VASAVI JNANA PEETHA EVENING COLLEGE

Vijayanagar,Bangaluru-40
Subject:Computer Applications
UNIT -3

Database Management Systems, Relational Data Model, Introduction to e-learning

platforms such as Swayam, and MOOC. Virtual Meet: Technical Requirements,
Scheduling a meeting, joining virtual meet, recording the meeting. Online Forms:
Creating questionnaire, Publishing Questionnaire, conducting online responses,
Analysing the responses, copying graphics into powerpoint, Downloading the
response to spreadsheet. Introduction to societal impacts, Digital Foot prints, Digital
Society and Netizen, Data Protection, E-waste, Impact on Health.

1)What is a DBMS?Give an example.

A DBMS, or Database Management System, is software that enables users to create, manage, and
manipulate databases efficiently.
Examples:Oracle,MySql etc

2) What are the features of a DBMS?

Key features of a DBMS include:
 Data Storage and Retrieval: Storing data systematically and retrieving it quickly.
 Data Security: Ensuring only authorized users can access or modify the data.
 Data Integrity: Maintaining accuracy and consistency in the database.
 Concurrent Access: Allowing multiple users to work with the database simultaneously
without conflicts.
 Backup and Recovery: Protecting data and restoring it in case of failures.

3)Explain different types of DBMS?

Certainly! There are four main types of Database Management Systems (DBMS), each designed for
specific data storage and management needs:
Relational DBMS (RDBMS):
o Organizes data into tables (relations) with rows and columns.
o Uses SQL (Structured Query Language) for data manipulation.
o Ensures data integrity through relationships between tables.
o Example: MySQL, Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL Server.
Hierarchical DBMS:
o Organizes data in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships.
o Each parent node can have multiple child nodes, but each child has only one parent.
o Best for applications where data has a clear hierarchy.
o Example: IBM Information Management System (IMS).
Network DBMS:
o Represents data in a graph structure, allowing many-to-many relationships.
o Data is linked through pointers, offering more flexibility than hierarchical models.
o Often used in large systems like telecommunications.

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Asst Prof in Computer Science
Vasavi Jnana Peetha Evening College Page 1
 o Example: Integrated Data Store (IDS).
Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS):
o Stores data as objects, similar to object-oriented programming.
o Supports data types such as multimedia, graphics, and complex data relationships.
o Example: db4o (Database for Objects), ObjectDB.

4)Explain different types of DBMS Languages?

i)Data Definition Language (DDL):-
 Purpose: Used to define or modify the structure of the database (schemas, tables, indexes,
etc.).
 Examples of DDL Commands:
o CREATE (e.g., to create a new table)
o ALTER (e.g., to modify a table structure)
o DROP (e.g., to delete a table)
o TRUNCATE (e.g., to remove all records from a table)
ii)Data Manipulation Language (DML):-
 Purpose: Focuses on the manipulation of data stored in the database (adding, updating, or
deleting records).
 Examples of DML Commands:
o INSERT (e.g., to add new data into a table)
o UPDATE (e.g., to modify existing data)
o DELETE (e.g., to remove data)
o SELECT (though primarily used for querying, it can sometimes be categorized under
DML).
iii)Data Query Language (DQL):-
 Purpose: Dedicated to querying or retrieving data from the database.
 Examples of DQL Commands:
o SELECT is the key command used to fetch data based on specific criteria.
iv)Data Control Language (DCL):-
 Purpose: Used to control access to data in a database, typically related to permissions and
security.
 Examples of DCL Commands:
o GRANT (e.g., to give permissions to users)
o REVOKE (e.g., to revoke permissions previously granted)
v)Transaction Control Language (TCL):-
 Purpose: Manages transactions within a database to ensure data integrity.
 Examples of TCL Commands:
o COMMIT (e.g., to save changes made by a transaction)
o ROLLBACK (e.g., to undo changes from a transaction)
o SAVEPOINT (e.g., to set a point within a transaction that can be rolled back to later)

5)What is the Relational Model?Explain.

The relational model represents how data is stored in Relational Databases. A relational database
consists of a collection of tables each of which is assigned a unique name. Consider a relation
STUDENT with attributes ROLL_NO, NAME, ADDRESS, PHONE, and AGE shown in the table

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Asst Prof in Computer Science
Vasavi Jnana Peetha Evening College Page 2
Key Terms
 Attribute: Attributes are the properties that define an entity. e.g. ROLL_NO,
NAME, ADDRESS.
 Relation Schema: A relation schema defines the structure of the relation and represents the
name of the relation with its attributes. e.g. STUDENT (ROLL_NO, NAME, ADDRESS,
PHONE, and AGE) is the relation schema for STUDENT. If a schema has more than 1
relation it is
called Relational Schema.
 Tuple: Each row in the relation is known as a tuple. The above relation contains 4 tuples one
of which is shown as:
 Relation Instance: The set of tuples of a relation at a particular instance of time is called
a relation instance. It can change whenever there is an insertion, deletion or update in the
database.
 Degree: The number of attributes in the relation is known as the degree of the relation. The
STUDENT relation defined above has degree 5.
 Cardinality: The number of tuples in a relation is known as cardinality. The
STUDENT relation defined above has cardinality 4.
 Column: The column represents the set of values for a particular attribute. The column
ROLL_NO is extracted from the relation STUDENT.

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Asst Prof in Computer Science
Vasavi Jnana Peetha Evening College Page 3
 6)What are the characteristics of the Relational Model?
 Data Representation: Data is organized in tables (relations), with rows (tuples)
representing records and columns (attributes) representing data fields.
 Atomic Values: Each attribute in a table contains atomic values, meaning no multi-
valued or nested data is allowed in a single cell.
 Unique Keys: Every table has a primary key to uniquely identify each record, ensuring
no duplicate rows.
 Attribute Domain: Each attribute has a defined domain, specifying the valid data
types and constraints for the values it can hold.
 Tuples as Rows: Rows in a table, called tuples, represent individual records or
instances of real-world entities or relationships.
 Relation Schema: A table’s structure is defined by its schema, which specifies the
table name, attributes, and their domains.
 Data Independence: The model ensures logical and physical data independence,
allowing changes in the database schema without affecting the application layer.

7) What is E-learning?Explain.
E-learning, or electronic learning, is a method of education that utilizes digital technology to
deliver instructional content outside of traditional classrooms. It enables students to learn
anytime and anywhere through various electronic devices, such as computers, tablets, and
smartphones.
Key Features of E-Learning
 Accessibility: Learners can access materials from anywhere, reducing the need for
physical presence in a classroom.
 Flexibility: E-learning allows students to learn at their own pace, making education
more adaptable to different schedules.
 Interactivity: Digital tools like quizzes, simulations, and discussion forums enhance
engagement and participation.
 Cost-Effective: Online education reduces expenses related to travel, accommodation,
and printed materials.
 Personalization: Courses can be tailored to suit individual learning styles and needs.
Advantages of E-Learning
 Enhances digital literacy and technical skills.
 Encourages self-paced and independent learning.
 Offers a vast range of courses and subjects.
 Supports multimedia content, improving engagement and
understanding. Challenges of E-Learning
 Requires reliable internet access and digital devices.
 May lack the social interaction of traditional classrooms.
 Self-discipline and motivation are crucial for success.
 Not all courses or subjects can be effectively taught online.
E-learning is transforming the education landscape, making knowledge more accessible and
customizable. With technological advancements, it continues to evolve, offering innovative
solutions to learners worldwide.

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Asst Prof in Computer Science
Vasavi Jnana Peetha Evening College Page 4
8) Explain e-learning platforms such as Swayam, and MOOC?
E-learning platforms like Swayam and MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) have
revolutionized education by making high-quality learning resources accessible to a global audience.
Here's an introduction to both:
Swayam:-
 What it is: Swayam (Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) is an Indian
government initiative aimed at providing free online courses across various disciplines.
 Key Features:
o Offers courses from school level to post-graduation.
o Includes video lectures, reading materials, quizzes, and discussion forums.
o Provides certification for a nominal fee after passing an exam.
o Covers diverse subjects like engineering, humanities, management, and more.
 Objective: To bridge the digital divide and ensure equitable access to quality education for
all, including disadvantaged groups.

MOOCs:-
 What it is: MOOCs are online courses designed for large-scale participation and open access
via the internet.
 Key Features:
o Offered by top universities and institutions worldwide.
o Flexible learning with self-paced modules.
o Often free to access, with optional paid certifications.
o Covers a wide range of topics, from academic subjects to professional skills.
 Popular Platforms: Coursera, edX, Udemy, and Khan Academy.

9)Briefly explain Virtual Meetings in E-Learning?

Virtual meetings facilitate real-time communication between learners, educators, and
professionals, making remote learning interactive and engaging.
Popular Virtual Meeting Platforms
 Zoom – Widely used for online classes, webinars, and meetings.
 Google Meet – Integrated with Google Workspace for seamless collaboration.
 Microsoft Teams – Provides tools for group collaboration and education.
 Cisco Webex – Offers secure virtual classrooms and professional meetings.

Key Features of Virtual Meetings

 Live Video & Audio Conferencing – Real-time interaction between participants.
 Screen Sharing & Whiteboards – Helps in teaching and presenting
content effectively.
 Breakout Rooms – Allows group discussions and teamwork.
 Recording & Playback – Sessions can be saved for later review.
Advantages of Virtual Meetings in E-Learning
✔ Enables global learning and collaboration.
✔ Provides instant communication between students and teachers.
✔ Enhances engagement through interactive tools.
✔ Reduces travel time and costs.
MOOCs and virtual meetings together create a powerful e-learning ecosystem, making
education more accessible, flexible, and interactive.

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Asst Prof in Computer Science
Vasavi Jnana Peetha Evening College Page 5
 i)Technical Requirements for a Virtual Meeting:-
To ensure a smooth virtual meeting experience, the following technical requirements must be
met:
a) Hardware Requirements
 Computer/Laptop/Smartphone – A device with internet access.
 Webcam – Built-in or external camera for video calls.
 Microphone & Speakers/Headphones – For clear audio communication.
 Internet Connection – A stable broadband or mobile network (Minimum 2 Mbps
recommended).
b) Software Requirements
 Video Conferencing Software – Zoom, Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, Cisco
Webex, etc.
 Updated Web Browser – If using a web-based meeting platform (Chrome, Edge,
or Firefox).
 Necessary Plugins/Apps – Install required software or extensions if needed.

ii)Scheduling a Virtual Meeting:-

To set up a virtual meeting, follow these steps:
Step 1: Choose a Meeting Platform
Decide on a platform based on the purpose (Zoom, Google Meet, MS Teams, Webex, etc.).
Step 2: Schedule the Meeting
 Zoom: Click "Schedule a Meeting" → Set Date, Time, and Duration →
Generate Meeting Link.
 Google Meet: Open Google Calendar → Click "Create Event" → Add "Google
Meet Video Conferencing."
 Microsoft Teams: Go to "Calendar" → Click "New Meeting" → Set details →
Share the link.
Step 3: Share the Meeting Link
 Send invitations via email, WhatsApp, or calendar events.
 Include meeting details such as date, time, and password (if required).

iii)Joining a Virtual Meeting :-

Joining Through a Link
1. Click on the shared meeting link.
2. Allow necessary permissions (Camera, Microphone).
3. Enter the meeting and wait for the host to admit you (if applicable).
Joining Through a Meeting ID
1. Open the meeting app (Zoom, Google Meet, etc.).
2. Click “Join Meeting” and enter the Meeting ID and password (if required).
3. Join the session and ensure audio/video settings are enabled.
iv)Recording the meeting:-
Record a virtual meeting, the best way depends on the platform you're using. Many tools like
Microsoft Teams, Zoom, and Google Meet offer built-in recording features, but permissions and
settings may vary.
Before recording, keep these things in mind:

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Asst Prof in Computer Science
Vasavi Jnana Peetha Evening College Page 6
  Check Permissions: Some platforms require the host to enable recording, and some may
notify participants.
 Storage Location: Recordings are often saved to the cloud or locally on your device.
 Privacy & Consent: Make sure recording is allowed and that all participants are aware.

10)Explain Online Forms: Creating questionnaire, Publishing Questionnaire?

Online Forms: Creating and Publishing a Questionnaire
Online forms are digital tools used to collect responses from users. They are widely used in education,
research, surveys, feedback collection, and assessments.
Creating a Questionnaire:-
Step 1: Choose an Online Form Platform
Popular platforms for creating questionnaires include:
 Google Forms (Free and easy to use)
 Microsoft Forms (Integrated with Office 365)
 SurveyMonkey (Advanced analytics and templates)
 Typeform (Interactive and visually appealing)
 JotForm (Customizable with many templates)
Step 2: Define the Purpose
 Identify the goal of the questionnaire (e.g., feedback, research, assessment).
 Determine the target audience.
Step 3: Add Questions
 Use a mix of question types:
o Multiple Choice – Users select one or more answers.
o Short Answer – Collect brief text responses.
o Paragraph – For detailed feedback.
o Dropdown – Users pick one option from a list.
o Rating Scale – Measure opinions or satisfaction (e.g., 1-5 stars).
o Checkboxes – Allow multiple selections.
 Keep questions clear, concise, and
relevant. Step 4: Customize the Form
 Add a title and description.
 Use sections for better organization.
 Apply themes, colors, or images to make it visually appealing.

Publishing the Questionnaire:-

Step 1: Configure Form Settings
 Enable Required Fields – Ensure important questions are answered.
 Set Response Limitations – Restrict multiple responses if needed.
 Enable Response Collection – Store responses in a spreadsheet (Google Sheets for
Google Forms).
 Set Expiry Date – Close the form after a deadline.
Step 2: Share the Questionnaire
 Generate a Link – Click on "Send" and copy the link.
 Send via Email – Directly email participants.
 Embed on a Website – Use the provided HTML code.
 Share on Social Media – Post on platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, or LinkedIn.
Step 3: Monitor Responses
 View responses in real time.
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Asst Prof in Computer Science
Vasavi Jnana Peetha Evening College Page 7
  Analyze data using charts and summaries.
 Export data for further analysis (CSV, Excel, Google Sheets).

11)Explain Conducting Online Responses and Analyzing Data?

Online questionnaires help collect responses efficiently. Once responses are received, they can be
analyzed, visualized, and shared through reports and presentations.

1. Conducting Online Responses

Step 1: Share the Form
After creating the questionnaire, distribute it via:
 Email – Send directly to participants.
 Link Sharing – Share through WhatsApp, social media, or messaging apps.
 Embedding – Add the form to a website or blog.
Step 2: Monitor Responses
 In Google Forms, go to the "Responses" tab to see real-time submissions.
 In Microsoft Forms, access the "Responses" section to track progress.
 Ensure the form is set to "Accepting Responses" before distribution.

2. Analyzing the Responses

Step 1: View Summary
Statistics
Most online form platforms provide automatic charts and graphs to visualize responses.
 Google Forms: Click on the "Responses" tab → View charts & graphs.
 Microsoft Forms: Click on “Responses” → View auto-generated insights.
Step 2: Filter and Interpret Data
 Use graphs and charts to identify trends.
 Sort responses by categories (e.g., ratings, feedback, demographics).
 Identify common patterns from short/long-answer responses.

3. Copying Graphics into PowerPoint

Step 1: Capture Charts from Online Forms
 In Google Forms, go to "Responses" → Right-click on a chart → Click "Save
Image As".
 In Microsoft Forms, take a screenshot of the chart.
Step 2: Insert the Chart into PowerPoint
 Open PowerPoint.
 Click "Insert" → "Pictures" → "This Device".
 Select the saved chart and insert it into the slide.
 Resize and align the image as needed.

4. Downloading Responses to a Spreadsheet Google Forms

1. Go to the "Responses" tab.
2. Click on the Google Sheets icon (Green Spreadsheet icon).
3. A spreadsheet will open with all responses saved automatically.
4. You can also click "More options (⋮)" → "Download responses (.csv)" for
ofline access.
Microsoft Forms

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Asst Prof in Computer Science
Vasavi Jnana Peetha Evening College Page 8
 1. Open the form and go to the "Responses" section.
2. Click "Open in Excel" to download responses as a spreadsheet.
3. The file will be saved as an Excel (.xlsx) document.

Advantages of Downloading Responses

✔ Allows ofline analysis.
✔ Easily import data into Excel, Power BI, or other tools.
✔ Helps in sorting and filtering responses efficiently.
Now, you can analyze, visualize, or present your collected data with ease! ½˙•7.̧
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12)Briefly explain Societal Impacts of Digital Technology?

The rapid growth of digital technologies has transformed society, influencing how we
communicate, work, and live. While technology provides numerous benefits, it also brings
challenges, such as privacy concerns, e-waste, and health issues.

1. Digital Footprints
A digital footprint refers to the traces of data we leave online, including:
 Active Digital Footprint – Data we intentionally share (e.g., social media posts,
online purchases).
 Passive Digital Footprint – Data collected without direct user input (e.g.,
browsing history, cookies, location tracking).
Impacts of Digital Footprints
✔ Helps personalize user experiences (e.g., recommendations on YouTube, shopping sites).
✔ Employers and universities review digital footprints for background checks.
⚠Risk of cyber threats, identity theft, and privacy invasion.

2. Digital Society and Netizens

A digital society is a connected world where people use technology for communication, education,
work, and governance.
A netizen (internet citizen) is an individual who actively participates in online communities, social
media, and digital platforms.

Responsibilities of a Netizen
✔ Follow ethical online behavior.
✔ Protect personal and others' data.
✔ Report cybercrimes and misinformation.

3. Data Protection
Data protection refers to safeguarding personal and sensitive information from unauthorized access.
Key Aspects of Data Protection
 Privacy Laws – Laws like GDPR (Europe) and IT Act (India) regulate data handling.
 Encryption – Protects data from cyberattacks.
 Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) – Enhances security for online accounts.
 Awareness – Users must be careful about sharing personal data online.
⚠Lack of data protection can lead to identity theft, financial fraud, and cyberbullying.

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Asst Prof in Computer Science
Vasavi Jnana Peetha Evening College Page 9
4. E-Waste (Electronic Waste)
E-waste includes discarded electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, and batteries.
Causes of E-Waste
 Rapid technological advancements.
 Short device life cycles.
 Improper disposal of electronics.
Impact of E-Waste
⚠Toxic chemicals (lead, mercury) pollute the environment.
⚠Unsafe recycling methods affect workers' health.
Solutions
✔ Recycling and proper disposal of old gadgets.
✔ Encouraging e-waste management policies.
✔ Promoting sustainable technology use.

5. Impact on Health
While digital technology improves convenience, excessive use can negatively affect health.
Physical Health Effects
 Eye Strain – Prolonged screen time leads to digital eye fatigue.
 Obesity & Posture Issues – Lack of physical activity causes health problems.
Mental Health Effects
 Social Media Anxiety – Constant comparisons can affect self-esteem.
 Sleep Disorders – Excessive screen exposure disrupts sleep patterns.
Preventive Measures
✔ Follow the 20-20-20 rule (every 20 minutes, look 20 feet away for 20 seconds).
✔ Limit screen time and take regular breaks.
✔ Engage in outdoor activities and exercise.

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Asst Prof in Computer Science
Vasavi Jnana Peetha Evening College Page 10