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The document contains solutions to Assignment 1 for Linear Algebra II (MATH 225), addressing various mathematical problems including linear combinations, trigonometric identities, and properties of a binary operation. It provides detailed steps for solving equations and proving properties such as associativity and commutativity. Additionally, it discusses the existence of zero elements and additive inverses in the context of the defined operations.

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4 views4 pages

1 Sol

The document contains solutions to Assignment 1 for Linear Algebra II (MATH 225), addressing various mathematical problems including linear combinations, trigonometric identities, and properties of a binary operation. It provides detailed steps for solving equations and proving properties such as associativity and commutativity. Additionally, it discusses the existence of zero elements and additive inverses in the context of the defined operations.

Uploaded by

샤르븁븁
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linear Algebra II (MATH 225): Solutions

to Assignment 1

1. (a) α = (1, 1, 3, 7, 13, . . .) and β = (3, 7, 13, 21, 31, . . .). (4 marks)
(b)

aα + bβ = (an2 − an + a)n + (bn2 + 3bn + 3b)n


= ((a + b)n2 + (−a + 3b)n + a + 3b)n .

(5 marks)
(c) To satisfy the equation aα + bβ = γ, i.e.,

((a + b)n2 + (−a + 3b)n + a + 3b)n = (3n2 − 19n − 5)n ,

we seek a, b ∈ R such that

a+ b= 3
−a + 3b = −19
a + 3b = −5

A few row operations solve this system:


     
1 1 3 1 1 3 1 0 7
−1 3 −19 ↔ 0 4 −16 ↔ 0 1 −4 .
1 3 −5 0 2 −8 0 0 0

The solution is a = 7, b = −4, so γ = 7α − 4β. (6 marks)

2.

cos(4x) = cos2 (2x) − sin2 (2x)


= (cos2 (x) − sin2 (x))2 − sin2 (2x)
= cos4 (x) − 2 cos2 (x) sin2 (x) + sin4 (x) − sin2 (2x)
1
= cos4 (x) − sin2 (2x) + sin4 (x) − sin2 (2x)
2
3
= cos4 (x) + sin4 (x) − sin2 (2x)
2
3
= f (x) + g(x) − h(x).
2
Thus, i = f + g − 23 h. (8 marks)

Paul Buckingham Linear Algebra II (MATH 225): Solutions to Assignment 1 | 1


3. We provide two solutions.
Solution 1: Observe that x ⊕ y = (1 + x)(1 + y) − 1. Now, for all x, y, z ∈ X,
(x ⊕ y) ⊕ z = (1 + (x ⊕ y))(1 + z) − 1
= ((1 + x)(1 + y))(1 + z) − 1
= (1 + x)((1 + y)(1 + z)) − 1
= (1 + x)(1 + (y ⊕ z)) − 1
= x ⊕ (y ⊕ z),
so associativity holds for ⊕. Done slightly differently, the proof of associa-
tivity looks like this:
(x ⊕ y) ⊕ z = ((1 + x)(1 + y) − 1) ⊕ z
= ((1 + x)(1 + y))(1 + z) − 1
= (1 + x)((1 + y)(1 + z)) − 1
= x ⊕ ((1 + y)(1 + z) − 1)
= x ⊕ (y ⊕ z),
(6 marks)
For commutativity, we observe simply that
x ⊕ y = (1 + x)(1 + y) − 1 = (1 + y)(1 + x) − 1 = y ⊕ x.
(3 marks)
The zero element for ⊕ is just the real number 0, because for all x ∈ X,
x ⊕ 0 = (1 + x)(1 + 0) − 1 = (1 + x) − 1 = x.
(3 marks)
To find the additive inverse of an element x ∈ X, we solve x ⊕ y = 0 for
y ∈ X:
1
x ⊕ y = 0 ⇐⇒ (1 + x)(1 + y) − 1 = 0 ⇐⇒ y = − 1.
1+x
which is defined because x ̸= −1. Thus, the additive inverse of x with
1
respect to ⊕ is 1+x − 1. (4 marks)
Solution 2: For all x, y, z ∈ X,
(x ⊕ y) ⊕ z = (x ⊕ y) + z + (x ⊕ y)z
= x + y + xy + z + (x + y + xy)z
= x + y + xy + z + xz + yz + xyz,
and
x ⊕ (y ⊕ z) = x + (y ⊕ z) + x(y ⊕ z)

Paul Buckingham Linear Algebra II (MATH 225): Solutions to Assignment 1 | 2


= x + y + z + yz + x(y + z + yz)
= x + y + z + yz + xy + xz + xyz.

The two expressions are equal, so associativity holds for ⊕. A slightly dif-
ferent sequence of steps, but leading to the same result, is

(x ⊕ y) ⊕ z = (x + y + xy) ⊕ z
= x + y + xy + z + (x + y + xy)z
= x + y + xy + z + xz + yz + xyz

and

x ⊕ (y ⊕ z) = x ⊕ (y + z + yz)
= x + y + z + yz + x(y + z + yz)
= x + y + z + yz + xy + xz + xyz.

(6 marks)
Commutativity is straightforward:

x ⊕ y = x + y + xy = y + x + yx = y ⊕ x.

(3 marks)
The zero element 0 is just the real number 0, because for all x ∈ X,

x ⊕ 0 = x + 0 + x0 = x.

(3 marks)
To find the additive inverse of an element x ∈ X, we solve x ⊕ y = 0 for
y ∈ X:
1
x ⊕ y = 0 ⇐⇒ x + y + xy = 0 ⇐⇒ y = − 1,
1+x
which is defined because x ̸= −1. Thus, the additive inverse of x with
1
respect to ⊕ is −x/(1 + x) = 1+x − 1. (4 marks)

4. (i) Associativity fails. For example,

(1 ⊕ 0) ⊕ 0 = 2 ⊕ 0 = 4,
while 1 ⊕ (0 ⊕ 0) = 1 ⊕ 0 = 2.

(3 marks)
(ii) Commutativity holds: For all u, v ∈ R,

u ⊕ v = 2u + 2v = 2v + 2u = v ⊕ u.

(3 marks)

Paul Buckingham Linear Algebra II (MATH 225): Solutions to Assignment 1 | 3


(iii) Now we turn to the existence of a zero element. Suppose there exists
v ∈ R such that u ⊕ v = u for all u ∈ R. Then for all u,

2u + 2v = u, i.e., u = −2v,

implying that R has only one element. This contradiction shows that R has
no zero element with respect to ⊕. (3 marks)
(iv) The axiom concerning additive inverses is not applicable, because there
is no zero element. (1 mark)
(v) If u, v ∈ R, and c ∈ R, then

c ⊙ (u ⊕ v) = c ⊙ (2u + 2v)
= (−c)(2u + 2v)
= 2(−c)u + 2(−c)v
= ((−c)u) ⊕ ((−c)v)
= (c ⊙ u) ⊕ (c ⊙ v),

so the axiom holds. (4 marks)


(vi) This axiom fails. For example,

(1 + 0) ⊙ 1 = 1 ⊙ 1 = (−1)1 = −1,
while (1 ⊙ 1) ⊕ (0 ⊙ 1) = ((−1)1) ⊕ ((−0)1) = (−1) ⊕ 0 = −2.

(3 marks)
(vii) This axiom fails. For example, letting · denote the usual multiplication
of real numbers, we have

(1 · 1) ⊙ 1 = 1 ⊙ 1 = (−1)1 = −1,
while 1 ⊙ (1 ⊙ 1) = 1 ⊙ ((−1)1) = 1 ⊙ (−1) = (−1)(−1) = 1.

(3 marks)
(viii) This last axiom fails, as well, for if u ∈ R∖{0}, then 1 ⊙ u = (−1)u =
−u, which is different from u. (3 marks)

Paul Buckingham Linear Algebra II (MATH 225): Solutions to Assignment 1 | 4

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