IntroductiontoComputer

Computer is an electronic device which performs the

operations such as accepts the data, store the data,
manipulate or process the data and produce desired result.

or
The computer is a machine that processes data according toa
set of instructions that are stored either temporarily or
permanently.
BlockDiagramofComputer
IntroductiontoComputerHardware:

Inputdevices:which is used to enter data&instructions in to computer.

OutputDevices:which is used to get the data from computer or display

The generated information.

CPU:it acts as the computer brain.It responsible for the overall working of
all components of the computer. It can be called as the heart of a computer
system.

Storage Devices: which are used to store data and instructions given to the
computer.

i. Primarystorage

ii. Secondarystorage
1stgeneration:(1946-1954) computers were based on vacuumtubes.

2ndgeneration:(1955-1964)computers were based on transistors.

3rd generation:(1965-1974)computers were based on Integrated

circuits(IC‘s).

4th generation:(1975-tilldate)computers are microprocessors based.

5thgeneration:computers are artificial intelligence(AI)based.

InformationProcessingSystem

DATAisacollectionofnumbers,alphabets,symbols.

INFORMATION is the processed and organized data presented

in a meaningful form. Information is obtained from data after a
program processes it.

DATA PROCESSING is the course of doing things in a

sequence of steps.
BasicUnitsofMeasurement

BITis a unit of information. It consisting of 2possible alternatives

Binary number system.

Ex:0or1(Tureor False)

BYTE is a sequence of 8bits processed as a single unit for information.

A byte can be used to represent a single character,suchas:

Aletter
Anumber
Aspecialcharacterorsymbol,or
Aspace
BasicUnitsofMeasurement

 bit=0or1

 8 bits = 1byte

 1,024bytes= 1kilobyte(Kor KB)

 1,024KB = 1Megabyte(MB)

 1,024MB = 1Gigabyte(GB)
 1,024GB = 1Terabyte(TB)
Computer is an electronic machine with the
combination of hardware & software components.

Software:

Software is a set of programs or instructions that allows Hardware

to do specific job.

The software can be classified in to two categories

i. System software

ii. Application software.

Hardware:

Hardware is the all physical Parts of the devices.

Which we can touch and feel.

Computer Hardware consists of the Monitor, CPU, Keyboard,

Mouse and all other devices connected to the computer either
externally or internally.
Peripheralsofacomputer

Cabinet(CPU)

Monitor

Keyboard

Mouse

Externaldevices.
Cabinet(CPU)
There isa cabinetforeverycomputer.

A computer cabinet is used to protect components from

outside parts.

It have power switch,power indicator,Restart Button,Audio

And USB Connecters are available at front side.

It have keyboard port,USBport,serialport,parallelport,

HDMI,LANport,audio ports are available at back side.
Frontside&BacksideviewofCPU
DifferentScrewsUsed:
Monitor:
Monitor of a computer is like a television screen.

The monitor is the piece of computer hardwarethat displays the video and graphics
information generated by the computer through the video card.

Older monitors used a cathoderaytube(CRT).

monitors were used fordata processingwhiletelevision setswere used for

entertainment

In the monitor,the screen will be displayed in pixels format.

i. 800by 600pixels
ii. 1024by768pixels

iii. 366by768pixels….etc
 This is the input device like a typewriter,which contains keys to
feed the data or information into the computer.

Keyboards are available in two modules.These are

i. Standard keyboard with 83-88keys

ii. Enhanced keyboard with104 keys or above

Mouse:

 Mouse is a point and click interface for entering commands

which works well in graphical environments.

 Every mouse has one primary button (left button) and one
secondary button (right button).

 The primary button is used to carry out most tasks, where as

secondary button is used in special cases you can select
commands and options.
PartsofCabinet
NetworkAdapter 2
1. Card 1

3

2. FloppyDiskDrive
3. CD-RomDrive
4. HardDisk 4

5. RibbonCables
6. RAM
7. CPU
8. HeatSink/CoolerFan
9. Mother Board 

10. Sound Card 7

11. VGACard 8
SMPS is an electronic powersupply unit that has been fitted inside
cabinet&Identification is the rectangular box shape.
SMPS convertsac(240volts) mains power to low voltaged cpower
Needed by pc components.
SMPS is used to supply the power to MotherBoardHDD,CDROM,
FDD

InteriorviewofanATXSMPS
ATXPowerconnecter:
ATX power connecter is used to connect ATX power plug(
This isfromSMPS)
ATX Power connecter as 20/24 pins available.
It is white color and it has ATX name is available on Mother Board
Systemboard/Motherboard:

This is the major part of the PC hardware

It manages all transactions of data between CPUperipherals.

The Mother Board contains various components, which support

the functioning of a PC. Such as the Processor, Memory and
expansion slots and connects to every part of the PC.

It is rectangle shape.

All components communicate with the processor through the

chipset- it is the hub of all data transfer.
MicroProcessor:

Itis brain ofthecomputer system.

It reads instructions from the software & It tells other

components what to do and when to do them.

ThespeedofCPU processesis measuredinMHz(megahertz).

Itis1.5 inchessquareshape.

TheCPUispaired upwithaheatsinkandaCPUfan.

MHz=Onemillioncyclesper second

1GHz=1000MHz.
BlockDiagramofMicroProcessor:
64-bitMicroprocessor–

INTELCORE-2 : 1.2GHzto 3GHz

INTELi7 :66GHzto3.33GHz

INTELi5 : 2.4GHzto3.6GHz

INTELi3 :2.93GHzto3.33GHz
RAM:

RAM is system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer

performscalculations,ittemporarilystoresthedatain theRAMuntil it is
needed.

Thisshort-termmemorydisappearswhenthecomputeristurned
offsoitiscalledasvolatilememory.

RAMismeasuredinmegabytes(MB)orgigabytes(GB).

Ifyoudon'thaveenoughRAM,you maynoticethatyourcomputeris
slow-runningwhenyouhaveseveralprogramsopen.

Computerstoresdatainunitscalled bitsandbytes.
IntegratedRAMchipsareavailableintwoform:

 SRAM(StaticRAM)

 DRAM(DynamicRAM)

SRAMmemoriesareusedtobuildCacheMemory.

DRAM stores the binary information in the form of electric charges that applied
to capacitors. The main memory is generally made up of DRAM chips.

MostoftheDRAMusedinmodernsystemsissynchronousDRAM,orSDRAM.

Manufacturers also sometimes use the acronym DDR (or DDR2, DDR3, DDR4,
etc.) to describe the type of SDRAM used by a PC or server.

DDRstandsfordoubledatarate,anditreferstohowmuchdatathememorycan
transferinoneclockcycle.
RAMSlots:
Ramslotsareusedtoinstalltherams
Itislargerectangleshapeandeachendinghassmallclips.
NorthBridge:

ANorthbridgeisoneofthetwochipsinthecore logic
chipsetarchitecture on a PCmotherboard

Itconvertselectronicsignalstobinaryvaluesandbinary
valuestoelectronicsignals.
NorthbridgeisconnecteddirectlytotheCPU,AGP, andthe
memoryvia the front-side bus(FSB) and is thus responsible
for tasks that require the highest performance.

Itisalsocalledascontroller.

Itplacedmiddleof themotherboard .
SouthBridge:

It is controls major components mother board and it back bone

of the input out devices

The Southbridge typically implements the slower capabilities

ofthemotherboardinaNorthbridge/Southbridge chipsetcomputer
architecture.

It is communicates PCI slots, IDE-1, IDE-2, floppy connecter,

BIOS chip.

ItnearbyCMOS battery
CMOSBattery:
ComplementaryMetalOxide Semiconductor
Computerisusingacoinshapebattery.
Itprovides voltagetotheBIOS(BasicInputandOutputSystem)
andsystemclock.
Itgeneratestheclocksignalanditmanagesystemcontinues time .
BIOSChip:
BIOScontrolshowtheoperatingsystemandhardwarework
together
BIOSidentificationisBIOSnameisavailableonchipor
motherboard
AGPSlot&AGPCard:

Displaycardisusedtodisplaythe data totheuser.

Itisindirectlylinkedwiththecomputermemoryandisbuiltin
themother board.

Adapter cards areinstalled in this slot like Displaycard, Sound

card, Network Interface card, etc
AGPSlot&AGPCard:
AGP(AcceleratedGraphicsPort)SlotisusedinstalltheAGPcard.

AGPbackviewsameasVGAport(15-femalepins)andusedto
connectingthemonitors.

ThisslotisabovePCIslotsanditscolorisBlackorBrown
PCI(Expansion)Slots:

PCI(Peripheralcomponentinterconnect)slotsareusedto install the PCI

cards such as

i. LAN(Ethernet)Card

ii. SoundCard

iii. TVTuner(Internal)Card

PCISlotsarewhiteoryellowcolor

PCICardhasSinglegaponly
PCI(Expansion)Cards:

44
Slots:

SerialPort:- It is nine pin connector used for connecting peripheral

devices such as mice, gaming controllers, modems, and older
printers.

ParallelPort:- It is a twenty five-pin connector used for connecting

peripheral devices such as printers or a scanner. The parallel port
may transfer data at more speed than a serial port because of 25pins.

USB Port:- It is the Universal Serial Bus used for connecting

peripheral devices. It is a four pin connector.
Input&Outputports:

IOportsareusedtoconnecting IOdevicesuch askey

boards, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner, speakers
etc...
Floppyconnecter:

FloppyconnecterisusedtoconnectFloppyDiskDrive.

ThisisbesideofATXpowerconnecterandNameFDDis available on the

mother board.
BusCablesorDataCables:
A Bus is a collection of wires throughwhich data is transmitted from
onedevice to another device

Cablesaretwotypes

IDEcable:itusedtoconnectHDD,CDROM, DVDROM

FDDcable:itusedtoconnectFDD(brakingormanufacturedefecting)
HardDiskDrive :

Theharddiskdriveisthemain,andusuallylargest,datastorage
deviceinacomputer.

HDDiswhereyourfilesarepermanentlystoredonyourcomputer.
Also,normally,youroperatingsystemisinstalledhere.

ParallelATA Connector (PATA): It is 40 Pin connector. A ribbon

cable connects the Hard disk drive and CD/DVD Drive to the
interface, as shown in the figure below.

11
HardDiskDrive :
HDD 2.5” and 1.8” are used in Notebook and Laptop
Computersand3.5”inDesktop Computers.

FigureHDD 1.8“ 2.5” and 3.5”

CDROMDrive&CDWriter:

CD-ROM(CompactDiskReadonlyMemory)Driveisadevice
thatreadstheinformationfromCompactDisks(CD).

CD/DVDdrive(s) this is normally a read only drive where files are

permanently stored. There are now read/write CD/DVD drives that
use special software to allow users to read from and write to these
drives.

CD-WriterisusedtowritethedataintoCompactDisksonlyonce.

IdentificationisthepanelnameisCD Writer
CDROMDrive&CDWriter:
FloppyDiskDrive:

The floppy disk drive is used to read the information stored in

floppy disks.

Floppydisksalsocalledasadiskette.

IdentificationissmallerthanCDwriter.
FloppyDiskDrive:
Printers:

Adevicethatprintsimages(numbers,alphabets, graphs,
etc…) on paper is known as Printer.

Wehavedifferenttypesofprinterstotakeprintouts.
Theseareasfollows:

i. Dotmatrixprinter

ii. Inkjetprinter

iii. Laserprinter….etc
Printers:
LaserPrinter

DotMatrix Printer
MultifunctionalPrinter InkjetPrinter
Speakers:

Speakers make your system much more delightful to

use entertain you while you are working on computer
LCDProjectors:
Scanner:

Scannerusedtoscanimagesandtext