP to identify and

filter out harmful content in user tweets. Amazon uses NLP to analyse customer reviews and

improve user experience.

Some of the real-time applications of NLP are:

Plagiarism Checker: It uses NLP to search through online repositories and identify any

cases of published content that match your work line by line, warning you about them.

Chatbots: Chatbots are software applications that use NLP to communicate with users via text

or speech. Smart assistants like Alexa and Siri understand the speech pattern of the instructions

and execute them.

7. What is the necessity of Ethical Frameworks in AI development?

A. The need for the ethical framework is given below:

Fairness and bias: AI should treat everyone equally. Ethical frameworks help reduce bias in

AI, ensuring it do not favour one group over another. This ensures all individuals are given

equal opportunities and treatment.

Privacy and data protection: AI uses a lot of personal data, so guidelines are needed to protect

people’s privacy and ensure data is used responsibly. Clear rules help prevent misuse and ensure

data security.

Environmental impact: AI systems can use a lot of energy. Ethical frameworks encourage

creating AI that uses less energy and is better for the environment. This ensures that AI doesn’t

harm the planet while advancing technology.

Accountability: People are impacted by the decisions made by AI. There need to be methods

for comprehending and contesting these choices. This guarantees that AI is responsible for its

deeds.
Transparency and explainability: AI decision-making should be understandable to the

general public, particularly in critical domains like healthcare and finance. In addition to

building trust, this improves the identification of mistakes.

Effects on employment: Since AI has the potential to replace some professions, it’s critical to

support workers by providing them with new skill training. This makes it easier for workers to

adjust to changes in the workforce and maintain their jobs.

8. Mention the key characteristics of sector based frameworks.

A. Sector-based ethical frameworks: These frameworks focus on an ethical challenge specific

to a field or industry. They are trained to focus on a particular sector such as technology, finance

or healthcare. For instance, in technology, key considerations include data privacy and the

responsible development of AI. In healthcare, the emphasis is on making fair decisions that

respect everyone’s rights.

Bioethics: Bioethics is an interdisciplinary framework used in healthcare to solve tough ethical

problems. It combines ideas and principles from fields like medicine, law, and philosophy to

help doctors, patients, and researchers make fair and respectful decisions. Bioethics ensures

that healthcare decisions are made fairly, respectfully, and in ways that protect everyone’s

rights. This helps build trust and improve the overall quality of care.

Unit 1 notes completed