Unit 1: Introduction to AI

A. Short answer type questions.

1. Artificial intelligence is the ability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human-like
intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation.

2. The increasing automation of jobs is causing concern that AI will replace individuals in the workforce.
This will cause a large amount of job displacement and result in loss of livelihood.

3. AI technology in the wrong hands can lead to its misuse, which could prove dangerous for humans. It can be
used to create autonomous weapons, hack into sensitive databases, and carry out fraudulent activities. AI
can be used to spread misinformation by creating fake videos and images, called deep fakes, that can cause
harm and confusion.

4. Project deployment is the process of implementing an AI model in a real-world scenario. The model is
integrated into the desired software or system and packaged in such a way that it can be used for
practical applications.

5. The people who are directly or indirectly affected by a problem are referred to as Stakeholders.
Stakeholders are involved in the problem and are benefitted by the solution arrived at for the problem.
The "Who" block of the 4Ws problem-solving canvas in the "Problem-scoping and Goal Setting" stage of
the AI project cycle helps us identify the stakeholders.

6. Sensors are devices that detect and measure environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure,
light, sound, and motion. They convert these physical parameters into electrical signals or digital data
that can be processed and analysed by AI systems.

7. Machine learning application: It is used for predicting the weather forecast for the next seven days
based on data from the previous year and the previous week.
Deep learning application: It is used in driverless cars to identify a person crossing the road.

8. System Maps are visual diagrams that help us to see the different parts or elements of our AI project
and how they are connected or related to each other. They can be used to understand the system's
boundaries and how it interacts with elements in the surroundings.

9. Data visualisation is important as it helps us in the following ways:

 Simplifies complex data thus making it easier to comprehend.
 Helps gain a deeper understanding of the trends, relationships and patterns present within the
data.
  Uncovers hidden relationships or anomalies (odd behaviour) that may not be immediately
apparent.
 Helps us in selecting models for the subsequent AI Project Cycle stage.
 Makes it easy to communicate insights to others, even to non-technical persons.

B. Long answer type questions.

1. a. Privacy issue: AI is dependent on vast amounts of data. At times, personal data may be accessed by AI
algorithms without the knowledge of the concerned individual. There are chances that this data may be
misused for fraudulent activities.
b. There is a concern that automation may replace human jobs leading to job displacement. This may
cause workers to lose their jobs and lead to loss of livelihood.
c. AI bias occurs when algorithms produce biased results due to biased training data, posing risks in
decision-making processes. Types of bias include data bias, sampling bias, gender bias and historical
bias. The data fed into an AI algorithm could cause bias because of the following three reasons:
 The data does not reflect the main population.
 The data has been unethically manipulated
 It is based on historic data which itself is biased.

2. Historical Development of AI:

1940s-1950s: The origins of AI can be traced back to the work of pioneers, like Alan Turing, John
McCarthy, and Marvin Minsky. They laid the foundations for AI research, exploring concepts, like
machine learning, logic, and reasoning.
1960s-1970s: This period is often referred to as the 'AI winter', as progress in AI research slowed down
due to limited computing power and funding. However, researchers continued to work on expert
systems that could simulate the knowledge and reasoning of human experts.
1980s-1990s: This era saw a revival of AI research, driven by advances in machine learning and neural
networks. Applications like speech recognition and computer vision emerged.
2000s-2010s: The rise of big data and cloud computing enabled new forms of AI, such as natural
language processing and recommendation systems. Companies like Google, Facebook, and Amazon
invested heavily in AI research and development, leading to advancements in areas like robotics and
autonomous vehicles.
2020s and beyond: AI continues to evolve and impact various industries from healthcare and finance
to entertainment and education.

3. Impact of increasing human dependence on AI

Increasing human dependence on AI can raise some serious concerns. Some of these are discussed as
follows:
Privacy and Security: We avail of many free services on the internet, leaving behind a trail of data, but
we are often not made aware of it. An example of a privacy concern is face recognition. Face
 recognition in photos and videos allows identification, profiling, and searching for individuals, which is
against an individual’s right to privacy and freedom. It can be misused if it falls into the wrong hands.

Accountability: One of the biggest problems brought about by AI decision-making is who should be
blamed or held accountable when an AI causes harm. For example, if a self-driving car makes an
autonomous decision to leave a highway at high speed to avoid an obstacle and crashes into another
vehicle, we cannot take the self-driving car in front of a court to face justice. Even if we did, there are
no legal rules that can be applied to the case.

Job Displacement: The increasing automation of jobs is causing concern that AI will replace individuals
in the workforce.

Threat to Human Rights: AI should not replace jobs that require empathy, emotional connection, care,
and concern for other people. Such jobs include teachers, nurses, social workers, lawyers, judges,
defence personnel, HR managers, etc. These jobs require empathy and a human touch, as well as
providing emotional support and understanding, which makes the concerned people feel valued.

Human Interaction: Increased interaction with AI may affect the relationships that people have with
other humans as people may not accept or prefer their real identities.

4. Increased efficiency and consistency: AI can analyse large amounts of data much faster and more
accurately than humans. For example, AI-powered chatbots can provide customer support 24/7 on
sites, like Amazon and Flipkart, without getting tired or making mistakes.
Error-free work: Humans are likely to make errors while carrying out tasks due to differences in the
abilities of individuals or their emotional state. AI machines are accurately programmed to carry out
specific tasks and help reduce unnecessary errors and losses. An example is space exploration
programs where there is no scope for errors since the AI-enabled devices must carry out tasks on their
own without instructions from humans. Even a simple error can result in huge losses.

5. A system map shows cause and effect relationship of elements with each other in a system with the
help of arrows. The arrowheads depict the direction of the effect and the sign (+ or -) shows their
relationship. If the arrow goes from X to Y with a +ve sign, it means that both are directly related to
each other. That is, if X increases, Y also increases and vice versa. On the other hand, if the arrow goes
from X to Y with a –ve sign, it means that both the elements are inversely related to each other which
means if X increases, Y will decrease and vice versa.

6. The five stages in the AI project cycle are:

 Problem scoping: The first step is to understand and define the problem that we want AI to solve.
Problem scoping is the stage where we set clear goals and outline the objectives of the AI project.
  Data Acquisition: This stage focusses on collecting the relevant data required for the AI system. Since
this data forms the base of your project, care must be taken that the data is collected from reliable
and authentic sources.
 Data Exploration: This stage involves exploration and analyses of the collected data to interpret
patterns, trends and relationships. The data is in large quantities, so in order to understand the
patterns easily, you can use different visual representations such as graphs, databases, flow charts
and maps.
 Modelling: After exploring the patterns, you need to select the appropriate AI model to achieve the
goal. This model should be able to learn from the data and make predictions.
 Evaluation: The selected AI model now needs to be tested and the results need to be compared
with the expected outcome. This helps in evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the model and
improving it.

7. The two types of data used in the AI project cycle are:

 Training Data: Training data is the initial dataset used to train an AI module. It is a set of examples
that helps the AI model learn and identify patterns or perform particular tasks. We must ensure that
the data used to train the AI model is aligned with the problem statement scoped and is sufficient,
relevant, accurate, and wide-ranging.
 Testing Data: Testing data is used to evaluate the performance of the AI module. It is data that the AI
algorithm has not seen before and allows us to check the accuracy of the AI module. The testing data
should represent the information that the AI model will encounter practically in real-world situations.

8. The data features to classify images of animals into different species could be:
 Color: Distribution and intensity of colors in the images.
 Shape: Shape of the animals.
 Texture: Surface texture like fur, feathers, or scales.
 Size: Proportions and dimensions of animals in the images.
 Patterns: Patterns unique to different species.

9. a. Surveys: A survey is a method of gathering specific information from a group of people by asking
them questions. This enables us to collect valuable data quickly and efficiently. Surveys can be
conducted on paper, through face-to-face or telephone interviews, or through online forms. For
example, population census surveys are conducted once every ten years for population analysis.
b. APIs: APIs are programs used by developers to acquire data from other programs, services or
databases to extract relevant data required for the AI porject. For example if there is an AI project
involving sentiment analysis, developers can use a social media API to access user posts or comments
from Twitter or facebook. Here data acquisition is done automatically through special programs.
 10. Differences between AI, ML and DL are:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Machine Learning (ML) Deep Learning (DL)

 The aim of AI is to mimic  The aim of ML is to  The aim of DL is to build
human intelligence to create machines that neural networks to
create intelligent can learn on their own mimic the working of
machines and programs. using data and the human brain and
 It is a broad field of improving over time use complex algorithms
computer science that without being and large volumes of
simulates intelligent programmed for it. data to enable an AI
behaviour.  It is a subset of AI that model to learn.
involves algorithms that  It is a subset of AI and ML
learn patterns from that focuses on training
data. deep neural networks.

11. Differences between rule-based approach and learning-based approach of AI modelling are:

Rule-based approach Learning-based approach

 The machine follows the rules defined  The machine learns on its own from
by the developer data
 AI is achieved through the rule-based  This is achieved through learning
technique technique
 Typically uses labeled data  Can handle both labeled and unlabeled
 May require less training time data
 Requires more training time

12. Line chart: A line chart is a chart that is created by plotting a series of points that are connected with
the help of a line and is used to track changes in values over a period of time.
Bar chart: A bar chart is a chart that presents categorical or grouped data with rectangular bars
where the height or length of the bars is proportional to the values that they represent.

13. Pie Chart shows proportions of a whole with sectors proportional to data quantities. It is suitable for
comparing categories within a single dataset.
Area Chart displays trends over time with shaded areas below lines representing data quantities. It is
ideal for visualising changes in data over continuous time intervals or comparing multiple datasets.