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Vector Calculus II

The document explains point functions, which depend on the coordinates of points in a space, and categorizes them into scalar and vector point functions. It further details vector differential operators, gradients, divergences, and curls of scalar and vector functions, providing mathematical definitions and examples. Additionally, it includes a problem demonstrating the relationship between gradients of scalar functions and their resulting zero determinant condition.

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joshipratik846
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0 views11 pages

Vector Calculus II

The document explains point functions, which depend on the coordinates of points in a space, and categorizes them into scalar and vector point functions. It further details vector differential operators, gradients, divergences, and curls of scalar and vector functions, providing mathematical definitions and examples. Additionally, it includes a problem demonstrating the relationship between gradients of scalar functions and their resulting zero determinant condition.

Uploaded by

joshipratik846
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Point Function:

A function is said to be point function if


it’s functional value depend upon the co-
ordinates of points in the region of space.
The region where the point function
is defined is known as field.

Types of point function:


i.)Scalar point function:
A point function is said to be scalar
point function if corresponding to every
point in the region of space, a unique scalar
is assigned.
The region where the scalar point
function is defined is known as scalar field.
Time,temperature,density etc. are
examples of scalar point function.

ii.)Vector point function:


A point function is said to be vector
point function if corresponding to every
point in the region of space, a unique vector
is assigned.
The region where the vector point
function is defined is known as vector field.
Velocity of the fluid, velocity of the
wind, gravitational force etc. are examples
of vector point function.
Example:
E = {(x,y,z):x,y,z ∈ R, x2+y2+z2=p, p>0} ⊂ R3 is
the region of space.
g(x,y,z) = ex – sin2(yz), (x,y,z) ∈ E

𝑓⃗ (x,y,z) = (tan z3)𝒊⃗ + log(1+x2y2) 𝑗⃗ - z4𝑘⃗⃗ ,


(x,y,z) ∈ E
g→scalar pt. function

𝑓⃗→vector pt. function


Vector Differential Operator:

The operator denoted by ∇ (del or


nabla) and defined by:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ = 𝒊⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕
= ∑ 𝒊⃗
𝜕𝑥

is called vector differential operator.

Gradient of a scalar function:


The vector function obtained by
operating the given scalar point function by
vector differential operator is known as
gradient of a scalar function.
Thus, if ø(x,y,z) be a scalar point
function defined and differentiable at every
point in the region of space, then the
gradient of ø denoted by grad ø or ∇ø is
defined by:
grad ø = ∇ø
𝜕ø 𝜕ø 𝜕ø
= ( ) 𝒊⃗ +( ) 𝒋⃗ +( ) ⃗𝒌⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕ø
= ∑ ( ) 𝒊⃗
𝜕𝑥
Divergence of a vector function:
The scalar function obtained by
operating the given vector point function by
vector differential operator is known as
divergence of a vector function.
Thus, if 𝑣⃗(x,y,z) be a vector point
function defined and differentiable at every
point in the region of space, then the
divergence of 𝑣⃗ denoted by div 𝑣⃗ or ∇.𝑣⃗ is
defined by:
div 𝑣⃗ = ∇.𝑣⃗
⃗⃗
𝜕𝑣 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑣 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑣
= 𝒊⃗ . + 𝑗⃗ . ⃗⃗
+𝑘.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
⃗⃗
𝜕𝑣
= ∑ 𝒊⃗.
𝜕𝑥
Curl of a vector function:
The vector function obtained by
operating the given vector point function by
vector differential operator is known as curl
of a vector function.
Thus, if 𝑣⃗(x,y,z) be a vector point
function defined and differentiable at every
point in the region of space, then the curl of
𝑣⃗ denoted by curl 𝑣⃗ or ∇ × 𝑣⃗ is defined by:
curl 𝑣⃗ = ∇ × 𝑣⃗
⃗⃗
𝜕𝑣 ⃗⃗
𝜕𝑣
= (𝒊⃗ × ) + (𝒋⃗ × )+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
⃗⃗
𝜕𝑣
⃗⃗
(𝒌 × )
𝜕𝑧
⃗⃗
𝜕𝑣
= ∑ (𝒊⃗ × )
𝜕𝑥
Notes:
i.)Physically, the divergence of a vector
function gives the rate of flow of fluid per
unit volume at a point of the fluid.
ii.)The curl of a vector function measures
the tendency of a vector function to rotate.
Physically, the curl of the linear
velocity of a rigid body is equal to twice of
the angular velocity of the body.
Q.)If u=x+y+z, v=x2+y2+z2 and w=xy+yz+zx
then show that [grad u grad v gradw]=0.
Soln: Given scalar point functions are:
u(x,y,z) = x+y+z, v(x,y,z) = x2+y2+z2,
w(x,y,z)=xy+yz+zx.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
∴ = 1, =1, =1, = 2x, = 2y,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
= 2z, = y+z, = x+z, = y+x.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Now,
grad u = ∇u
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= ( ) 𝒊⃗ +( ) 𝒋⃗ +( ) ⃗𝒌⃗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 𝒊⃗ + 𝒋⃗ + ⃗𝒌⃗
Similarly,
grad v = (2𝑥)𝒊⃗ +(2y) 𝒋⃗ +(2z) ⃗𝒌⃗

grad w = (y+z) 𝒊⃗ +(x+z) 𝒋⃗ +(y+x) ⃗𝒌⃗


∴ [grad u grad v gradw]
1 1 1
= | 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 |
𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝑧 𝑦+𝑥
0 0 1
= |2𝑥 − 2𝑦 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 2𝑧 |
𝑦−𝑥 𝑧−𝑦 𝑦+𝑥
(Applying C1→C1-C2, C2→C2-C3.)
= 0-0+1[(2x-2y)(z-y)-(2y-2z)(y-x)]
= 2xz-2xy-2yz+2y2-(2y2-2xy-2yz+2xz)
=0

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