[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected].

in

1. Differentiate between array and structure with suitable examples.

Arrays Structures
1. An array is a collection that consists of A Structure is a collection that consists of
elements of homogeneous data type i.e. elements of heterogeneous data type i.e.
same data type different data types.
2. Array is declared using '[ ]'. Declared using the keyword ‘struct'.

3. Array uses subscripts or '[ ]' (square Structure uses the '.' (dot operator) to access
brackets) to access the elements the elements.
4. The size of an array is fixed The size of a structure is not fixed.

5. Traversing through and searching for Traversing through and searching for
elements in an array is quick and easy. elements in a structure is slow and complex.
6. An array is always stored in contiguous A structure may or may not be stored in
memory locations. contiguous memory locations.
7. Array elements are accessed by their Structure elements are accessed by their
index number using subscripts. names using dot operator.
8. Array is pointer as it points to the first Structure is not a pointer.
element of the collection.
9. Ex: int marks [5] = {20, 30, 40, 50, 60}; struct student
{
char name;
int mark;
float fees;
}

2. What is a pointer? How the pointer variables are declared?

A pointer is a variable that contains the memory location of another variable. A pointer is
variable that represents the location of a data item, such as a variable or an array element.
Declaring pointer variables: The syntax for declaring pointer variable is given as:
data_type *ptr_name;
Here, data_type is the data type of the value that the pointer will point.
For example:
int *num;
char *ch;
float *avg;
In above examples, pointer variables are declared to point to a variable of the
specified data type.

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 1

[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

3. Define structure. How structure variables are declared & initialized? Give examples.
A structure is a user defined data type that can store related information (even of different
data types) together. It is similar to records and can be used to store information about an
entity.
Structure Declaration
A structure is declared using the keyword ‘struct’ followed by the structure name. All the
variables of the structure are declared within the structure. A structure type is generally
declared by using the following syntax:
struct struct-name
{
data_type var-name;
data_type var-name;
…………………………
};
Example: To define a structure for a student, then the related information would be:
roll_number, name, course, and fees. This structure can be declared as:
struct student
{
int roll_no;
char name[20];
char course[20];
float fees;
}
Initialization of Structures
Initializing a structure means assigning some constants to the members of the structure. A
structure can be initialized in the same way as other data types are initialized.
The initializers are enclosed in braces and are separated by commas. The general syntax to
initialize a structure variable is given as follows:
struct struct_name
{
data_type member_name1;
data_type member_name2;
data_type member_name3;
…………………………………
} struct_var {constant1, constant2, = constant 3, …..... };
Example: We can initialize s student structure by writing:
struct student
{

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 2

[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

int roll_no;
char name[20];
char course[20];
float fees;
} stud1 = { 01, “RAJA”, “MCA”, 45000 };
4. Explain with suitable examples the how the members of a structure are accessed.
A structure member variable is generally accessed using a . (dot) operator. The syntax of
accessing a structure or a member of a structure can be given as follows:
struct_var . member_name
The dot operator is used to select a particular member of the structure.
For example, to assign value to the individual data members of the structure variable
stud1, we may write
stud1.roll_no = 01;
stud1.name = "Rahul";
stud1.course = "BCA";
stud1.fees = 45000;
To input values for data members of the structure variable stud1, we may write
scanf ( "%d", &stud1.r_no );
scanf ( "%s", stud1.name );
Similarly, to print the values of structure variable stud1, we may write
printf ( "%s", stud1.course );
printf ( "%f", stud1.fees );
Memory is allocated only when we declare variables of the structure.
Once the variables of a structure are defined, we can perform a few operations on them. For
example, we can use the assignment operator '=' to assign the values of one variable to
another.
5. List all string handling functions. Explain any four with syntax and examples.
The different string handling functions are:
strcat, strncat, strchr, strrchr, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strle, strstr, strspn,
strcspn.
strcat Function strncat Function
Syntax: Syntax:
char *strcat ( char *str1, const char *str2 ); char *strncat ( char *str1, const char *str2,
size_n );
The strcat function appends the string The strncat function appends the string
pointed to by str2 to the end of the string pointed to by str2 to the end of the string
pointed to by str1. The terminating null pointed to by str1 up to n characters long.
character of str1 is overwritten. The process The terminating null character of str1 is

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 3

[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

stops when the terminating null character of overwritten. Copying stops when n
str2 is copied. The argument str1 is characters are copied or the terminating null
returned. character of str2 is copied.
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> #include <string.h>
int main ( ) int main ( )
{ {
char str1[50] = "Programming"; char str1[50] = "Programming";
char str2[ ] = "In C"; char str2[ ] = "In C";
strcat ( str1, str2 ); strncat ( str1, str2, 2 );
printf ( "Resulting string is: %s", str1 ); printf ( "Resulting string is: %s", str1 );
return 0; return 0;
} }
Output: Output:
Resulting string is: Programming In C Resulting string is: Programming In

strcmp Function strncmp Function

Syntax: Syntax:
int strcmp ( const char *str1, const char int strncmp ( const char *str1, const char
*str2 ); *str2, size_n );
This function compares the string pointed by This function compares at most the first n
str1 to the string pointed by str2. The bytes of str1 and str2. The process stops
function returns zero if the strings are equal. comparing after the null character is
Otherwise, it returns a value less than zero encountered. The function returns zero if the
or greater than zero if str1 is less than or first n bytes of strings are equal. Otherwise,
greater than str2, respectively. it returns a value less than zero or greater
than zero if str1 is less than or greater than
str2, respectively.
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> #include <string.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
char str1[10]= "HELLO"; char str1[10]= "HELLO";
char str2[10]= "HEY"; char str2[10]= "HEY";
if ( strcmp ( str1, str2 ) ==0 ) if ( strncmp ( str1, str2, 2 ) ==0 )
printf ( "Two strings are identical" ); printf ( "Two strings are identical" );
else else
printf ( "Two strings are not identical" ); printf ( "Two strings are not identical" );

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 4

[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

return 0; return 0;
} }
Output: Output:
Two strings are not identical Two strings are identical

strstr Function strlen Function

Syntax: Syntax:
char *strstr ( const char *str1, const char size_t strlen ( const char *str );
*str2 );
This function is used to find the first This function calculates the length of the
occurrence of string str2 in the string str1. It string str up to but not including the null
returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character, i.e., the function returns the
str2 in str1. If no match is found, then a number of characters in the string.
null pointer is returned.
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> #include <string.h>
int main ( ) int main ( )
{ {
char str1[ ] = "HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU"; char str[ ] = "HELLO";
char str2[ ] = "DAY"; printf ( "Length of str is: %d", strlen(str) );
char *ptr; return 0;
ptr = strstr ( str1, str2 ); }
if ( ptr ) Output: Length of str is: 5
printf ( "Substring Found");
else
printf ( "Substring Not Found");
return 0;
}
Output: Substring found

strcpy Function strncpy Function

Syntax: Syntax:
char *strcpy ( char *str1, const char char *strncpy ( char *str1, const char *str2,
*str2 ); size_n );
This function copies the string pointed This function copies up to n characters from the
to by str2 to str1 including null string pointed to by str2 to str1. Copying stops
character of str2. It returns the when n characters are copied. If null character of
argument str1. Here str1 should be big str2 is reached then null character is continually

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 5

[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

enough to store the contents of str2. copied to str1 until n characters are copied.
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> #include <string.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
char str1[10], str2[10]= "HELLO"; char str1[10], char str2[10]= "HELLO";
strcpy ( str1, str2 ); strncpy ( str1, str2, 3 );
printf ( “ Resulting string is: %s”, str1); printf ( “ Resulting string is: %s”, str1);
return 0; return 0;
} }
Output: Output:
Resulting string is: HELLO Resulting string is: HEL

6. Write a C program to add/multiply two numbers using pointers.

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
int main( ) int main( )
{ {
int n1, n2, *ptr1, *ptr2, sum; int n1, n2, *ptr1, *ptr2, mul;
printf ( “Enter two numbers: \n”); printf ( “Enter two numbers: \n”);
scanf ( “%d %d”, &n1, &n2); scanf ( “%d %d”, &n1, &n2);
ptr1 = &n1; ptr1 = &n1;
ptr2 = &n2; ptr2 = &n2;
sum = *ptr1 + *ptr2; mul = *ptr1 * *ptr2;
printf ( “The result is = %d”, sum); printf ( “The result is = %d”, mul);
return 0; return 0;
} }

7. Write a C program to swap two integer values using pointers.

#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
int x, y, *a, *b, temp;
printf ( "Enter the value of x and y \n" );
scanf ( "%d %d", &x, &y );
printf ( "Before Swapping: x = %d \n y = %d", x, y);
a = &x;
b = &y;

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 6

[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

temp = *b;
b = *a;
*a = temp;
printf ( "After Swapping: x = %d \n y = %d\n", x, y);
return 0;
}
8. Develop a C program to concatenate two strings without using built-in function.
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
char str1[100], str2[100], str3[100];
int i = 0, j = 0;
printf ( "Enter the first string: " );
gets ( str1 );
printf ( "Enter the second string: " );
gets ( str2 );
while (str1[1] != '\0' )
{
str3[ j ] = str1[ i ];
i++;
j++;
}
i=0;
while ( str2[ i ] != '\0 ')
{
str3[ j ] = str2[ i ];
i++;
j++;
}
str3[ j ] = '\0';
printf ( "The concatenated string is: " );
puts( str3 );
return 0;
}
9. Write a program to append (copy) a string to another string without using built-in
function.
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 7
[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

{
char dest[100], source[50];
int i = 0, j = 0;
printf ( "Enter the source string: " );
gets ( source );
printf ( "Enter the destination string: " );
gets ( dest );
while ( dest[i] != '\0' )
i++;
while ( source[j] != '\0' )
{
dest[ i ] = source[ j ];
i++;
j++;
}
dest[ i ] = '\0';
printf ( "After appending, the destination string is: " );
puts( dest );
return 0;
}
10. Write a program to reverse the given string.
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
{
char str[100], temp;
int i = 0, j = 0;
printf ( "Enter the string: " );
gets ( source );
j = strlen(str) – 1;
while ( i < j )
{
temp = str[ j ];
str[ j ] = str[ i ];
str[ i ] = temp;
i++;
j--;

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 8

[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

}
printf ( "The reversed string is: " );
puts( str );
return 0;
}
11. Write a C program to read a sentence & count the number of words in the
sentence.
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
char str[200];
int i = 0, count = 0;
printf ( "Enter the sentence: ");
gets( str );
while ( str[ i ] != '\0')
{
if ( str[ i ] == ‘ ‘ && str[ i+1 ] != ‘ ‘ )
count++;
i++;
}
printf ( "The total count of words is: %d", count+1);
return 0;
}
12. Write a C program to implement structure to read, write and compute average
marks and the students scoring above and below the average marks for a class of N
students.
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
char usn[10];
char name[10];
float m1, m2, m3;
float avg, total;
};
void main( )
{
struct student s[20];
int n, i;
printf ( "Enter the number of students:" );

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 9

[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

scanf ( "%d", &n );

for ( i=0; i<n; i++ )
{
printf ( "Enter the detail of %d student: \n",i+1 );
printf ( "Enter USN: \n" );
scanf ( "%s", s[i].usn );
printf ( "Enter Name: \n ");
scanf ( "%s", s[i].name );
printf ( "Enter the three subject score: \n" );
scanf ( "%f %f %f", &s[i].m1, &s[i].m2, &s[i].m3 );
s[i].total = s[i].m1 + s[i].m2 + s[i].m3;
s[i].avg = s[i].total/3;
}
printf ( "\n Student details are: \n" );
printf ( "USN \t\t Name \t\t Marks \t\t Average\n" );
printf( "--------------------------------------------------------------- \n");
for (i=0; i<n; i++ )
printf ( "%s \t %s \t\t %.2f %.2f %.2f \t%.4f\n", s[i].usn, s[i].name, s[i].m1 ,s[i].m2, s[i].m3,
s[i].avg);
for ( i=0; i<n; i++ )
{
if ( s[i].avg >= 35 )
printf ( "\n %s has scored above the average marks", s[i].name );
else
printf ( "\n %s has scored below the average marks", s[i].name );
}
}
13. Develop a program using pointers to compute the Sum, Mean and Standard
deviation of all elements stored in an array of N real numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main( )
{
int n , i;
float x[20], sum, mean;
float variance, deviation;
printf ("Enter the value of n: \n" );
scanf ( "%d", &n );
printf ( "Enter the values: \n" );
for ( i=0; i<n; i++ )
{
scanf ( "%f",(x+i) );

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 10

[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

}
sum = 0;
for ( i=0; i<n; i++ )
{
sum = sum + *(x+i);
}
printf ( "sum = %f\n", sum );
mean = sum/n;
sum = 0;
for ( i=0; i<n; i++ )
{
sum = sum + (*(x+i)-mean) * (*(x+i)-mean);
}
variance = sum/n;
deviation = sqrt( variance );
printf ( "mean(Average) = %f \n", mean);
printf ( "variance = %f \n", variance );
printf ( "standard deviation = %f\n", deviation );
}
14. Write a program to read and print the names of n students of a class.
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
char names[5][15];
int i, n;
printf ("Enter the number of students: \n" );
scanf ( "%d", &n );
for ( i=0; i<n; i++ )
{
printf ( “Enter the name of student %d:, i+1);
gets ( names[i] );
}
printf ( “The names of students are: \n”);
for ( i=0; i<n; i++ )
puts ( names[i] );
return 0;
}

15. Write a program to convert characters of s string into lowercase / uppercase.

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 11

[INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING - MODULE 5 [email protected]

Covert string to Lowercase Covert string to Uppercase

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
int main ( ) int main ( )
{ {
char str[100], lowercase[100]; char str[100], uppercase[100];
int i = 0, j = 0; int i = 0, j = 0;
printf ( "Enter the string: " ); printf ( "Enter the string: " );
gets ( str ); gets ( str );
while ( str[ i ] != '\0') while ( str[ i ] != '\0')
{ {
if ( str[ i ] >= ‘ A ‘ && str[ i+1 ] <= ‘ Z ‘ ) if ( str[ i ] >= ‘ a ‘ && str[ i+1 ] <= ‘ z ‘ )
lowercase[ j ] = str[ i ] + 32; uppercase[ j ] = str[ i ] - 32;
else else
lowercase[ j ] = str[ i ]; uppercase[ j ] = str[ i ];
i++; j++; i++; j++;
} }
lowercase[ j ] = ‘ \0 ’ ; uppercase[ j ] = ‘ \0 ’ ;
printf { “Lowercase string is : \n” ); printf { “Uppercase string is : \n” );
puts( lowercase ); puts( uppercase );
return 0; return 0;
} }

16. Define a structure to store: Information of book, Customer information.

Customer Information Book Information
struct customer struct book
{ {
int cust_id; char title[30];
char name[12]; char author[25];
char address[25]; int pages;
int mobile_no; float price;
int DOB; int publication;
} }

MOHAMMED SALEEM | Asst. Prof., Dept. of E & C, PACE 12