Data Communication and Networking

DATA COMMUNICATIONS &

COMPUTER NETWORKS

You have learnt about introductions to computers, computer systems and the use
of computers, in the previous lecture. Nowadays most people are using computers
in their offices, homes, markets etc. Modern technology facilitates people to
connect, share, and communicate with people sitting on one computer to
another computer at different place. Data communications refers to the
transmission of this digital data between two or more computers and a
computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows
computers to exchange data. The physical connection between networked
computing devices is created using either a cable or wireless device. Internet,
for example, is a prime example of networked computers communicating with
each other using data transfer mechanisms. This lesson will introduce you the
various aspects of computer network and data communications.

OBJECTIVES
After reading this lesson, you will be able to:

⚫ Describe basic elements of data communication system, transmission

modes, digital and analog transmission;
⚫ Summarize communication terminologies (E-M spectrum, band, bandwidth
and transfer rate);
⚫ Explain transmission media;
⚫ List network devices (modem, RJ45 connector, ethernet card etc.);
⚫ Define malwares: virus, spam, hacking etc.;
⚫ Secure your system.

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5.1 DATA COMMUNICATION

In our day to day life we communicate with people around us by using telephone,
mobile and letters. In the same way, computer can communicate or send information
to another computer system placed anywhere in the world. All this is possible
using some standard methods. These methods basically use electrical signals
Notes carried along a conductor, optical fibres or over wireless devices using satellites.
The most fundamental unit of exchange is in the form of bits (0s and 1s) between
two devices. Such information is encoded and then decoded at the beginning and
end of data communication channels so that it is easily understood by humans.

For example, a computer teacher wants to convey some messages to his/her

students. He will send the message from his computer (central computer) and all
the students will receive the message on other computers connected to the central
computer through networking. All this can happen in few seconds. So we can say
that people can send or get information or communicate with people through e-
mail. This is possible because of computer networking. So sending an email is an
example of data communication via computer network called Internet. Note that
data communication has a subtle difference from telecommunication as we know
it. Data communication in the specific context of this lesson refers to data
exchange between computers.

5.1.1 Basic Elements of Communication System

The symbolic diagram of communication system is shown in Fig. 5.1

Information sender Transmitter Channel Receiver

Information receiver

Fig. 5.1: Symbolic Diagram of Communication System

Basic elements of communication system are as follows-

Transmitter – converts the information in a suitable form before transmission.
The Channel – The physical medium or the communication channel used to send
the information from the transmitter to the receiver.
The Receiver – It receives the information transmitted by the transmitter.

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5.1.2 Transmission Modes

There are three ways of transmitting data as shown in Fig. 5.2.

A B
Simplex A to B

A B
Notes
Half Duplex A to B or B to A

A B

Full Duplex A to B and/or B to A

Fig. 5.2: Ways of Transmitting Data

Three types of transmission modes are-

Simplex: In this type of transmission, data can be sent only in one direction i.e.,
it’s a uni-directional mode. The receiver only receives the data, but can not
communicate back to the sender.
Half Duplex: In half duplex system, we can send data in both directions but
sender can either receive the data or send the data at a particular time. So when
the sender is sending the data, it cannot receive the data and vice versa.
Full Duplex: In this mode, we can send data in both directions as it is bidirectional
mode. We can send and receive data at the same time.

5.1.3 Analog and Digital Transmission

Analog and digital transmission signal diagrams are shown in Fig. 5.3 below.
Digital signal

Analog signal

Fig. 5.3: Analog and Digital Signal Transmission

Data is transmitted from one point to another point through electrical signals that
may be in digital or analog form.

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Basic Computing
Analog Transmission: In this transmission, information changes continuously
and can take on many different values. It uses a continuous signal to transmit
voice, data, image or other information between two systems. For example,
telephones take sound vibrations and turn them into electrical vibrations of the
same shape before they are transmitted over traditional telephone lines.
Digital Transmission: In this transmission, information is characterized by
Notes discrete states. A light bulb, for example, is on or off. A digital clock represents the
time in one-minute intervals and does not change its numbers again until the next
minute. So the transmission signal is not continuous but discrete. So the digital
transmission is quite different from the analog one. The signal in digital transmission
is much simpler. It’s a series of 0s and 1s. So 1 (or On) is represented by peak of
the signal and 0 (or Off) is represented by bottom of the signal.

5.2 COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGY

The section below briefly summarizes the terminology used in communications
using computers. It talks about bandwidth and electromagnetic spectrum.
1. E-M Spectrum: The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible
frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. The E-M spectrum of an object
has a different meaning, and is instead the characteristic distribution of E-
M radiation emitted or absorbed by the particular object. The E-M spectrum
extends from the low frequencies used for modem radio communication to
gamma radiation at the short wavelength (high frequency)end, covering
wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of
an atom.
Although the electromagnetic spectrum represents an enormous range of
frequencies, not all the frequencies are suitable to purposes of human
communications. Fig. 5.4 below shows the E-M Spectrum of various
communication and network devices.

Fig. 5.4: E-M Spectrum of Communication Devices

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2. Bandwidth: It is the range of frequencies that make up a signal. There are

three major classes of bandwidth that we refer to in telecommunications
networks: narrowband, wideband, and broadband.
A. Narrowband
It can accommodate up to 64Kbps, which is also known as the DS-0
(Digital Signal level 0) channel. This is the fundamental increment on
which digital networks were built. Initially, this metric of 64Kbps was Notes
derived based on our understanding of what it would take to carry voice
in a digital manner through the network. If we combine these 64Kbps
channels together, we can achieve wideband transmission rates.
B. Wideband
Wideband is a transmission medium or channel that has a wider
bandwidth than the voice channel i. e., more than 64Kbps. This term is
usually contrasted with narrowband.
C. Broadband
The most modern bandwidth used has broadband capacities. Broadband
can be defined in different ways, depending on what part of the industry
you are talking about. Technically speaking, it has been defined as
being anything over 2Mbps. The term broadband refers to any type of
transmission technique that carries several data channels over a
common wire. For example, in home networking, broadband
constitutes any form of high-speed Internet access using this
transmission technique.
3. Transfer Rate : It is the amount of digital data that is moved from one
place to another in a given time. Usually in second’s time. The data transfer
rate can be viewed as the speed of travel of a given amount of data from
one place to another.

5.3 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

The transmission media that are used to convey information can be classified as
guided or unguided. Guided media provides a physical path between transmitter
and receiver.
Guided media include –
1. Twisted Pair: A twisted pair of wires consists of two insulated copper
wires, typically about 1 mm thickness. The wires are twisted together in a
helical shape. These are commonly used in local telephone communication.

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2. Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cable consists of a stiff copper wire as the core,
surrounded by an insulating material. Higher data rates over longer distance
can be achieved with coaxial cable.
3. Optical Fiber: This media is superior in data handling and for security
purposes. Each fiber has an inner core of glass or plastic that conducts
light. It’s a flexible transparent fiber made using silica glass and has been
Notes drawn very thin. Optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication
and computer networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables.
It is especially advantageous for long-distance communications, because
light propagates through the fiber with little attenuation compared to
electrical cables.
Unguided media employs an antenna for transmitting through air, vacuum, or
water. Unguided media includes –
1. Microwave Transmission: In microwave transmission the waves travel in
straight lines. It gives a much higher signal noise ratio, but the transmitting
and receiving antennas must be accurately aligned with each other.
2. Radio Waves: Radio waves can be broadcasted in all directions from the
source i.e., Omni-directional so that the transmitter and receiver do not
have to be carefully aligned physically.
3. Infrared Waves: Infrared waves are widely used for short-range
communication. The remote controls used on television, VCRs and stereos
use infrared communication.
4. Communication Satellite: In satellite communication, signal transferring
between the sender and receiver is done with the help of satellite. In this
process, the signal which is basically a beam of modulated microwaves is
sent towards the satellite. Then the satellite amplifies the signal and sends it
back to the receiver’s antenna present on the earth’s surface. So, all the
signal transferring is happening in space. Thus this type of communication
is known as space communication.
5. Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a WPAN technology. Accordingly its radio
characteristics include low power, short range, and medium transmission
speed. It effectively exchanges data over short range. Today the Bluetooth
market focuses on professional and field workers, who need to travel off-
site but still require access to corporate communication and information.
6. Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is a Local Area Network (LAN) - you will know more about
LAN, later in this lesson. Wi-Fi depends on a high energy intake to offer a
100 meter range and much higher transmission rate. This speed makes
Wi-Fi much more faster Bluetooth and similar to a high speed modem.
For large file transfer and quick Internet access, Wi-Fi outperforms
Bluetooth.

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5.4 COMPUTER NETWORK

A computer network is a group of computers which are interconnected to exchange
and share information. People can transfer or receive information at minimum cost
and time, using computer networks. The Internet is a computer network that
millions of people use every day. Other shared resources can include a printer or a
file server. The Internet itself can be considered as a computer network.
Data or information available at a central computer can be easily shared, updated Notes
and accessed by all the other users connected to the central computer. Computer
networks from ISPs to Wi-Fi and cellular networks are a key part of the
information economy. These networks are the foundation for the Web. The
connection between computers can be done via cabling, most commonly the
Ethernet cable, or wirelessly through radio waves. Connected computers can
share resources, like access to the Internet, printers, file servers, and others. A
network is a multipurpose connection, which allows a single computer to do more.

5.4.1 Network devices

Computer network devices are also known as communication devices and they
constitute a data communication network. These devices are routers, switches,
hubs, LAN cards, gateway, modems, hardware firewall, Channel Service Unit
(CSU)/Data Service Unit (DSU), ISDN terminals and transceivers. In an Ethernet
or WAN network, the data communication cannot be performed without these
devices. Being an IT professional or a network administrator, you must have
good understanding of these devices. Some of these devices and their functionalities
are described below:
1. Modem: A modem is a communication device that is used to provide the
connectivity with the internet. Modem works in two ways i.e. modulation
and demodulation. It converts the digital data into the analog and analog to
digital. Figure below shows the position of modem when two computers are
interacting with each other.

Tel Line

Modem A
Computer A

Modem B
Computer B

Fig. 5.5: Usage of Modem

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2. RJ45 Connector: RJ45 is a type of connector commonly used for Ethernet

networking. It looks similar to a telephone jack, but is slightly wider. Since
Ethernet cable have a RJ45 connector on each end, Ethernet cables are
sometimes also called RJ45 cables. The ‘RJ’ in RJ45 stands for ‘registered
jack’ since it is a standardized network interface. The ‘45’ simply refers to the
number of the interface standard.
Notes
3. Ethernet card: An Ethernet card is one kind of network adapter. These
adapters support the Ethernet standard for high-speed network connections
via cables. Ethernet cards are sometimes known as network interface cards
(NICs). Ethernet is the most commonly used local network technology
deployed with transmission speeds heading upwards into the gigabits range.
It is the most widely installed local area network (LAN) technology. Ethernet
is a link layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack, describing how networked devices
can format data for transmission to other network devices on the same network
segment, and how to put that data out on the network connection.
4. Routers: Routers are networking devices used to extend or segment networks
by forwarding packets from one logical network to another. A router is a
device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at
least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP’s
network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more
networks connect. Routers are most often used in large Internet works that
use the TCP/IP protocol suite and for connecting TCP/IP hosts and local area
networks (LANs) to the Internet using dedicated leased lines.
5. Hub:A hub is the most basic networking device that connects multiple
computers or other network devices together. Unlike a network switch or
router, a network hub has no routing tables or intelligence on where to send
information and broadcasts all network data across each connection. Most
hubs can detect basic network
errors such as collisions, but Hubs can be of two types: Active hubs:
having all information broadcast to These devices not only function as
multiple ports can be a security risk regenerator, but also provide multiple
and cause bottlenecks. Hubs ports for several computers to connect
connect computer together in a in a network. Passive hubs: These
star topology network. Due to devices only provide multiple ports for
their design, they increase the several computers to connect to a
chances for collision. Hubs operate network.
in the physical layer of the ISO
model and have no intelligence. In the past network hubs were popular because
they were cheaper than a switch and router. Today, switches do not cost
much more than a hub, and are much better solution for any network.

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6. Switches: Switches are a special type of hub that offer an additional layer of
intelligence to basic physical layer repeater hubs. A switch does essentially
what a hub does, but more efficiently. By paying attention to the traffic that
comes across it, it can “learn” where particular addresses are. A switch must
be able to read the MAC address of each frame it receives. This information
allows switches to repeat incoming data frames only to the addressed computer.
Switches learn the location of the devices that they are connected to almost
Notes
instantaneously. The net result is that most network traffic only goes where it
needs to rather than to every port. On busy networks, this can make the
network much faster.

7. Gateways: A network gateway is an internetworking system capable of joining

together two networks that use different base protocols. A network gateway
can be implemented completely in software, completely in hardware, or as a
combination of both. So gateway is a device used to connect networks using
different protocols. Gateways operate at the network layer of the OSI model.
In order to communicate with a
host of other networks, an IP host Gateways are also called as protocol
must be configured with a route converters and translators.
to the destination network.

8. Bridges:A bridge is a device that separates two or more network segments

within one logical network (e.g. a single IP-subnet).A bridge is usually placed
between two separate groups of computers that talk with each other, but not
that much with the computers in the other group. The job of the bridge is to
examine the destination of the data packets one at a time and decide whether
or not to pass the packets to the other side of the Ethernet segment. The
result is a faster, quieter network with fewer collisions. A bridge is used to
join two network segments together; it allows computers on either segment
to access resources on the other. They can also be used to divide large networks
into smaller segments.

5.4.2 Types of Networks

A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of
computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate
communications and allows sharing of resources and information among
interconnected devices. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of
characteristics such as medium used to transport the data, communications
protocol used, scale, topology, organizational scope, etc. Computer networks are
now rapidly used by the all levels of society, like government bodies, schools,

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colleges and private sector etc. There are many types of computer networks, some
of the important ones are described below:
1. Local Area Network (LAN) : Local Area Network is confined to small
geographical area, like in a building or group of buildings. Data transfer rate
of LAN is very high even faster than data transmitted through telephone
lines. It’s a group of computers all belonging to the same organization, and
Notes
are linked within a small geographic area using a network. At security purpose
level, it is not trust worthy because, for example, an employee of an
organization can change the important data of the organization. Due to its
small size, it is possible for one person to administrate a Local Area Network.
The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to Wide Area Networks
(WANs), include their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic
area, and lack of need for leased telecommunication lines.
LANs are typically used for single site where people need to share resources
among themselves but not with the rest of the outside world. Think of an
office building where everybody should be able to access files on a central
server or be able to print a document to one or more central printers. Those
tasks should be easy for everybody working in the same office, but you would
not want somebody just walking outside to be able to send a document to the
printer from their cell phone. If a local area network, or LAN, is entirely
wireless, it is referred to as a Wireless Local Area Network, or WLAN.

Printer

Workstations

File server
Fig. 5.6: Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) : Metropolitan Area Network or MAN

is basically spread throughout a city, college campus or a small region. MANs
are larger than LANs, and it enables its users to share information throughout

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the city. It is commonly used by schools, campuses, hospitals, large universities,

large companies etc.

Notes

Metro Area Network

Fig. 5.7: Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

3. Wide Area Network (WAN) : Wide Area Network covers comparatively large
geographic area than LAN and MAN, for example an entire country. It uses
public network telephone lines and lease lines. This type of network can even
be spread over the world.WAN provides network to the LAN and MAN. This
is very speedy and expensive. Wide Area Networks use optic fiber as their
communication medium. Internet is best known example of public WAN.

Wide Area Network

Fig. 5.8: Wide Area Network (WAN)

5.5 NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Network topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement,
connecting various nodes (sender and receiver) through lines of connection.
Topology is the schematic diagram showing how the networks are connected
physically and logically. Physical topology is the physical layout of nodes,

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workstations and cables in the network; while logical topology is the way
information flows between different components. So network topology is the
arrangement of the various elements of a computer network. Details of network
topologies are given below and are represented in Fig. 5.9:

Notes

Bus Star

Token ring Ring Mesh

Tree

Fig. 5.9: Network Topology

1. Bus Topology: In this type of topology all computers are connected by a

single length of cable with a terminator at each end. The bus topology is the
simplest and most widely used local area network design. Only one computer
at a time can send a message. It transmits data only in one direction and every
device is connected to a single cable. So it affects the speed of the network. It
is cost effective and requires least amount of cable compared to other
topologies. It is normally used in smaller networks and is very easy to
understand. But it is slower and if the main cable fails, the entire network fails.

2. Star Topology: The star network is frequently used to connect one or more
small computers or peripheral devices to a large host computer or CPU. Each
computer on a star network communicates with a central hub that re-sends
the message either to all the computers or only to the destination computer.

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Every node has a dedicated connection to the central hub. It is fast with few
nodes and low network traffic. It is easy to troubleshoot and easy to setup.
But cost of installation is high and is expensive to use as well. If the host
computer fails, the entire network gets affected.

3. Token Ring: A token ring network is a Local Area Network (LAN) in which
all computers are connected in a ring or star topology and a bit- or token
passing scheme is used in order to prevent the collision of data between two Notes
computers that want to send messages at the same time. The token ring
protocol was developed by IBM. The access method used involves token
passing. In token ring, the computers are connected so that the signal travels
around the network from one computer to another in a logical ring.

4. Ring Topology: In this type of topology the workstations are connected in a

circle using cable segments. In this layer each node is physically connected to
only two other nodes i.e., adjacent pairs of workstations are directly connected.
Ring topology can function without server. The ring topology may prove
optimum when system requirements are modest and workstations are at
scattered points.

5. Mesh Topology: It is a type of network setup where each of the computers

and network devices are interconnected with one another. A mesh topology
is most often used in large backbone networks in which failure of a single
switch or router can result in a large portion of a network going down. A
mesh network topology is a decentralized design in which each node on the
network connects to at least two other nodes. Mesh networks can use a full
mesh topology or a partial mesh topology. In a full mesh topology, each
network node is connected to all the other nodes in the network. In a partial
mesh topology, at least one node connects directly to every other node while
others may only connect to those nodes they exchange data with on a frequent
basis.

6. Tree Topology: The tree topology, also known as Hierarchical topology

uses two or more star networks connected together. It could also employ a
combination of bus and star topologies. This topology divides the network
into multiple levels of network. It has a root node, intermediate node, and
ultimate nodes. The tree network topology is ideal when the workstations are
located in groups, with each group occupying a relatively small physical region.
An example is a university campus in which each building has its own star
network, and all the central computers are linked in a campus-wide system. It
is easy to add or remove workstations from each star network. Entire star
networks can be added to, or removed from, the bus.

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INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.1

I. Choose the appropriate answer.

1. What are the basic elements of communication system?

Notes a. Conductor b. Transmitter
c. Channel & Receiver d. b & c

2. The slowest transmission speed are those of ..................

a. Twisted pair wire b. coaxial cable

c. Fiber optic cable d. Microwaves

3. A network that can function without server is a ..................

a. Ring network b. Star network

c. Bus network d. All of the above

II. State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. WAN comparatively covers small geographic area.

2. Tree topology is also known as hierarchical topology.

5.6 NETWORK PROTOCOLS

A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between
network devices. Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify
and make connection with each other.

There are several protocols which are given below –

1. FTP : The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the most widely used protocol for
file transfer over the network. FTP uses TCP/IP for communication.

2. PPP : PPP means Point to Point Protocol. It is a much more developed protocol
than SLIP, in so far as it transfers additional data, better suited to data
transmission over the internet.

3. TCP/IP : TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol)

are two different procedures that are often linked together. The linking of
several protocols is common since the functions of different protocols can be
complementary so that together they carry out some complete task.

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4. HTTP : Hypertext is well organized documentation system which uses

hyperlinks to link the pages in the text documents. HTTP (i.e. Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) works on client server model.
5. HTTPS : Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is a communication protocol
for secure communication over a computer network.

6. SLIP : Serial Line Internet Protocol is the result of the integration of modern
protocols prior to the suit of TCP/IP protocols. It is a simple Internet link Notes
protocol conducting neither address or error control, this is the reason that it
is quickly becoming obsolete in comparison to PPP.

You will learn more detail about protocols in the next lesson.

5.7 MALWARES
Malware is short for malicious software and used as a single term to refer to virus,
spyware, worms etc. Some examples of malware risks are:

1. Virus : Virus is a program written to enter in your computer and damage/

alter your files/data. A virus might corrupt or delete data on your computer.
Virus can also replicate themselves.
2. Spam : Spamming is a method of flooding the Internet with copies of the
same message. Most spams are commercial advertisements which are sent as
unwanted emails to users. Spams are also known as electronic junk mails.
3. Hacking: Computer hacking is the practice of modifying computer hardware
and software to accomplish goal outside of the creator’s original purpose. In
computer security, a hacker is someone who seeks and exploits weaknesses
in a computer system or computer network. Hackers may be motivated by a
multitude of reason such as profit, challenge, enjoyment or to evaluate those
weaknesses to assist in removing them.

5.8 SECURITY CONCEPT

Network devices – such as routers, firewalls, gateways, switches hubs and so on,
create the infrastructure of local area networks and the Internet. Securing such
devices is fundamental to protecting the environment and outgoing/incoming
communications. Some security methods are –

1. Firewall : A firewall is a hardware device or software application installed on

the borderline of secured network to examine and control incoming and
outgoing network communications. Firewall provides protection from outside
attacks.

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2. Antivirus : The word ‘antivirus’ refers to a group of features that are designed
to prevent unwanted and potentially malicious files from entering your
network. These features all work in different ways, which include checking
for a file, size, name, or type or for the presence of a virus or grayware
signature.
Cyber Ethics and IT : Cyber Ethics is the philosophic study of ethics pertaining
Notes to computers, encompassing user behaviour and what computers are programmed
to do, and how this affects individuals and society.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.2

Fill in the blanks.
1 protocol is most widely used protocol for file transfer over the
netwrok.
2 is a communicaiton protocol for secure communication over a
computer network.
3 is a program written to enter in your computer and damage/alter
your file/data.

WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT

⚫ The basic elements of data communication system i.e., sender, receiver,
channel.
⚫ Three types of transmission modes are simplex, half duplex and full duplex.
⚫ Bandwidth is the range of frequencies that make up a signal.
⚫ Computer network is a group of computers which are interconnected to
exchange and share information.
⚫ Hub is a common connection point in a network.
⚫ Modem converts digital data into analog and analog to digital.
⚫ Bridge is a device that separates two or more network segments within one
logical network.
⚫ Network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between
network devices.
⚫ FTP, PPP, TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, SLIP are some of the network protocols.
⚫ Firewall provides protection from outside attacks.

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TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. Where can Bluetooth device be useful?
2. What is RJ45 connector?
3. What is Ethernet and how does it work?
Notes
4. What do you mean by network topology? Write the names of different types
of network topologies.
5. What are the different types of networks? Write in detail.
6. Write a short note on TCP/IP, PPP, FTP protocols.
7. Write a short note on virus, spam, hacking.
8. What is antivirus software?

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

5.1
I. 1. d 2. a 3. a
II. 1. False 2. True

5.2
1. File transfer
2. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
3. Virus

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