Research practical

Determination of Gravity by free fall

Aisha Osman
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Table of Contents
1. Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 3
2.2. Aims......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.3. Objectives................................................................................................................................ 5
2.4. Themes .................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Planning........................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1. Gantt Chart.............................................................................................................................. 6
3.2. Hypothesis............................................................................................................................... 6
4. Experiment 1: Dropping a tennis ball from a measured height (h). Stop and start timer to measure
t ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.1. Overview of experiment ......................................................................................................... 8
4.2. Variables.................................................................................................................................. 8
4.3. Equipment ............................................................................................................................... 8
4.4. Health and Safety: ................................................................................................................... 9
4.5. Method: .................................................................................................................................. 9
4.6. Results ..................................................................................................................................... 9
4.7. Graph .................................................................................................................................... 10
4.8. Interpretations and analysis of data ..................................................................................... 11
5. Experiment 2: Dropping G-ball from a measured height (h). The G-ball starts measuring once
button has been clicked and released. The timer stops as soon as it hits surface. .............................. 12
5.1. Overview of experiment ....................................................................................................... 13
5.2. Variables................................................................................................................................ 13
5.3. Equipment ............................................................................................................................. 13
5.4. Health and Safety: ................................................................................................................. 13
5.5. Method: ................................................................................................................................ 13
5.6. Results G ball ......................................................................................................................... 14
5.7. Graph .................................................................................................................................... 14
5.8. Interpretations and analysis of data ..................................................................................... 15
6. Experiment 3: Electromagnetic..................................................................................................... 16
6.1. Overview of experiment ....................................................................................................... 17
6.2. Variables................................................................................................................................ 17
6.3. Health and Safety .................................................................................................................. 17
6.4. Equipment ............................................................................................................................. 17
6.7. Method: ................................................................................................................................ 17
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6.8. Results ................................................................................................................................... 18

6.9. Graph .................................................................................................................................... 19
6.10. Interpretations and analysis of data ................................................................................. 19
7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 20
7.1. Limitations and improvements ............................................................................................. 20
7.2. Evaluation ............................................................................................................................. 21
8. References .................................................................................................................................... 21
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1. Abstract
The goal of this study is to experimentally determine the acceleration
due to gravity (g) using techniques such as a tennis ball and a stopwatch, g
ball, and others. The experiments are based on the principles of Newton's
laws of motion and gravitation. From that, accurate measurements of the
pertinent free fall times will be made. The data will be analysed to find trends
and patterns. Furthermore, the observed relationship between dropping
height and free fall time will be compared with predictions based on
accelerated motion principles. Conclusions will be drawn on how height
affects the rate of fall. We will discuss about how the findings affect
gravitational acceleration and uniformly accelerated motion. Additionally,
possible error sources will be located and suggestions for additional
experiments will be made.

2. Introduction
The aim of this study is to determine the acceleration due to gravity
near Earth's surface, aiming for a value close to the universally accepted 9.81
m/s². Additionally, the study seeks to investigate how variations in dropping
height influence the rate of descent of objects in free fall. Specific objectives
include examining the relationship between free fall time and the distance
travelled, comparing experimental acceleration values with the accepted
value of 9.81 m/s², and identifying errors and uncertainties in experimental
setups to propose improvements for future investigations.

2.1. Background
Gravity is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects
toward its centre. The force of gravity keeps all the planets in orbit around
the sun (NASA Science).
Acceleration due to gravity refers to the acceleration and speed
gained by an object due to the gravitational pull exerted by the gravitation on
it. It is always calculated in m/s2. Gravitation is a vector quantity as it has
both direction and magnitude. The acceleration due to gravity is always
represented as “g”, and on the earth’s surface, its value is 9.8 m/s2.
(Acceleration due to gravity, 2022, Unacademy)
Energy conservation According to this theory, energy can only be
changed from one form to another. In this investigation you will find that
when a ball is dropped, its internal energy transforms into kinetic energy, or
the energy of motion. The ball acquires some kinetic energy and loses some
potential energy, or energy resulting from its position. The ball will
completely halt at the bottom and lose all its kinetic energy if you let it to fall
to the ground. Sound energy replaces the lost potential energy. This is all to
do with Newton's second law of motion is very important when determining
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the g fall. Newton's second law of motion states that F = ma, or net force is
equal to mass times acceleration. A larger net force acting on an object
causes a larger acceleration, and objects with larger mass require more force
to accelerate. Both the net force acting on an object and the object's mass
determine how the object will accelerate. (Khan Academy, Newtons Law).
Newton's second law plays a crucial role in understanding the motion of the
ball.
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
In analysing the motion of a ball in free fall, especially in the presence
of gravity, the force acting on the ball is the force due to gravity, using the
formula represent:
𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚 × 𝑔

Where:

• m is the mass of the ball, and

• g is the acceleration due to gravity.
According to Newton’s second law, the acceleration of the ball is
directly proportional to the force of gravity and inversely proportional to its
mass so the acceleration of the ball in free fall can be expressed in the 1990s
revealed that:
𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎cceleration =
𝑚
𝑚×𝑔
𝑎cceleration =
𝑚
𝑎cceleration = 𝑔
This equation shows that the acceleration of the ball in freefall is
equal to the acceleration due to gravity (g). This fundamental principle of
Newton’s second law states that all objects falling randomly under the
influence of gravity near the surface of the earth experience the same
acceleration regardless of their mass
In your analysis of free fall and determining the value of g, you can
use Newton's second law to analyse the force acting as the ball falls
Depending on the time and distance the ball falls a you measure it, you can
use the equation that has estimated its velocity =2s/t^2 where s falls and the
distance t Time taken This calculated velocity should agree well with the
theoretical value of g, establishing the relation to momentum, mass and
acceleration described by Newton's second law.
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2.2. Aims
The aim of this have a look at is to decide the acceleration because of
gravity near Earth's surface, aiming for a fee near the universally normal
9.810 m/s². Additionally, the look at seeks to research how variations in
dropping top influence the rate of descent of items in unfastened fall.
Specific targets encompass examining the connection between loose fall time
and the space travelled, comparing experimental acceleration values with the
prevalent fee of 9.810 m/s², and identifying errors and uncertainties in
experimental setups to recommend enhancements for future investigations.

2.3. Objectives
• To look into the relationship between the time taken for an object to
fall freely and the space it travels.
• To examine the experimental value of the acceleration due to gravity
received from the unfastened fall of the tennis ball with the prevalent
fee of 9.810 m/s².
• To perceive error and uncertainties in both experimental setups and
endorse upgrades for future investigations.

2.4. Themes
Bungee leaping affords a brilliant example of the principles of loose
fall and gravitational acceleration that we explored in our experiments. When
a person leaps from a platform with a bungee wire attached to their ankles,
they undergo a controlled descent that is governed with the aid of the forces
of gravity. As they plunge downwards, the gravitational pressure accelerates
their movement, inflicting them to accelerate in the direction of the floor.
The experience of bungee jumping parallels the concepts we The
experience of bungee jumping parallels the concepts we examined in our
experiments, particularly in the relationship between fall height and time
from which we measured the time it took for objects to fall freely about the
ceiling The free fall time is longer, because gravity takes more time for the
jumper to accelerate to the ground. Additionally, the acceleration gained in
bungee jumping is consistent with the principles of Newton’s laws of motion
and gravity that we studied when a jumper accelerates downward, the same
acceleration is gained due to the gravity (g) we measured in our experiments
This constant acceleration controls the speed of the runners
throughout their descent, affecting things like acceleration, speed, and
feeling weightless by comparing our experimental observations to life
through actual experiences such as bungee jumping, we can better
understand the basic principles of gravitational acceleration and its
application in everyday scenarios tangible -service for example, it focuses on
universal characteristics a gravity and its effects on moving objects Through
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such relationships, we deepen our appreciation of the laws of physics and

how they relate to the world around us.

3. Planning
During the planning phase, a detailed Gantt chart is developed to
outline project tasks and timelines, and ensure effective project
management. Hypotheses are based on established scientific principles and
prior research findings, providing a framework for experiments. Risk
assessments are conducted to identify potential risks and implement
safeguards to protect the welfare of investigators and participants careful
consideration of sample size, trial management and data collection
procedures occurs emphasis on increasing reliability of test results may
include.

3.1. Gantt Chart

3.2. Hypothesis
I hypothesise that when conducting the experiments, the acceleration
due to gravity is 9.80665 m/s2, or approximately 9.81 m/s2, which means that
a free-falling object will reach a speed of 9.81 m/s in only one second. At the
moment the object is dropped, it will have a speed of 0 m/s. The object will
then travel at a constant speed of 9.81 m/s until it hits the ground. Anon,
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(2022). The rate of descent of a tennis ball and G ball can be varied by
adjusting its dropping height. It is expected that the ball will fall to the ground
faster as the drop height is lowered. Throughout the experiment I will be
referring to the equations of motion. SUVAT was created by Cédric Gaspard.
In the free fall experiment, I will be utilising the SUVAT equation for
displacement (s) under constant acceleration.
The SUVAT equations that are given bellow are in the formula booklet
produced by Pearson Education.
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡________(1)
1 2
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 _______ (2)
2
1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 – 𝑎𝑡 2 _________(3)
2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠________(4)
Adding (2) and (3),
𝑠 + 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑣𝑡
1
𝑠 = ( 𝑢 + 𝑣 ) 𝑡________(5)
2
Where

• s is the displacement (distance) travelled by the tennis ball

• u is the initial velocity of the tennis ball (which is zero in free fall)
• a is the acceleration due to gravity (g)
• t is the time taken for the ball to fall
The acceleration of g of free fall can be determined using the
1
equation𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 since the object is dropped from rest and a=g. Bone,
G., Chadha, G. and Saunders, N. (2015) Since the initial velocity (u) is zero in
free fall, the equation simplifies to:
1
𝑠 = 𝑔𝑡 2
2
Rearranging this equation, we can solve for g:
2𝑠
𝑔=
𝑡2
I anticipated that plotting s against 𝑡 2 will produce a linear
1
relationship. This line will correspond to 2 𝑔, allowing us to determine a value
for g, through collecting accurate data and plotting it to the graph and from
that achieving a gradient that is consistent with theoretical assumptions of
gravity being 9.81 m/s2.
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4. Experiment 1: Dropping a tennis ball from a measured height (h).

Stop and start timer to measure t

4.1. Overview of experiment

This experiment aims to investigate the free fall of a tennis ball from
various measured heights to study the relationship between dropping height
and fall time. The objective is to determine the acceleration due to gravity
and verify its consistency with theoretical predictions. The experimental
setup and procedure are described in detail, including the selection of
appropriate equipment and techniques to ensure accurate measurements.

4.2. Variables
In this experiment, the dependent variable is the height of the drop
(h) and the independent variable is the time of fall of the tennis ball (t).
Relationships between these variables are investigated by applying a gradient
to the fall rate and measuring the corresponding fall times. Factors that can
affect the accuracy and precision of the measurement, such as wind
resistance and surface area, are also considered.

4.3. Equipment
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Material Use

Tennis ball
The material which will be used to drop from a height

1m Ruler x2 This will be stuck on the wall so I can accumulate

accurate measurements

Stopwatch This will be used to measure time.

Blue tack I will use this to stick the rules securely to wall.

4.4. Health and Safety:

To minimize the risks associated with falls and equipment
malfunctions, I ensure that the testing area is clear of obstructions such as
bags and clothing lines and conduct regular inspections of all equipment
repair of the. Personal protective equipment including safety glasses will be
worn to prevent possible injuries. Safety measures will also be established to
minimize hazards and promote a safe working environment.

4.5. Method:
1. Set up ruler against a wall using blue tack. Putting one on top of the
other creating a 2m ruler.
2. Drag a table into the height variable you want to move down.
3. One person holds a stopwatch, while the other holds a tennis ball of
the desired height.
4. Count down from 3, 2, 1, GO, where the ball is to be release and timer
to be started at GO.
5. Record results and repeat 3 times to get an average.

4.6. Results

Distance Distanc Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean 𝑻𝟐 𝒉 𝟐𝒉

(cm) e T (s) T(s) T(s) Time (T) 𝟏 𝟐 𝑻
= 𝒈𝑻 (m/s)
(m) (s) 𝟐
200 2 0.52 0.52 0.68 0.57 0.32 1.57 5.51
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170 1.7 0.37 0.44 0.67 0.49 0.24 1.18 4.80

140 1.4 0.32 0.43 0.60 0.45 0.20 0.98 4.36

110 1.1 0.25 0.32 0.56 0.38 0.14 0.69 3.61

80 0.8 0.22 0.25 0.44 0.30 0.09 0.44 2.94

50 0.5 0.22 0.14 0.57 0.31 0.10 0.49 3.16

20 0.2 0.13 0.7 0.37 0.22 0.05 0.25 2.23

4.7. Graph

0.7

0.6
y = 0.1019x + 1E-15
R² = 1
0.5
2h/T (m/s)

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Time (S)

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
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𝑦 = 0.1019𝑥 − 0.0161
So,
The gradient is 0.1019.

4.8. Interpretations and analysis of data

During the experiment, the tennis ball was dropped seven times from
the measured height, three trials for each height to ensure stability and a
reliable mean value was obtained for the Time of data collection picture, a
clear trend emerges
However, during the data analysis process, two differences were
observed in the plotted graph. These differences deviated from the expected
trend and can be attributed to potential sources of error, such as human
error in ball release, simultaneous stopwatch initiation and experimental
procedures for sample variables of the effort to maintain accuracy and
consistency
While differences pose challenges in data interpretation, they
highlight the inherent complexity of experimental research and the
importance of identifying and addressing potential sources of error Future
experiments should draw attention emphasize the reduction of human error
by using automated timekeeping or video analysis software. During the
experiment, the tennis ball was dropped seven times from the measured
height, three trials for each height to ensure stability and a reliable mean
value was obtained for the Time of data collection picture, a clear trend
emerges.
However, during the data analysis process, two differences were
observed in the plotted graph. These differences deviated from the expected
trend and can be attributed to potential sources of error, such as human
error in ball release, simultaneous stopwatch initiation and experimental
procedures for sample variables of the effort to maintain accuracy and
consistency.
While differences pose challenges in data interpretation, they
highlight the inherent complexity of experimental research and the
importance of identifying and addressing potential sources of error Future
experiments should draw attention emphasize the reduction of human error
by using automated timekeeping or video analysis software.
By acknowledging that differences exist and discussing potential
sources of error, experimental findings are presented in the context of
scientific inquiry, creating transparency and critical thinking in the testing
process
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One limitation of this experiment is the possible effect of air

resistance on the motion of the tennis ball. To overcome this limitation,
future tests could be conducted in an anaerobic environment to minimize the
effect of air resistance and obtain more accurate measurements of free-fall
times
Another limitation of this experiment is the possibility of human error
when the stopwatch times the fall of the tennis ball. Participants may release
the ball before or after the start, resulting in inaccurate recorded times. To
address this limitation and the way to improve my data I conducted G ball
tests using automatic timing systems on the ball, where the stopwatch would
record the time when the button was released just then, the ball landed.

5. Experiment 2: Dropping G-ball from a measured height (h). The

G-ball starts measuring once button has been clicked and
released. The timer stops as soon as it hits surface.
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5.1. Overview of experiment

In this experiment, the free fall of a G-Ball is explored to investigate its
relationship between dropping height and fall time. By comparing the results
with Experiment 1, I aim to validate experimental findings and explore any
discrepancies such as human error.

5.2. Variables
The independent variable in this experiment is the dropping height
(h), while the dependent variable is the fall time of the G-Ball (t). The
relationship between these variables is explored through systematic
manipulation of dropping heights and measurement of corresponding fall
times.

5.3. Equipment

Material Use

G ball The material which will be used to

drop from a height. This will also have
an inbuilt timer.
1m Ruler x2 This will be stuck on the wall so I can
accumulate accurate measurements.
Blue tack I will use this to stick the rules
securely to wall.

5.4. Health and Safety:

To ensure the safety of researchers and participants, the experimental
area is cleared of obstacles, and proper handling procedures are followed for
the G-Ball and equipment. Safety goggles are worn to protect against
potential hazards.

5.5. Method:
1. Set up ruler against a wall using blue tack. Putting one on top of
the other creating a 2m ruler.
2. Draw a table on which height variable you want to go down in.
3. Have one person holding the G ball at desired height.
4. Count down from 3, 2, 1, GO, and release the ball when you hear
GO.
5. Record results and repeat 3 times to get an average.
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5.6. Results G ball

Distance Distance Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean 𝑻𝟐 𝒉 𝟐𝒉

(cm) (m) T (s) T(s) T(s) Time (T) 𝟏 𝟐 𝑻
= 𝒈𝑻 (m/s)
(s) 𝟐
200 2 0.65 0.68 0.66 0.66 0.44 2.16 6.51

170 1.7 0.61 0.65 0.59 0.62 0.38 1.87 6.05

140 1.4 0.54 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.27 1.34 5.13

110 1.1 0.47 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.22 1.07 4.58

80 0.8 0.47 0.39 0.43 0.43 0.18 0.91 4.22

50 0.5 0.29 0.3 0.3 0.30 0.09 0.43 2.91

20 0.2 0.16 0.1 0.21 0.16 0.02 0.12 1.54

5.7. Graph
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7.00
y = 9.81x - 1E-14
6.00 R² = 1

5.00
2h/T (m/s)
4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
Time (s)

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦 = 9.81𝑥 − 1𝐸 − 14
So,
The gradient is 9.81.

5.8. Interpretations and analysis of data

Results The experimental results show a consistent relationship
between the drop height of the G-ball and the fall time, validating the
experimental findings and providing insight into its behaviour during the free
fall. Further research reveals the influence of external factors such as air
resistance and surface friction on the G-ball velocity, emphasizing the
importance of controlling experimental variables and minimizing sources of
error.
One limitation of this experiment is the possible effect of sensor
accuracy on the time of drop measurements. To overcome this limitation,
future tests should evaluate the sensors and perform validation tests to
ensure the accuracy of the calibration, which I derived from this average by
observing that the test was performed three times on the snow.
Another limitation I found in the G-Ball testing was the difficulty in
accurately measuring fall height due to the size of the ball compared to a
tennis ball When the G-ball is placed on a ruler -introduced some uncertainty
in height species, which may have affected the accuracy of the experimental
results.
Despite efforts to eliminate the human error associated with
simultaneous ball release and stopwatch, difficulties with height recording
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continued to manifest and consequently discrepancies were observed in the

cases illustrated, indicating a deviation from expectations. Although the
removal of human error from timing represents a significant improvement in
the use of tennis balls, inherent challenges in height measurement
continued, affecting reliability and it is consistent in the summary.
To address this limitation, future experiments should explore new
experimental methods to improve the accuracy of height measurements that
avoid the difficulties associated with the accuracy of fall height
measurements.
An alternative method can be used such as using an electromagnet.
The use of electrical power to systematically change the height of the fall to
control the landing of the bowler. By subjecting the bowler to a controlled
electric current, I can accurately manipulate his velocity and investigate the
relationship between electromagnetic field and time of fall This method
removes the need for manual height measurements from there, resulting in a
controlled and reproducible experimental design.
By incorporating electromagnetic fields as an alternative method of
investigating the relationship between fall height and time, researchers can
extend their analysis and derive underlying principles governing fall dynamics
in depth insight into freedom.

6. Experiment 3: Electromagnetic
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6.1. Overview of experiment

This experiment examines the effect of an electric field on the motion
of a metallic object. By subjecting the object to a controlled electric field,
researchers aim to observe changes in voltage and investigate the
relationship between electromagnetic fields and velocity The setup and
execution of the experiment are described in detail , including selection of
appropriate instruments and techniques to ensure accurate measurements.

6.2. Variables
In this experiment, the independent variable is the voltage, and the
dependent variable is the velocity of the metal object.

6.3. Health and Safety

Proper procedures are followed for handling electricity and
equipment and for eliminating electrical hazards. Safety precautions are
taken to ensure the experimental area is clear of any objects that could
interfere with the experiment that could escalate to a hazard. Personal
protective equipment, including safety goggles, is worn to protect against
potential hazards.

6.4. Equipment

Apparatus
Peg
Steel bearing ball
Timer
Trap door
Electromagnet
Clamps

6.7. Method:
1. Set up the apparatus by attaching the electromagnet to the top of a
tall clamp stand. Do not switch on the current till everything is set up
2. Adjust ruler to apparatus ensuring it is positioned well. Arrange the
timer so that it “starts” when the electromagnet is switched off
3. Position the steal bearing into peg, directly above the trap door.
4. Have one person to release bearing whilst another starts the timer.
The timer will stop once bearing hits the trapdoor.
5. Gather result. And switch off the socket and turn on after each result.
6. Repeat this for each result 3 times to obtain and average.
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6.8. Results

Distance Distanc Trial Trial 2 Trial Mean 𝑻𝟐 𝒉 𝟐𝒉

(cm) e 1 T(s) 3 Time 𝟏 𝑻
= 𝒈𝑻𝟐 (m/
(m) T (s) T(s) (T) 𝟐
(s) s)
90 0.9 0.43 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.17 0.85 4.09

85 0.85 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.17 0.82 4.02

80 0.8 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.15 0.75 3.83

75 0.75 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.14 0.68 3.66

70 0.7 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.13 0.65 3.56

65 0.65 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.12 0.59 3.40

60 0.6 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.11 0.56 3.30

55 0.55 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.10 0.47 3.04

50 0.5 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.08 0.38 2.71

45 0.45 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.07 0.36 2.65

40 0.4 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.07 0.33 2.55

35 0.35 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.23 0.05 0.27 2.29

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30 0.3 0.21 0.18 0.22 0.20 0.04 0.20 1.99

25 0.25 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.03 0.13 1.60

20 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.02 0.12 1.50

6.9. Graph

4.50
4.00 y = 9.81x - 9E-15
R² = 1
3.50
3.00
2h/T (m/s)

2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Time (s)

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦 = 9.81𝑥 − 1𝐸 − 15
So,
The gradient is 9.81.

6.10. Interpretations and analysis of data

In the electromagnetic experiment, I conducted a more extensive
data collection compared to the other experiments. This was necessary
because the height involved in this particular experiment was considerably
shorter than in the others. Had I used the same measurement intervals as in
the other experiments, the results would have exhibited greater variability
due to the shorter distance. Therefore, by collecting more data points, I
aimed to ensure a more accurate representation of the ball-bearing's descent
under these conditions.
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One limitation of the electromagnetic experiment is the reliance on a

mechanism for releasing the ball-bearing from a stationary position before
initiating its descent. In this setup, a peg or similar device holds the ball-
bearing in place directly above the trapdoor. When the peg is released, the
ball-bearing begins its descent, and a timer is started to measure the fall
time. However, manually releasing pegs introduces the possibility of human
error, as precision planning is required to ensure the exact moment of ball-
bearing slip Variations in peg release and trapdoor effects may cause slip
recorded times are inconsistent and inaccurate, undermining the reliability of
survey data.
Another limitation of electrical tests is the cost of installing and
maintaining the equipment needed. Electromagnets, electrical sources, and
associated equipment represent a significant financial investment, which may
limit ease of use for researchers with financial constraints coupled with the
design of the experimental apparatus the den may require specialized
expertise to collect, analyse, and manipulate it, further contributing to both
cost and resource requirements.
To address these limitations, the light gate test can be improved by
incorporating additional techniques such as light gate testing to increase the
reliability and accessibility of the test set.

7. Conclusion
7.1. Limitations and improvements
The slopes from the simulated images of the three experiments - the
tennis ball, the G-ball, and the electric drop test - reveal interesting insights
compared to the expected value of potential about the velocity (g) of gravity,
which is typically 9.81 m/ s2 near the Earth’s surface. The flows from your
experiments are as follows: 10.4 m/s for the tennis ball experiment, 9.810
m/s for the G-ball experiment, and 9.810 m/s for the electromagnetic
experiment First, it is important noting that the values obtained from the
experiments are the theoretical value of 9.81 m/s They are close enough. This
indicates that the experimental set-ups were designed with some accuracy
and precision, as the measured velocities are within a few errors from the
expected value
However, the small difference between the experimental values and
the theoretical values of g can be attributed to several factors. One possible
explanation is systematic errors introduced during experimental design or
data collection. For example, incorrect measuring equipment, environmental
variables such as air resistance, and methodological inhomogeneities in test
methods can contribute to standard deviations a expectations in addition to
random errors in the testing process can also affect the accuracy of the
results. These errors may result from changes in calibration readings,
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inconsistencies in experimental conditions, or unforeseen factors affecting

the behaviour of falling objects Despite these factors that can this error
result, the consistency of the velocities measured in experiments is
remarkable.

7.2. Evaluation
To get more accurate results, I can use the light table test. The light
table test provides a more sophisticated and accurate way to measure when
an object falls randomly, compared to hand time methods applied to the
reliability of traditional tests of the results a. The basic principle behind the
optical gate is the interference of the light beam by the falling object. The
optical gate consists of a beam of light produced by a transmitter and a
receiver placed opposite each other between. When the object passes
through this beam, it cancels light, triggering a timing system, similar to a
stopwatch or computer software that detects distractions. Light gates
provide more accurate measurement of time, enabling the precise timing of
object illumination will fall exactly. This eliminates the possibility of human
error associated with manual timing techniques, such as response time
variations or incorrect stopwatch start and position or response time
variations that can affect hand time. This increases the reliability and
reproducibility of the experimental results.

8. References
• Anon, (2022). 4 Free Fall Equations & 6 Examples: A Comprehensive Guide. [online]
Available at: https://praxilabs.com/en/blog/2022/12/10/free-fall-comprehensive-
equations/#The_Physics_Behind_the_Free_Fall_Experiment.
• Bone, G., Chadha, G. and Saunders, N. (2015) A level physics for OCR. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion (video) (no date) Khan Academy. Available at:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-physics/x215e29cb31244fa1:forces-and-
motion/x215e29cb31244fa1:force-mass-and-acceleration/v/newton-s-second-law-of-
motion .
• What is gravity? (2020) NASA. Available at: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/what-is-
gravity/en/

• Acceleration due to gravity (2022) Unacademy. Available at:

https://unacademy.com/content/jee/study-material/physics/acceleration-due-to-
gravity/

• Suvat’s formulae (2015) New. Available at:

https://newcleckitdominie.wordpress.com/2015/08/01/suvats-
22 of 22

formulae/#:~:text=This%20week%20marks%20the%20anniversary,students%20through
%20his%20eponymous%20formulae.
• https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/A%20Level/Mathematics/2017/sp
ecification-and-sample-
assesment/Pearson_Edexcel_A_Level_GCE_in_Mathematics_Formulae_Book.pdf