Co-ordinate Geometry

Dr. Mohammed Shamim Uddin Khan

Learning Objectives:
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
(i) Understand coordinates, distance between two points, section formula, area of
a triangle, locus of a point.
(ii) Formulate and graph different forms of straight lines
(iii) Handle business problem with coordinate geometry.
Introduction: An important connection between algebra and geometry can be made by
the introduction of a coordinate system. French Mathematician Renatus Cartesius (1596 –
1650) linked together two branches of mathematics, algebra and geometry. Rene Des
Cartes’ work evolved into a new subject called analytical geometry and according to his
name, Co-ordinate Geometry is some times called Cartesian Geometry. It gave a way of
describing algebraic formulas by means of geometric curves and a way of describing
geometric curves by algebraic formulas. In this chapter we shall discuss some of these
ideas and in later we shall illustrate their business application.
Directed Line Segment:
Real numbers can be represented geometrically on a line. We begin by selecting an
arbitrary point O, called the origin and associate to it the real number 0. We then establish
scale by marking off line segments of equal length on each side of 0. By agreeing that the
positive direction is to the right of 0 and the negative direction is to the left of 0, we can
successively associate the integers 1, 2, 3, ... to each mark to the right of 0 and the
integers -1, -2, -3, .... to each mark to the left of 0. Thus, a directed line is a straight line
with number of units indicated by positive, zero and negative integer. It is illustrated
below:
The Rectangular Coordinate System:
We often use visual model for clear understanding of different mathematical
concepts. The visual model will most frequently take the form of graphical
representation. To be able to sketch the graph of a function or a relation, we shall make
use of the rectangular Cartesian coordinate system. It consists of a pair of perpendicular
lines with a positive direction chosen on each as indicated by the arrows. The lines are
called the X and Y axes, and their intersection is the origin. A point is located by giving
its distance and direction from each axis. Distance measured to the right from the Y axis
parallel to the X axis are considered positive, as are those up from the X axis parallel to
the Y axis. Distance measured to the left from the Y axis and those down from the X axis
are negative. The distance and direction from the Y axis to a point is called the abscissa
of the point. The distance and direction from the X axis to a point is known as the
ordinate of the point. The abscissa and ordinate are called the coordinates of the point.
They are enclosed in parentheses and separated by a comma, and the abscissa is written
first. They form an ordered pair. Thus, the location of any point A is specified by the
ordered pair of values ( x, y ) . The point of intersection of the two axes or origin has
coordinates (0, 0). The four portions into which the axes divide the plane are called
quadrants and these parts are XOY, X/OY, X/OY/ and XOY/ which indicated as first,
second, third and fourth quadrant. The position of the coordinates in a particular quadrant
would depend on the positive and negative values of the coordinates as shown in the
Figure 1.

Y
.A(x, y)

X/ O X

Y/
Distance between Two Points:
We now state a formula for finding the distance between two points in the plane.
Let ( x1 , y1 ) denote the coordinates of a point P1 and let ( x2 , y 2 ) be the coordinates of a
point P2 . The distance d between P1 and P2 is given by the formula
d = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 ) 2 .
Thus, to compute the distance between two points, find the difference of their
abscissas, square it, and add this to the square of the difference of their ordinates. The
square root of this sum is the distance.
The distance between two points is never a negative number. Furthermore, the
only time the distance is zero is when the two points are identical. Finally, it makes no
difference whether the distance is computed from P1 to P2 or from P2 to P1 i.e.
d ( P1 , P2 ) = d ( P1 , P2 )
Section Formula: The coordinate of a point R ( x, y ) which divides the join of two points
P( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y 2 ) in a given ratio m1 : m2
m x + m2 x1 m y + m2 y1
Internally are x = 1 2 , y= 1 2
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
m x − m2 x1 m y − m2 y1
Externally are x = 1 2 , y= 1 2
m1 − m2 m1 − m2
If R ( x, y ) is the middle point of the two points P( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y 2 ) then m1 = m2
x + x2 y + y2
x= 1 y= 1
2 2
Coordinates of a Centroid: Let the coordinates of a triangle are P( x1 , y1 ) , Q( x2 , y 2 )
 x + x2 + x3 y1 + y 2 + y3 
and R( x3 , y3 ) then the centroid is  1 , 
 3 3 
Locus of a Point:
When a point moves under a certain condition or conditions, the path it traces out is
called its locus under these conditions. Let us consider a point P which moves in such a
way that its distance from a fixed point O remains always the same, say, equal to a .
Then we know that it traces out a circle of radius a . Thus, the locus of P is a circle of
radius a .
When a point moves so as to satisfy any given condition or conditions it describes
some definite curve (or locus) and a relation can always be found between the
coordinates of any point on the path. This relation is called the equation of the curve or
the locus. Thus the equation to a curve is the relation which exists between the
coordinates of any point on the curve, and which holds for no other points except those
lying on the curve.
Straight Lines:
If a point moves without changing its direction in a plane then its locus is straight line
and the equation of the locus is the equation of the straight line. Every first degree
equation in x and y always represents a straight line and conversely every straight line
can be represented by a first degree equation in x and y .
The general equation of the first degree is of the form ax + by + c = 0 , where a, b,
and c are constants.
Slope (or Gradient) of a Straight Line:
The steepness of a ski slope, the pitch of a roof, and the steepness of the glide path of a
descending airplane all are associated with the mathematical concept of the slope of a
straight line. Numerically, the slope of a straight line is the ratio of the vertical change
(rise or fall) to the horizontal change (run) between two points on the line, where the rise
or fall is the vertical separation and the run is the horizontal separation of the two points.
Vertical change (rise)
Slope = .
Horizontal change (run)
Hence the slope of a straight line joining the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y 2 ) is
y − y1
Slope = 2
x2 − x1
The inclination of a straight line is also defined as the angle which it makes with
the positive direction of the x-axis and the tangent of the angle of inclination is called its
slope. If  be the inclination then the slope of straight line is tan  and it is denoted by
m i.e. m = tan  . For the equation y = mx , m is the slope of the straight line.
Equations of the Coordinate Axes:
The equation of x-axis is y = 0 .
The equation of y-axis is x = 0 .
Equation of Lines Parallel to the Coordinate Axes:
The equation of a straight line which is parallel to the x-axis is y = a , where a is
constant.
The equation of a straight line which is parallel to the y-axis is x = b , where b is
constant.
Origin–Slope Form:
If the straight line passes through the origin (0, 0) then the equation of the line is y = mx
Point–Slope Form:
The equation of the straight line of slope m passing through the point P( x1 , y1 ) is
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) .
Slope – Intercept Form:
The equation of a straight line which cuts of a given intercept c on the axis of y and is
inclined at a given angle to the positive direction of x –axis is y = x tan  + c
y = mx + c where m = tan 
When c is positive the point c lies above the x –axis, when c is negative the
point c lies below the x –axis and when c is zero then the equation of a line passing
through the origin and making an angle  with the x –axis.
Two –Point Form:
The equation of a straight line passing through the two points P( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y 2 ) is
y − y1 x − x1
= .
y1 − y2 x1 − x2
Intercept Form:
The equation of a straight line which cuts off intercepts a and b from the axes is
x y
+ =1
a b
Normal (or Perpendicular) form: The normal form of the equation of a straight line is
x cos + y sin  = p
where p is the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the line and  is the angle
made by perpendicular with the positive direction of x-axis.
Equation of the Line Passing Through the Intersection of Two Lines:
The equation of the line passing through the intersection of two lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 will be (a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) + K (a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0 where K is
arbitrary constant.
Perpendicular Distance:
The length of the perpendicular distance d from a point P( x1 , y1 ) on the line
ax + by1 + c
ax + by + c = 0 is d =  1 .
(a 2 + b 2 )
Positive sign is chosen when c is positive and the negative sign when c is negative. This
formula gives positive when P lies on same side of the line of the origin, a negative result
when P lies on the opposite sides of the origin.
Angle between Two Lines: The angle between the two lines y = m1 x + c1
and y = m2 x + c2 is
m − m2
tan  =  1 where m1 and m2 are the slopes of the lines.
1 + m1 m2
Condition of parallelism of Two Lines: Condition of parallelism of the two
lines y = m1 x + c1 and y = m2 x + c2 is m1 = m2
Condition of Perpendicularity of Two Lines:
Condition of perpendicularity of the two lines y = m1 x + c1 and y = m2 x + c2 is
m1m2 = −1
Bisectors of Angle between Two Straight Lines:
The equation of the bisectors of the angle between two straight lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a x + b2 y + c2
= 2
a12 + b12 a22 + b22

Some System of Straight lines:

The equation to the line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + K = 0 ; where K is
constant to be determined by a suitable condition.
The equation to the line perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is bx − ay + K = 0 ;
where K is an arbitrary constant to be determined by a suitable condition.
Concurrent Lines:
Let the three lines are
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0.......... .......... ........( i)
a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0.......... .......... .......( ii)
a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0.......... .......... ........( iii)
The three straight lines will be concurrent if the point of intersection of any two of the
lines lies on the third. This can be written as in the determinant form:
a1 b1 c1
a 2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3
which is the required condition for the concurrency of three straight lines.
Collinearity of Three Points:
In case of the three points of a triangle are in a straight line, they are called collinear. The
area of such a triangle is always equal to zero.
Let P( x1 , y1 ) , Q( x2 , y 2 ) and R( x3 , y 3 ) are three points.
If each of them lies on the line ax + by + c = 0 then we can write,
ax1 + by1 + c = 0.......... .......... ........( i)
ax2 + by2 + c = 0.......... .......... .......( ii)
ax3 + by3 + c = 0.......... .......... ........( iii)
Eliminating a, b, and c from (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
 x1 y1 1
x2 y 2 1 = 0
x3 y 3 1
which is the required condition for the collinearity of the points.
Area of a Triangle:
Let the three lines are
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0.......... .......... ........( i)
a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0.......... .......... .......( ii)
a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0.......... .......... ........( iii)
The area of the triangle formed by three lines can be written as
x1 y1 1
1
Area = x 2 y 2 1
2
x3 y 3 1

Problem 1: Find the coordinates of the points which divides PQ internally ad externally
in the ratio 2:3; given that P and Q are (6,-3) and (-4, 2).
Solution: Let R and S respectively divide PQ internally and externally in the ratio 2:3
 2(−4) + 3.6 2.2 + 3(−3) 
Then R is  ,  = (2, − 1)
 2+3 2+3 
 2(−4) − 3.6 2.2 − 3(−3) 
Again S is  ,  = (26, − 13)
 2−3 2−3 
Problem 2: Find the coordinates of the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 2),
(7, 2) and (7, 5).
1+ 7 + 7 2 + 2 + 5 
Solution: The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle is  ,  = (5, 3)
 3 3 
Problem 3: Find the area of the triangle by the points (-3, 4), (6, 2) and (4, -3)
The area of the triangle formed by the three points (-3, 4), (6, 2) and (4, -3) is

−3 4 1
1
Area = 6 2 1
2
4 −3 1
1 − 49
= [−3(2 + 3) − 6(4 + 3) + 4(4 − 2) =
2 2
49
= square unit (since area cannot be negative)
2
Problem 4: Show that the points (-1, 3), (2, 9) and (-3, -1) are collinear.
Solution: The three points will be collinear if the area of the triangle formed by these
three points is zero.
 −1 3 1
Now the area = 2 9 1
− 3 −1 1
= - 1(9+1)-3(2+3)+1(-2+27)
= - 10-15+25
=0
So the three points are collinear.

Problem 5: Find the locus of a point which is equidistant from the points (1, 2) and 3, 5)
Solution: Let P ( x, y ) be any point on the locus. It is given that the distance of P from
A(1, 2) and B (3, 5) is always same, i.e. PA = PB
Now PA = ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 2) 2
PB = ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 5) 2
Thus PA = PB
( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 2) 2 = ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 5) 2
( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 2) 2 = ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 5) 2
4 x + 6 y = 29 , which is the required locus.
Problem 6: Determine the distance between the two points (3, -2) and (10, 5).
Solution: Let the given two points are A(3, -2) and B(10,5).
The distance between the two points is AB = (3 − 10) 2 + ( −2 − 5) 2
= ( −7) 2 + ( −7) 2 = 98 units .
−8
Problem 7: Show that the equation of the line, which has a slope of and passes
3
through the point (-1, 2) is 3 y + 8 x + 2 = 0 .
Solution: Let the required of a line will be y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
−8
y−2= ( x + 1)
3
3 y − 6 = −8 x − 8
3 y + 8 x + 2, which is the required equation (Showed).
Problem 8: Find the intercept of the line 6 x − 4 y − 18 = 0 makes on the axes. Find also
its slope.
Solution: Given equation is 6 x − 4 y − 18 = 0.......... ........( i )
6 x − 4 y = 18
6x − 4 y
+ =1
18 18
 x y
+ = 1 ; which is the equation of intercept form and hence the intercepts on the
3 −9
2
−9
axes are 3 and .
2
Again, the equation (i) can be written as
4 y = 6 x − 18 ;
3 9 3
y = x − ; which is the equation of slope- intercept form and hence the slope is
2 2 2
Problem 9: Find the equation of the straight line passes through the point (3, 5) and
making equal intercept of opposite sign on the axis.
Solution: Let the equation will be
x y
+ = 1.......... .....( i )
a b
Since the intercepts on the both axes are equal and opposite, so we can write a = −b
x y
Thus the equation (i) is + =1
−b b
y − x = b.......... .......... .....( ii)
Again, equation (ii) passes through the point (3,5) then we get,
5–3=b
b=2
Putting the value of b in equation (ii) we get,
y − x = 2 which is the required line.
Problem 10: Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 1) and parallel to
the line 4 x + 4 y + 7 = 0 .
Solution: Given the equation of a line is
4 x + 4 y + 7 = 0.......... .......... .....( i )
The equation of the line, which is parallel to (i) is

4 x + 4 y + K = 0.......... .......... .....( ii)

Since equation (ii) passes through the point (1, 1), thus we have
4.1 + 4.1 + K = 0
K = −8
Putting the value of K in (ii) we get,
4 x + 4 y − 8 = 0, which is the required line.
Problem 11: Find the equation of the line passing through the point (3, 1) and
perpendicular to the line 2 x + 7 y − 5 = 0 .
Solution: Given the equation of a line is
2 x + 7 y − 5 = 0.......... .......... ......( i )
The equation of the line, which is perpendicular to (i) is

7 x − 2 y + K = 0.......... .......... ......( i )

Since equation (ii) passes through the point (3, 1), thus we have
7..3 − 2.1 + K = 0
K = −19
Putting the value of K in (ii) we get,
7 x − 2 y − 19 = 0, which is the required line.
Problem 12: Find the equation of a line through the point of intersection of the lines
x − y + 1 = 0 and x + y + 1 = 0 and also parallel to the line 2 x + 3 y + 4 = 0 .
Solution: Given equations are
x − y + 1 = 0.......... .........( i )
x + y + 1 = 0.......... ........( ii)
2 x + 3 y + 4 = 0.......... .......( iii)
Any line through the point of intersection of the lines (i) and (ii) is
( x − y + 1) + K ( x + y + 1) = 0.......... .......... ...( iv)
( K + 1) x − (1 − K ) y + K + 1 = 0
K +1 K +1
y= x+
1− K 1− K
K +1
The slope of the line (iv) is m1 =
1− K
−2
The slope of the line (iii) is m 2 =
3
Since the line (iii) and (iv) are parallel, so the slopes of the lines are must equal.
m1 = m2
K +1 − 2
=
1− K 3
K = −5
Putting the value of K in (iv) we get,
( x − y + 1) + (−5)( x + y + 1) = 0
x − y + 1 − 5x − 5 y − 5 = 0
4x + 6 y + 4 = 0
2 x + 3 y + 2 = 0, which is the required line.
Problem 13: Find the angle between the pair of lines y + 5 x = 7 and 5 x − y + 2 = 0
Solution: Given equations are
y = −5 x + 7.......... .......( i )
y = 5 x + 2.......... ........( ii)
From the equation (i) and (ii), the slopes are m1 = −5 and m2 = 5
If  be the angle between the two lines (i) and (ii) then we can write,
m − m2 −5−5 − 10
tan  = 1 = =
1 + m1 m2 1 + (−5)(5) − 24
5
 = tan −1 ( )
12
Problem 14: Determine the equations of the bisectors of the angle between the
lines 3 x − 4 y + 12 = 0 and 12x + 5 y − 30 = 0
Solution: Let P ( x, y ) be any point on any one of the bisectors, we have
3x − 4 y + 12 12x + 5 y − 30
=
(3) + (−4)
2 2
(12) 2 + (5) 2
3 x − 4 y + 12 12x + 5 y − 30
=
5 13
By taking positive and negative sign we get
21x + 77 y = 306 and 33x − 9 y + 2 = 0
Problem 15: An industry spends Tk. 4000 to process 100 orders and Tk. 6000 to process
200 orders. Find the linear relationship between the processing money and the number of
orders. Find the money spent for 300 orders?
Solution: Let x = Number of orders
and y = expense.
Then the required linear relationship between the number of orders and the expenses is
the equation of the straight line joining the points (100, 4000) and (200, 6000) and its
equation is

y − 4000 x − 100
=
4000 − 6000 100 − 200

y − 4000 x − 100
=
− 2000 − 100
y − 4000 x − 100
=
20 1
20x –y + 2000 = 0
When the number of orders x = 300, then the required expenses will be
20 (300) –y + 2000 = 0
y = 8000
Problem 16: A firm invested Tk. 10 million in a new factory that has a net return of
5,00000 per year. An investment of Tk. 20 million would yield a net income of Tk. 2
million per year. What is the linear relationship between investment and annual income?
What would be the annual return on an investment of Tk. 15 million?

Solution: Let x represent the investment and y represent the annual income.
Then the required linear relationship between investment and return is the equation of the
straight line joining the points (10000000, 500000) and (20000000, 2000000) and its
equation is
y − 500000 x − 10000000
=
500000− 2000000 10000000− 20000000

y − 500000 x − 10000000
=
− 1500000 − 10000000
 y − 500000 x − 10000000
=
− 15 − 100

3x - 20y – 20000000 = 0
Again when x = 15000000, the annual income y can be found by putting the value of x in
the equation obtained i.e. 3(15000000) – 20y – 20000000 = 0
y = Tk. 1250000.
Problem 17: As the number of units manufactured increases from 4000 to 6000 the total
cost of production increases from Tk.2000 to 30000. Find the relationship between the
cost (y) and the number of units made (x) if the relationship is linear.

Solution: x = 4000, y = 22000

x = 6000, y = 30000
As the relationship between x and y is linear, we have to find the equation of line through
(4000, 22000) and (6000, 30000).
The required relationship is
y − 22000 x − 4000
=
22000 − 30000 4000 − 6000

4x –y + 6000 = 0
Problem 18: The cost of producing 200 pens is Tk.1400 and cost of producing 500 pens
is Tk.2500. Find the linear relationship between the cost y of producing x pens. What
number of pens must be produced and sold at Tk.5 per pen so that there is neither profit
nor loss.
Solution:
The required linear relationship between the number of pens and the cost is the equation
of the straight line joining the points (200, 1400) and (500, 2500) and its equation is

y − 1400 x − 200
=
1400 − 2500 200 − 500
y − 1400 x − 200
=
− 1100 − 300

y − 1400 x − 200
=
11 3

3 y − 4200 = 11x − 2200

3 y − 11x − 2000 = 0 ; which is the required relationship between the number of
pens and cost.
,
2nd part: The relationship between the number of pens and cost is 3 y − 11x − 2000 = 0
1
i.e. y = (11x + 2000)
3
 1
Total cost (TC) = y = (11x + 2000)
3
Total revenue (TR) = 5x
We know that at the break even point, TR = TC
1
5 x = (11x + 2000)
3
15x = 11x + 2000
4x = 2000
x = 500 pens.
Hence 500 pens should be produced for neither profit nor loss.
Problem 19: The total expenses of a hostel y are partly constant and partly proportional
to the number of the boarder of the hostel x. The total expenses are Tk.1500 when there
are 12 members in the hostel and Tk.2000 for 20 members.
Requirement:
(i) Find the linear relationship between x and y.
(ii) Find the constant expenses and the variable expenses per member.
(iii) What would be the total expenditure if the member in the hostel is 15
Solution:
The required linear relationship between the number of boarders and the total expenses is
the equation of the straight line joining the points (12, 1500) and (20, 2000) and its
equation is
y − 1500 x − 12
=
1500 − 2000 12 − 20

y − 1500 x − 12
=
− 500 −8
y − 1500 x − 12
=
125 2
2 y − 3000 = 125x − 1500
2 y − 125x − 1500 = 0 ; which is the required relationship between the number
of boarder and expenses.

2nd part: The relationship between the number of boarder and expenses is
2 y − 125x − 1500 = 0
125
i.e. y = x + 750
2
Comparing the above relation with the standard slope-intercept form y = mx + c , it is
clear that the constant expenses is Tk.750 and variable expenses per member is Tk.62.5

3rd part: When the number of boarder is 15 then the total expenditure will be
125
y= .(15) + 750 = 1687.50
2
Hence the total expenditure will be Tk.1687.50
Problem 20: The total cost y for x unit of a certain product consists of fixed cost and the
variable cost. It is known that the total cost is Tk.6000 for 500 units and Tk.9000 for
1000 units.
(i) Find the linear relationship between x and y.
(ii) Find the slope of the line, what does it indicate?
(iii) Find the number of units that must be produced so that
(a) There is neither profit nor loss.
(b) There is a profit of Tk. 1000
(c) There is a loss of Tk. 300; it being given that the selling price is Tk.8 per
unit.
Solution:
(i) The equation of a line, which is, passes through the two points (500, 6000) and
(1000, 9000) will be
x − 500 y − 6000
= .
500 − 1000 6000 − 9000
y = 6 x + 3000 ; which is the required relationship between x and y.
y − y 2 6000 − 9000
(ii) Slope = 1 = = 6.
x1 − x 2 500 − 1000
Here slope indicates that Tk.6 is added to the total cost (y) for every additional one unit
produced.
(iii) (a) At break-even point, revenue = cost.
8x = 6x + 3000
x = 1500.
(b) When profit is Tk.1000.
profit = revenue – cost
1000 = 8x − 6x − 3000
x = 2000.
(d) When loss is Tk.300
loss = cost – revenue
300 = 6x + 3000 − 8x
x = 1350.
Problem 21: A printer quotes a price of Tk.7,500 for printing 1000 copies of a book and
Tk.15,000 for printing 2,500 copies. Assuming a linear relationship and that 2000 books
are printed.
Required: (i) Find the equation of the number of books and the cost.
(ii) What is the variable cost?
(iii) What is the fixed cost?
(iv) What is the variable cost per book?
(v) What is the average cost per book?
Solution:
(i) The equation of a line, which is, passes through the two points (1000, 7500) and
(2500, 15,000) will be
x − 1000 y − 7500
= .
1000 − 2500 7500 − 15000
 x − 1000 y − 7500
=
− 1500 − 7500
x − 1000 y − 7500
=
1 5
y = 5 x + 2500 ; which is the required relationship between x and y.
(ii) When 2000 books are printed, the cost of printing is
y = 5  2000 + 2500 = 10,000 + 2500 = 12500
Thus the variable cost is Tk.10,000
(iii) The fixed cost is Tk.2500
(iv) The variable cost per book is Tk.5
12500
(v) Average cost per book is = Tk. 6.25
2000
Problem 22: A factory produces 200 bulbs for a total cost of Tk.800 and 400 bulbs for a
total cost of Tk. 1200. Given that the cost curve is a straight line, find the equation of the
straight line and use it to find the cost of producing 300 bulbs.
Solution:
Let x = Number of bulbs, y = cost
For x1 = 200, y1 = 800
First point is (200, 800)
For x2 = 400, y2 = 1200
Second point is (400, 1200)
As the relationship between x and y is linear, we have to find the equation of line through
(200, 800) and (400, 1200).
The required relationship is
y − 800 x − 200
=
800 − 1200 200 − 400
y − 800 x − 200
=
− 400 − 200
y − 800 x − 200
=
2 1
y − 800 = 2 x − 400
y = 2 x + 400 ; which is the required relationship between x and y.
2nd part: The relationship between x and y is y = 2 x + 400
When x = 300 then y = 1000