Q1.

A student does a series of reactions with aqueous solutions of some potassium halides (P,
Q and R) of equal concentration. Each solution contains a different halide ion (chloride,
bromide or iodide).

The student adds 3 drops of bromine water to 3 drops of each aqueous solution of
potassium halide. The student also adds 3 drops of the bromine water to 3 drops of water.

Table 1 shows the student’s observations.

Table 1

Observation when 3
drops of bromine
water are added

Solution P Orange solution

Solution Q Brown solution

Solution R Orange solution

Water Orange solution

(a) Identify the halide ion present in Q.

Give the ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when bromine water is added to
Q.

Halide ion in Q

___________________________________________________________________

Ionic equation

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain, in terms of oxidising ability, why the observations from these reactions do
not allow the student to identify the halide ion present in P and the halide ion
present in R.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The student does a second experiment to determine the halide ion in each of P and
R.

Page 1 of 29
 The student adds a few drops of aqueous silver nitrate solution to 2 cm3 of each
potassium halide solution.

Table 2 shows the student’s observations.

Table 2

Student’s
Observation

P Precipitate formed

R Precipitate formed

Describe a further chemical test that the student can complete on the precipitates
formed to identify the halide ion present in P and the halide ion present in R.

Describe how the observations from this test can be used to identify the halide ion
present in P and the halide ion present in R.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q2.
This question is about the elements in Group 2.

(a) Explain why the third ionisation energy of beryllium is much higher than the second
ionisation energy of beryllium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Magnesium reacts slowly with cold water but rapidly with steam.

Page 2 of 29
 Compare these reactions, in terms of the products formed.
You should identify one similarity in, and one difference between, these reactions.

Similarity __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Difference __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The reaction of calcium with water is a redox reaction.

Explain, in terms of oxidation states, why this reaction involves both oxidation and
reduction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q3.
This question is about the elements in Group 2.

(a) Describe the structure and bonding in magnesium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) State the trend in the atomic radius of the elements down Group 2 from Mg to Ba

Give a reason for this trend.

Trend _____________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 3 of 29
(c) Give an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of magnesium with
steam.

State two observations for this reaction.

Equation

___________________________________________________________________

Observation 1 _______________________________________________________

Observation 2 _______________________________________________________
(3)

(d) The sulfates of the elements in Group 2 from Mg to Ba have different solubilities.

State the formula of the least soluble of these sulfates.

Give a use for this sulfate.

Formula ___________________________________________________________

Use _______________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) A sample of strontium is made up of only three isotopes: 86Sr, 87Sr and 88Sr
This sample contains 83.00% by mass of 88Sr
This sample of strontium has Ar = 87.73

Calculate the percentage abundance of each of the other two isotopes in this
sample.

% abundance 87Sr = ____________________

% abundance 86Sr = ____________________

(4)

(f) Mg(OH)2 is used as an antacid to treat indigestion.

A student does an experiment to determine the percentage by mass of Mg(OH)2 in
an indigestion tablet.

Page 4 of 29
 40.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 HCl (an excess) is added to 0.200 g of a powdered
tablet.
The mixture is swirled thoroughly.
All of the Mg(OH)2 reacts with HCl as shown.

Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + 2 H2O

The amount of HCl remaining after this reaction is determined by titration with 0.100
mol dm–3 NaOH

29.25 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 NaOH are needed.

Calculate the percentage by mass of Mg(OH)2 in the indigestion tablet.

Percentage by mass ____________________

(6)
(Total 19 marks)

Q4.
This question is about Group 7 elements and their compounds.

(a) Chlorine is used to treat water even though it is toxic to humans.

Give one reason why water is treated with chlorine.

Explain why chlorine is added to water even though it is toxic.

Give an equation for the reaction of chlorine with cold water.

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 29
 Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Equation

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Solid sodium iodide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to form iodine and sulfur
in a redox reaction.

Give a half-equation to show the conversion of iodide ions to iodine.

Give a half-equation to show the conversion of sulfuric acid to sulfur.

Give an overall equation for this redox reaction.

Identify one other sulfur-containing reduction product formed when solid sodium
iodide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid.

Half-equation for the conversion of iodide ions to iodine

___________________________________________________________________

Half-equation for the conversion of sulfuric acid to sulfur

___________________________________________________________________

Overall equation

___________________________________________________________________

Other sulfur-containing reduction product

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

A student completes an experiment to determine the percentage by mass of sodium

chloride in a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium iodide.

The student uses this method.

• 600 mg of the mixture are dissolved in water to form a solution.

• An excess of aqueous silver nitrate is added to the solution. This forms a precipitate
containing silver chloride and silver iodide.
• Excess dilute ammonia solution is then added to the precipitate. The silver chloride
dissolves.

Page 6 of 29
• The silver iodide is filtered off from the solution, and is then washed and dried.

The mass of the silver iodide obtained is 315 mg

(c) Silver nitrate is added to the solution.

Suggest why an excess is used.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Calculate the amount, in moles, of silver iodide obtained.

Mr (AgI) = 234.8

Amount of silver iodide _______________ mol

(1)

(e) Calculate, using your answer to part (d), the mass, in grams, of sodium iodide in the
mixture.

Mr (NaI) = 149.9

Mass of sodium iodide _______________ g

(1)

Page 7 of 29
 (f) Calculate, using your answer to part (e), the percentage by mass of sodium chloride
in the mixture.

Percentage of sodium chloride _______________

(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q5.
A student is provided with separate unlabelled samples of four different solutions for
analysis.

The four solutions are known to be ammonium nitrate, potassium sulfate, sodium
carbonate and magnesium nitrate, but the student does not know which sample is which.

Outline a series of test-tube reactions that the student can use to identify each of these
solutions.

Include:

• the expected observations

• ionic equations for any reactions.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 29
 _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)

Q6.
Chlorine is an important industrial chemical.

(a) Chlorine is formed when KMnO4 reacts with hydrochloric acid.

The ionic equation for this redox reaction is

16H+ + 2MnO4− + 10Cl− 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5Cl2

(i) Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of chloride ions to chlorine.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Give the oxidation state of manganese in the MnO4− ion.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Deduce the half-equation for the reduction of the MnO4− ions in acidified
solution to manganese(II) ions and water.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Chlorine behaves as an oxidising agent in the extraction of bromine from seawater.
In this process, chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution containing bromide ions.

(i) Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction of chlorine with bromide
ions.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Give one observation that would be made during this reaction.

Page 9 of 29
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) In terms of electrons, state the meaning of the term oxidising agent.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) In sunlight, chlorine can also oxidise water slowly to form oxygen.

Write an equation for this reaction.

Give the oxidation state of chlorine in the chlorine-containing species that is formed.

Equation

___________________________________________________________________

Oxidation state of chlorine in the species formed ____________________________

(2)

(d) Explain why chlorine has a lower boiling point than bromine.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q7.
This question is about atomic structure.

(a) There is a general trend for an increase in ionisation energy across Period 3. Give
one example of an element that deviates from this trend.

Explain why this deviation occurs.

Element ____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

Page 10 of 29
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Give an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process that occurs
when the third ionisation energy of sodium is measured.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The graph shows the successive ionisation energies of a Period 3 element, X.

Identify element X.
Explain your choice.

Element ____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 11 of 29
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q8.
Which row correctly shows general trends in properties across Period 3?

Atomic radius First ionisation energy

A Decreases Increases

B Decreases Decreases

C Increases Increases

D Increases Decreases
(Total 1 mark)

Q9.
What is a use for barium sulfate?

A In agriculture to act as a fertiliser

B In agriculture to neutralise acidic soil

C In medicine to produce an X-ray image

D In medicine as an antacid to treat indigestion

(Total 1 mark)

Q10.
A student completes some test-tube reactions on five solutions, P, Q, R, S and T.
The student completes each test on separate samples of each solution.
Observations are shown in the table.

Test 2
Test 1 Test 3 Test 4
Add HNO3(aq)
Add a few Add a few Add a few
Solution then a few
drops of drops of drops of
drops of
H2SO4(aq) NaOH(aq) Cl2(aq)
AgNO3(aq)

White Cream No visible Orange

P
precipitate precipitate change solution

Effervescence
No visible No visible
Q Effervescence and white
change change
precipitate

R No visible No visible White No visible

Page 12 of 29
 change change precipitate change

White No visible Dark brown

S
precipitate change solution

No visible White White No visible

T
change precipitate precipitate change

What could be the identity of the compound in solution T?

A MgCl2

B BaCl2

C MgBr2

D BaBr2
(Total 1 mark)

Q11.
Which ion has the largest radius?

A F–

B Mg2+

C Na+

D O2–
(Total 1 mark)

Q12.
Some solid sodium halides are reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid.

Which solid sodium halide does not produce a sulfur-containing gas as one of the
products?

A NaCl

B NaBr

C NaI

D NaAt
(Total 1 mark)

Q13.
Which statement is correct?

Page 13 of 29
 A Magnesium reacts with steam to give magnesium
oxide as one of the products.

B Magnesium acts as an oxidising agent in the extraction

of titanium.

C Magnesium has a lower melting point than sodium.

D Magnesium hydroxide is very soluble in water.

(Total 1 mark)

Q14.
This question is about Group 2 elements and their compounds.

(a) Explain why the melting point of magnesium is higher than the melting point of
sodium.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Give an equation to show how magnesium is used as the reducing agent in the
extraction of titanium.

Explain, in terms of oxidation states, why magnesium is the reducing agent.

Equation

___________________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) State what is observed when dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to separate
solutions of magnesium chloride and barium chloride.

Observation with magnesium chloride _______________________________

Page 14 of 29
 Observation with barium chloride __________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q15.
Which pair of solutions, when mixed, reacts to form a dark brown solution?

A NaF(aq) + Cl2(aq)

B NaCl(aq) + Br2(aq)

C NaBr(aq) + Cl2(aq)

D NaI(aq) + Br2(aq)
(Total 1 mark)

Q16.
Which species is not a possible product of the reactions between chlorine and water?

A Cl–

B ClO–

C O2

D OH–

(Total 1 mark)

Q17.
Which is a correct trend down Group 7 from fluorine to iodine?

A The boiling point of the element decreases.

B The oxidising ability of the element decreases.

C The electronegativity of the atom increases.

D The first ionisation energy of the atom increases.

(Total 1 mark)

Q18.
Which statement is correct?

A Chloride ions reduce concentrated sulfuric acid to form

sulfur dioxide.

B Bromide ions reduce concentrated sulfuric acid to form

sulfur.

Page 15 of 29
 C Bromide ions reduce iodine to form iodide ions.

D Iodide ions reduce chlorine to form chloride ions.

(Total 1 mark)

Q19.
Which block in the Periodic Table contains the element samarium (Sm)?

A d block

B f block

C p block

D s block
(Total 1 mark)

Q20.
A student completes some test-tube reactions on five solutions, P, Q, R, S and T.
The student completes each test on separate samples of each solution.
Observations are shown in the table.

Test 2
Test 1 Test 3 Test 4
Add HNO3(aq)
Add a few Add a few Add a few
Solution then a few
drops of drops of drops of
drops of
H2SO4(aq) NaOH(aq) Cl2(aq)
AgNO3(aq)

White Cream No visible Orange

P
precipitate precipitate change solution

Effervescence
No visible No visible
Q Effervescence and white
change change
precipitate

No visible No visible White No visible

R
change change precipitate change

White No visible Dark brown

S
precipitate change solution

No visible White White No visible

T
change precipitate precipitate change

What could be the identity of the compound in solution P?

A MgBr2

B BaBr2

C MgCl2

Page 16 of 29
 D BaCl2
(Total 1 mark)

Q21.
A student completes some test-tube reactions on five solutions, P,
Q, R, S and T. The student completes each test on separate
samples of each solution.
Observations are shown in the table.

Test 2
Test 1 Test 3 Test 4
Add HNO3(aq)
Add a few Add a few Add a few
Solution then a few
drops of drops of drops of
drops of
H2SO4(aq) NaOH(aq) Cl2(aq)
AgNO3(aq)

White Cream No visible Orange

P
precipitate precipitate change solution

Effervescence
No visible No visible
Q Effervescence and white
change change
precipitate

No visible No visible White No visible

R
change change precipitate change

White No visible Dark brown

S
precipitate change solution

No visible White White No visible

T
change precipitate precipitate change

Which solution contains carbonate ions?

A Solution P

B Solution Q

C Solution R

D Solution S
(Total 1 mark)

Q22.
Which statement is correct?

A Calcium oxide is used to remove sulfur dioxide from

flue gases.

B Calcium has a larger atomic radius than barium.

C Magnesium has a lower electronegativity than barium.

Page 17 of 29
 D Magnesium is used to oxidise titanium(IV) chloride in
the extraction of titanium.
(Total 1 mark)

Q23.
Which species is never formed during the reactions of chlorine with water?

A Chloride ions

B Chlorate(I) ions

C Hydrogen

D Oxygen
(Total 1 mark)

Page 18 of 29
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) Iodide ion / I-
Not iodine / I / I2

Br2 + 2 I-→ I2 + 2 Br-

Allow:
Br2 + 3 I-→ I3- + 2 Br-
Ignore state symbols;

Accept multiples
2

(b) Bromine not a strong enough oxidising agent to displace chlorine (so no visible
change will be observed)
Br2 unable to oxidise Cl- (so no visible change will be
observed)
Br2 is a weaker oxidising agent than Cl2 / Br2 is only a
stronger oxidising agent than I2

Bromine not a strong enough oxidising agent to displace bromine (so no visible
change will be observed)
Br2 is unable to oxidise Br- (so no visible change will be
observed)
Allow Br2 has the same oxidising ability as itself
Do not allow references to halides having oxidising ability do
not allow bromine reacting with halogens
2

(c) Add dilute ammonia

Allow ecf from (a)

The precipitate containing chloride ions will dissolve/react to form a colourless

solution

The precipitate containing bromide ions will show no visible change

Allow does not dissolve

OR

Add dilute ammonia followed by concentrated ammonia

The precipitate containing chloride ions will dissolve/react to form a colourless

solution using dilute ammonia

The precipitate containing bromide ions will not dissolve in dilute ammonia but will
dissolve in concentrated ammonia.
Ignore references to precipitates containing iodide ions
unless due to ecf from (a)
3

Page 19 of 29
 [7]

Q2.
(a) Electron is removed from 1(s) (rather than 2(s))
Mark independently

Lower in energy (than 2s)/Less/No shielding/closer to the nucleus

Stronger attraction between nucleus and outer electron

3

(b) Similarity: produce hydrogen/produce gas/produce white solids/produce Mg2+

compounds/produce a base

Difference: magnesium oxide formed with steam and magnesium hydroxide formed
with (cold) water
2

(c) Oxidation state of Ca increases, so Ca is oxidised

OR
Oxidation state of Ca from 0 to +2, so Ca is oxidised
If no marks awarded, then correct oxidation states of Ca and
H before and after the reaction scores 1 mark

Oxidation state of H decreases, so H is reduced

OR
Oxidation state of H from +1 to 0, so H is reduced
2
[7]

Q3.
(a) M1 (giant) lattice of (Mg2+) cations / (giant) lattice of (Mg) atoms
Incorrect structure type loses M1

M2 (Electrostatic) attractions between cations / Mg2+ ions /

nuclei and delocalised electrons
2

(b) M1 Trend: increases

M2 Reason: the number of electron energy levels increases

Allow: the number of electron shells increases
Ignore increase in shielding
2

(c) Mg(s) + H2O(g) → MgO(s) + H2(g)

State symbols essential

Bright/white flame/light

White/grey ash/powder (allow smoke)

Do not allow ppt

Page 20 of 29
 Ignore black solid
Ignore fumes.
3

(d) M1 BaSO4

M2 X-rays (of internal organs) / barium meal

2

(e) M1 Abundance of 87Sr = X

and Abundance of 86Sr = 1 - 0.83 - X

= 0.17 - X
Allow M1 for
Abundance of 87Sr = X and Abundance of 86Sr = Y if also
states that X + Y = 17

M2 87.73 = (88 × 0.83) + (87 × X) + (86 × (0.17 - X))

87.73 = (88 × 0.83) + (87 × X) + (86 × Y)

87.73 = 73.04 + 87X + 14.62 - 86X

87.73 = 87.66 + X

M3 87Sr = 0.07 = 7 %

M4 Abundance of 86Sr = 1 - 0.83 - 0.07 = 0.1 = 10 %

M4 = 17 - M3
4

(f) M1 Amount of HCl added = 0.200 × 0.040 = 0.00800 mol

M2 Amount of NaOH = 0.100 × 0.02925 = 0.002925 mol

(Amount of HCl = 0.002925 mol)

M3 Amount of HCl reacted with Mg(OH)2 = 0.00800 - 0.002925 = 0.005075 mol

M3 = M1 - M2

M4 Amount of Mg(OH)2 = 0.005075 ÷ 2 = 0.0025375 mol

M4 = M3 ÷ 2

M5 Mass of Mg(OH)2 = 58.3 × 0.0025375 = 0.148 g

M5 = M4 × 58.3

M6 % by mass = × 100 = 74.0 %

M6 = × 100

Do not allow M6 if >100%

6
[19]

Page 21 of 29
Q4.
(a) Reason: sterilise water / disinfect water / kill bacteria / kill microorganisms / kill
microbes
1

Explanation: health benefit outweighs risk / only used in small quantities/low

concentrations
1

Cl2 + H2O ⇌ HCl + HClO

Equation:

2 Cl2 + 2 H2O → 4 HCl + O2

1

(b) 2I– → I2 + 2e-

1

H2SO4 + 6H+ + 6e- → S + 4H2O

Allow S8
1

6H+ + 6I- + H2SO4 → 3I2 + S + 4H2O

Allow correct equations using 8H+ + SO42–
1

SO2 or H2S
Mark independently
1

(c) To ensure that all the halide ions (chloride and iodide) are removed from the solution
/ to ensure that all the halide ions precipitate out of solution
Must refer either to both halide ions, or to all halide ions.
1

(d) n(AgI) = 0.315/234.8 = 1.34 x 10–3 moles

1

(e) n(NaI) = 1.34 x 10–3

mass of NaI = 1.34 x 10–3 x 149.9 = 0.201g
Ans part (d) x 149.9
1

(f) mass of NaCl = 600 – 201 = 399mg

600 – (Ans part (e) x 1000)
1

%NaCl = 399/600 x 100 = 66.5%

(66.5 – 68.3)
M1/600 x 100
OR
(Ans part (e) x 1000) / 600 x 100
100 – M1
1
[12]

Page 22 of 29
Q5.

This question is marked using levels of response. Refer to the Mark

Scheme Instructions for Examiners for guidance on how to mark this
question.

All stages are covered and the explanation of each stage is

generally correct and virtually complete.
Level 3
Answer is well structured with no repetition or irrelevant points.
5-6
Accurate and clear expression of ideas with no errors in use of
technical terms.

All stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may be
incomplete or may contain inaccuracies OR two stages are
covered and the explanations are generally correct and virtually
complete.
Level 2 Answer shows some attempt at structure. Ideas are expressed

3-4 with reasonable clarity with, perhaps, some repetition or some

irrelevant points.

Answer shows some attempt at structure. Ideas are expressed

with reasonable clarity with, perhaps, some repetition or some
irrelevant points. Some minor errors in use of technical terms.

Two stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may
be incomplete or may contain inaccuracies, OR only one stage
is covered but the explanation is generally correct and virtually
Level 1 complete.

1-2 Answer includes isolated statements but these are not

presented in a logical order or show some confusion.

Answer may contain valid points which are not clearly linked to
an argument structure. Errors in the use of technical terms.

Level 0 Insufficient correct chemistry to gain a mark.

In order to score 6 marks all 4 compounds must be identified in some way

Stage 1: Suggested tests (3 + virtually 'complete', 1 + 'covered')

1a: add NaOH

1b: add NaOH (and warm) then hold damp red litmus at mouth of tube (if sequential tests
performed NaOH can be scored from 1a)
1c: add nitric acid/hydrochloric acid
1d: add acidified BaCl2 / acidified Ba(NO3)2
(if sequential tests performed acidified can be scored from 1c)

Stage 2: Observations linked to correct solution and test (3 + virtually 'complete', 1 +

'covered')

Page 23 of 29
 2a: Mg2+ / Mg(NO3)2 will give a white ppt with NaOH
2b: red litmus (at mouth of the tube) will turn blue for NH4+ / NH4NO3 with NaOH
(do not award if red litmus is placed in the solution)
2c: CO32- / Na2CO3 will effervesce with acid/gas formed turns limewater cloudy
2d: SO42- / K2SO4 will give a white ppt with BaCl2
2e: the final tube will be the remaining solution (if only three tests have been done).

Stage 3: Equations (3 + virtually 'complete', 1 + 'covered')

3a: Mg2+ + 2 OH- → Mg(OH)2

3b: NH4+ + OH- → NH3 + H2O

3c: CO32- + 2 H+ → CO2 + H2O

3d: SO42- + Ba2+ → BaSO4

(Ignore state symbols; allow multiples)

[6]

Q6.
(a) (i) 2Cl− Cl2 + 2e−
Ignore state symbols
Credit loss of electrons from LHS
Credit multiples
Do not penalise absence of charge on electron
1

(ii) +7 OR 7 OR VII OR +VII

Allow Mn+7 and 7+
1

(iii) MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e− Mn2+ + 4H2O

Ignore state symbols
Credit loss of electrons from RHS
Credit multiples
Do not penalise absence of charge on electron
1

(b) (i) Cl2 + 2Br− 2Cl− + Br2

OR

Cl2 + Br− Cl− + Br2

One of these two equations only
Ignore state symbols
1

(ii) (Turns to) yellow / orange / brown (solution)

Penalise “red / reddish” as the only colour

Page 24 of 29
 Accept “red-brown” and “red-orange”
Ignore “liquid”
Penalise reference to a product that is a gas or a precipitate
1

(iii) (Chlorine) gains electron(s) / takes electron(s) / accepts electron(s) (from

the bromide ions)

OR

(Chlorine) causes another species (Br−) to lose electron(s)

Penalise “electron pair acceptor”
Not simply “causes loss of electrons”
1

(c) M1 2Cl2 + 2H2O 4HCl + O2

(4H+ + 4Cl−)

M2 Oxidation state −1
Ignore state symbols
Credit multiples
M2 consequential on HCl or Cl− which must be the only
chlorine-containing product in the (un)balanced equation.
For M2 allow Cl−1 or Cl1− but not Cl−
2

(d) M1 The relative size (of the molecules / atoms)

Chlorine is smaller than bromine OR has fewer electrons / electron shells

For M1 ignore whether it refers to molecules or atoms.

OR It is smaller / It has a smaller atomic radius / it is a smaller molecule / atom

(or converse)
CE=0 for the clip for reference to (halide) ions or incorrect
statements about relative size
Ignore molecular mass and Mr

M2 How size of the intermolecular force affects energy needed

Ignore shielding

The forces between chlorine / Cl2 molecules are weaker (than the forces
between bromine / Br2 molecules)
(or converse for bromine)
OR chlorine / Cl2 has weaker / fewer / less (VdW) intermolecular forces /
forces between molecules
(or converse for bromine)
QoL in M2 for clear reference to the difference in size of the
force between molecules. Reference to Van der Waals
forces alone is not enough.
Penalise M2 if (covalent) bonds are broken
2

Page 25 of 29
 [10]

Q7.
(a) Aluminium / Al
Allow M2/M3 if a Group 3 element is given
1

(Outer) electron in (3)p orbital / sub-shell (level)

Not energy level
1

(3p) higher in energy / slightly more shielded (than 3s) / slightly

further away (than 3s)
1

or
OR

Sulfur / S
Allow M2/M3 if a Group 6 element is given
1

(Outer) electrons in (3)p orbital begin to pair

Do not allow just p4 vs p3
1

Repel
1

(b) Na2+(g) → Na3+(g) + e−

State symbols essential.
Allow
Na2+(g) + e– → Na3+(g) + 2 e−
1

(c) M1 Phosphorus / P
Mark independently

M2 large jump in ionisation energy for the 6th ionisation energy

Large jump after the 5 e– is removed / when the 6th e– is
removed

M3 This is when the electron is being removed from the 2nd (principle) energy level
/ from a lower energy level / from a lower shell / from 2p / from an energy level
that is closer to the nucleus
3
[7]

Q8.
A
Decreases Increases
[1]

Page 26 of 29
Q9.
C
In medicine to produce an X-ray image
[1]

Q10.
A
MgCl2
[1]

Q11.
D
O2–
[1]

Q12.
A
NaCl
[1]

Q13.
A
Magnesium oxide is a product when magnesium reacts with
steam.
[1]

Q14.
(a) Mg2+ has a higher charge than Na+ / Mg2+ ions are smaller / Mg2+ has a greater
charge density / Mg atoms smaller than Na atoms / Mg has more delocalised
electrons than Na
Allow
Mg has a higher nuclear charge
1

Stronger attraction to delocalised sea of electrons / stronger metallic bonding

Not attraction for outer electrons
1

(b) 2Mg + TiCl4 → 2MgCl2 + Ti

Allow multiples
1

Mg changes oxidation state from 0 to +2 so electrons are lost / Ti changes oxidation

state from +4 to 0 , so gains electrons
Allow
Oxidation state of Mg increases so it is a reducing agent

Page 27 of 29
 1

(c) Observation with MgCl2: (slight) white ppt

1

Observation with BaCl2: no (visible) change / colourless solution / no reaction

Do not allow nothing / no observation
1
[6]

Q15.
D
NaI(aq) + Br2(aq)
[1]

Q16.
D
OH–
[1]

Q17.
B
The oxidising ability of the element decreases.
[1]

Q18.
D
Iodide ions reduce chlorine to form chloride ions.
[1]

Q19.
B
f block
[1]

Q20.
B
BaBr2
[1]

Q21.
B
Solution Q
[1]

Page 28 of 29
Q22.
A
Calcium oxide is used to remove sulfur dioxide from flue
gases.
[1]

Q23.
C
Hydrogen
[1]

Page 29 of 29