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Function Description Gradient

The document provides an overview of the MAGNETOM ESSENZA gradient system, detailing its components, functions, and performance specifications. Key features include a maximum gradient amplitude of 30mT/m, effective gradient amplitude of 52mT/m, and a slew rate of 100mT/m/s. It emphasizes the importance of qualified personnel for installation and service procedures.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views58 pages

Function Description Gradient

The document provides an overview of the MAGNETOM ESSENZA gradient system, detailing its components, functions, and performance specifications. Key features include a maximum gradient amplitude of 30mT/m, effective gradient amplitude of 52mT/m, and a slew rate of 100mT/m/s. It emphasizes the importance of qualified personnel for installation and service procedures.

Uploaded by

aytek ertunc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 58

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MAGNETOM
MR

Function Description
System

Gradient

MAGNETOM ESSENZA
10130587
10019568
07391977
07391167
07016871

© Siemens 2006
The reproduction, transmission or use
of this document or its contents is not
permitted without express written
authority. Offenders will be liable for
damages. All rights, including rights
created by patent grant or registration
of a utility model or design, are
reserved.

Print No.: M4-060.850.16.01.02 English


Replaces: n.a. Doc. Gen. Date: 12.06
2 Revision / Disclaimer
1Revision / Disclaimer

Document revision level


The document corresponds to the version/revision level effective at the time of system
delivery. Revisions to hardcopy documentation are not automatically distributed.
Please contact your local Siemens office to order current revision levels.

Disclaimer
The installation and service of equipment described herein is to be performed by qualified
personnel who are employed by Siemens or one of its affiliates or who are otherwise autho-
rized by Siemens or one of its affiliates to provide such services.
Assemblers and other persons who are not employed by or otherwise directly affiliated with
or authorized by Siemens or one of its affiliates are directed to contact one of the local
offices of Siemens or one of its affiliates before attempting installation or service proce-
dures.

MAGNETOM M4-060.850.16.01.02 Page 2 of 58 Siemens


12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
Table of Contents 3
0Table of Contents

1 _______ Introduction ____________________________________________________ 4

General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Gradient System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Gradient Amplifier Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
GSSU Power Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Power Stage (cascade design) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Output Filter Chokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Current Converter Unit (CCU). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Power Stage Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Gradient Coil Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 _______ GSSU and CCU ________________________________________________ 10

Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Assembly carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
D10 DAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
D21 Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
D40 Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
D66 Opto-Link. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
D70 I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Current Converter Unit (CCU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3 _______ Power Stages __________________________________________________ 41

Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Driver Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Voltage Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Temperature monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4 _______ GPA Power Supply______________________________________________ 49

General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
GSSU Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
GSSU Supply via D70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
24V Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Power Stage Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
D116 Power-up Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5 _______ Changes to previous version _____________________________________ 57

Siemens M4-060.850.16.01.02 Page 3 of 58 MAGNETOM


Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
4 Introduction
1-
General
1Introduction

The K2279 Gradient System of the


MAGNETOMESSENZA is based on the
principle of switch-mode current amplifi-
ers and actively shielded gradient coils.
The compact design of the gradient
power amplifier GPA enables the integra-
tion of the GPA into the bottom part of the
electronics cabinet ECA.

Fig. 1: GPA within ECA

Gradient System Performance 0

The performance and power of the gradient system is described by different parameters:
• Maximum gradient amplitude GRADmax. = 30mT/m
• Effective gradient amplitude GRADeff. = GRADmax. * √3=52mT/m
• Min. rise time to max. gradient amplitude = 0.300 ms
• Slew rate (SR) = 100mT/m/s
• Max. voltage at the gradient coil = 1350 V
• Max. gradient current = 160 A

The SR-value is a bottom line performance quotient expressing the overall performance of
both the gradient amplifier and gradient coil. It is calculated from the max. gradient field
(coil) and the minimum time needed to reach this field (rise time as a factor of the applied
voltage) using the following formula:

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
Introduction 5
GPA block diagram
Fig. 2:
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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
6 Introduction

Gradient Amplifier Components 0

The gradient system hardware components consist of seven functional blocks:


• Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU)
• GSSU Power Supply (GSSU-PS)
• Power Stage Supply
• Power Stage (3x)
• Output Filter Chokes
• Current Converter Unit (CCU)
• Gradient coil assembly

Fig. 4: Inside GPA


Pos. 4 CCU
Pos. 5 Output Filter Chokes
Pos. 6 Power Stage Supply

Fig. 3: GPA Components


Pos. 1 GSSU
Pos. 2 GSSU-PS
Pos. 3 Power Stages

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
Introduction 7

Function 1.1

Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU) 0

The task of the GSSU is to control the


function of the Gradient Power Amplifier
(GPA), generating signals required to
drive a precise current in the gradient
coils.
Additionally, the GSSU provides a com-
munication link and signal feedback to
the MR system for service loop tests and
tune-up procedures.

Fig. 5: GSSU

GSSU Power Supply 0

The GSSU Power Supply provides stabi-


lized DC voltages (+5V and 15V) for the
GSSU and 24VDC for the relays in the
Power Stage Supply section, the driver
supply in the power stages, and the cool-
ing fan for the GSSU rack.

Fig. 6: GSSU-PS

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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
8 Introduction

Power Stage (cascade design) 0

The Power Stage (PS) is a switch-mode


current generator based on power IGBT
arrays. In order to allow for a compact
design, the power devices are mounted
on water-cooled heat sinks. Each power
stage box consists of three so-called
"H-bridges" that are connected in series
(cascaded) to increase the output volt-
age. One "H-bridge" consists of four
switches (IGBT modules) required to
generate a bipolar output current.

Fig. 7: Power Stages

Output Filter Chokes 0

The switching ripple on the power


stages' output current is smoothed by six
filter chokes located behind the GSSU
rack. Two per axis are connected in
series to the gradient coil. To access the
chokes, the GSSU rack has to be swung
down.

Fig. 8: Filter Chokes

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
Introduction 9

Current Converter Unit (CCU) 0

The Current Converter Unit implements


current sensors manufactured by DAN-
FYSIK and LEM.
The DANFYSIK sensors are responsible
for providing accurate feedback signals
proportional to the actual current driven
through the gradient coils, which are
required for regulation while maintaining
galvanic decoupling from the output cur-
rent.
The LEMs, based on the principle of Hall
detection, are only used for monitoring
purposes and are of lower performance.
(Note: The CCU is shown with its cover
removed and the gradient cables partly
Fig. 9: CCU loosened)

Power Stage Supply 0

The Power Stage Supply for the K2279 gradient amplifier consists of a dedicated trans-
former, circuit breakers, a power-up-circuit, and rectifier circuits included in the power
stages. Each of the three cascades is supplied with 450VDC.

Gradient Coil Assembly 0

The gradient coil assembly consists of


the active-shielded water-cooled gradi-
ent coil and an integrated high-order
shim coil for active shimming of the
A2.0-term (Z2-term). All connections are
in back of the magnet. Additionally, there
are 16 shim tray pockets for placing shim
iron plates for passive shimming.

Fig. 10: Gradient coil

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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
10 GSSU and CCU
2-
Overview
2GSSU and CCU

The Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU) is responsible for generating the pulsewidth
modulated control signals for the switches in the power stages, based on the digital data
supplied by MARS. Additionally, the GSSU includes a supervision functionality for the
whole GPA.

Fig. 11: GSSU


The GSSU consists of the following six PCBs, all of which are FRUs (Field Replaceable
Units):
• Assembly carrier with Backplane D80
• DAC D10
• Regulator D21
• Modulator D40
• Opto-Link D66
• I/O Board D70

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
GSSU and CCU 11
Fig. 12: GSSU block diagram
Siemens M4-060.850.16.01.02 Page 11 of 58 MAGNETOM
Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
12 GSSU and CCU

For regulation and monitoring of the gradient current by the GSSU, the Current Converter
Unit (CCU) supplies the actual value.

Fig. 13: CCU


Pos. 1 LEM (current sensors)
Pos. 2 DANFYSIK (current transducers)

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
GSSU and CCU 13

Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU) 2.1

Assembly carrier 0

Function
The Assembly Carrier consists of the mounting rack for the GSSU boards and backplane
D80 providing interconnection between the GSSU components. A fan is built in on top.

NOTE The complete Assembly Carrier is a Field Replaceable Unit


(FRU).

D10 DAC 0

Function
The DAC board contains the digital-to-analog converters for all three axes (X, Y and Z). The
digital data supplied on X3 by MARS via the Starnode of the D66 contains the gradient
pulse amplitude data including the eddy current pre-distortion and the gradient delay. After
the data are converted into analog signals, they are sent to regulator D21 as the nominal
current value. Additionally, a 4MHz clock signal (FREQ_MOD) is sent to Modulator D40
where it is used for synchronization.

Nominal Value
The main DAC output is fed over the GSSU backplane (D80) to the D21 Regulator as nom-
inal gradient amplitude. A copy is also sent to the D66 Opto-Link where it is used as a feed-
back to MARS for loop testing using the Service Software.
The output voltage of the DACs (DAC_X, Y, Z) is 10V at full scale. It corresponds to the
maximum gradient current of the GPA.

Switches
The switches S1 (X: left / Y: right) and S2 (Z: left) can be used to disable the nominal gra-
dient current of the particular axis. This is useful for troubleshooting.

Test Points
The DAC output signals (DAC_X, Y, Z) are available for monitoring via QLA-connectors (X4,
X5 and X6).

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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
14 GSSU and CCU

Fig. 14: D10 DAC

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
GSSU and CCU 15

Fig. 15: D10

D21 Regulator 0

Function
The Regulator includes the regulator function for all three axes:
• Actual Value Amplifier (3x)
• PID regulator (3x)
• Regulator parameter control
• Monitoring and LEDs

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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
16 GSSU and CCU

Fig. 16: D21 Regulator

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
GSSU and CCU 17

Actual Value Amplifier (AVA)


The DANFYSIK current transducers in the Current Converter Unit (CCU) deliver a current
(C-CON1_X(Y,Z)) that is proportional to the current driven through the gradient coil. That
current is converted to a precise 50A/1V signal ratio used as the actual value for the reg-
ulator circuit. The C-CON2_X(Y,Z) signal from the LEM current sensor is used for monitor-
ing and plausibility checks.
The amplifiers offset is factory-adjusted.

Stimulation Monitoring and Gradient Loops


A copy (S_CAV_X(Y, Z)) is sent to the D66 Opto-Link where it is digitized and sent to the
PCI_STAR in MARS. The data is monitored to avoid excessive peripheral nerve stimulation
of the patient. In case the slew rate exceeds critical values, the PCI_STAR switches off the
gradient current.
The same signal is used to evaluate the gradient during tune-up and service test proce-
dures (gradient loops).
The current actual value (CAV or Iact) is available at the front side over QLA-connector
X11(12,13).

Current Sensor and Voltage Monitoring


The DANFYSIK and LEM outputs are compared. If the difference is higher than 20A, the
CAV_ERR_X(Y, Z) is sent to the D40 board to disable the modulator. In addition, this error
will show up if the 15V supply voltage of the D21 or the P15_RET-signal of the Current Con-
verter Unit (CCU) is faulty.

PID-Regulator
The nominal value sent from the DAC-board is inverted and added to the actual value com-
ing from the AVA. The signal is fed into a closed loop regulation circuit based on a digitally
controlled 7-bit PID-regulator (P=proportional, I=integral, D=differential part).
The output signals REG_X(Y, Z)12 and REG_X(Y, Z)34 of the regulator are connected to
the input of the modulator board D40. The numbers 12, 34 of the signals indicate the final
stage switches (transistors) that are controlled.

Regulator Parameter Control


The initial setting of the regulator after power on is determined by DIP-switches S1 to S9
(factory-adjusted). During scanner booting the start values are overwritten by the
>Tune-up>Regulator Adjust values (Fig. 16 / p. 16).

Test Points
The output signal of the amplifiers CAV_X(Y, Z) is available on the front panel via X11(X),
X12(Y) and X13(Z).

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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
18 GSSU and CCU

Monitoring

Fig. 17: D21 Monitoring

The following table shows the monitoring on the D21 board:

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
GSSU and CCU 19
Tab. 1 D21 monitoring

Error Monitored signal


Ohm power loss Actual current value of all 3 axes
Current sensor difference >20A; 15Vreturn from CCU;
CAV error
15Vsupply
Overcurrent Actual current value
Duty cycle Actual current value
Regulation (loop) error Regulator difference, regulator output signal

All of the above mentioned errors are reported to the D40 Modulator. From there, the D66
Opto-Link is informed about the error condition.

Regulator Enable
The modulator board D40 uses the signal REG_OFF_X(Y, Z) to disable/enable the regula-
tor of the particular axis. The enable status is shown by three green LEDs on the front panel
of the D21 (V136 right, V137 left and right).

Current Indicator
A current flow of more than 20A absolute is shown by yellow LED V136 (left).

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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
20 GSSU and CCU

Fig. 18: D21

D40 Modulator 0

Function
The following main functions are implemented on the modulator board D40K2259:
• Generation of pulsewidth modulated switching signals for the three axes
• Supervision, display and synchronization circuit of time-critical power-stage related
signals.
• GPA power-up control

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
GSSU and CCU 21

Fig. 19: D40 Modulator

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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
22 GSSU and CCU

Pulsewidth Modulator (PWM)

Function of PWM
The D40 board is based on a programmable logic. The regulator output signals REG_X(Y,
Z)_12(34)_P(N) from the regulator board D21 are analog-to-digital converted and fed to the
modulator chip where pulsewidth modulation takes place. The switching frequency is
20kHz. It is synchronized by a 20kHz clock signal that is generated from the 4 MHz
FREQ_MOD by a programmable frequency divider. The switch signals for the power
stages are fed out by three front plugs. By means of a standard SCSI-cable (it is not a
SCSI-bus!) the signals are connected to the power stage modules. The proper connection
of those cables is monitored by a wire bridge.
The D21 Regulator reports errors to the D40 board which can disable the corresponding
regulator axis via signal REG_OFF_X(Y, Z).

Power Stage Voltage Feedback (VFB)


The final stage supply voltage feedback circuitry effects the pulsewidth of the modulator
chip. By these means, the negative influence of a fluctuating 450VDC supply voltage on
the gradient current stability is largely eliminated.

Voltage monitoring
The D40 has a built-in internal monitoring for its supply voltages (15V and +5V=VCC).

Supervision (SUVI), Display, Synchronization

Modulator Disable
The modulators can be disabled with service switches S3, S4 on the D70
(OFF_X(Y,Z)_SW) or by the software OFF_X(Y, Z)_CAN signal from D60 board.

Reset of Errors
All errors can be reset by the processor D66 (N_RESET_CAN) or manually via push button
S5 at the I/O-board D70.

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
GSSU and CCU 23
Fig. 20: D40 Supervision, Display, Synchronization
Siemens M4-060.850.16.01.02 Page 23 of 58 MAGNETOM
Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
24 GSSU and CCU

Service Mode
To facilitate troubleshooting, the GPA can be switched to Service Mode via a switch (S4
right at D70 in upward position) or via the software (N_SEMO_CAN signal from D66
Opto-Link board).
The following functions are affected by the Service Mode:
• Modulator enable: The modulators are not disabled, if the power stage supply voltage
is switched off.
• Modulator-off fault: If the GPA power stage is switched off manually, the common
fault number 11 is suppressed, since the modulator stays active.
• Synchronization fault: The fault is handled as a "warning" only.
• Closed loop error: The fault is handled as a "warning" only.
• Modulator stop: No modulator stop in case of low voltage faults at the power stage.
• Voltage feedback error: The fault is handled as a "warning" only.
• Oscillation error: Regulator may oscillate for a longer period of time (approx. 12 sec.
instead of 3 sec.) until the fault is reported.

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
GSSU and CCU 25

Fig. 21: D40

LEDs
16 different error codes can be displayed in dual code by means of four error LEDs (V125
left/right and V126 left/right). Furthermore, the logic can identify two different fault classes
indicated by LED V124 left/right:
• Common faults for all axes
• Axis-specific faults for X, Y and Z-axis
The first severe error that is recognized is always displayed as a LED pattern that lights up
very bright; subsequent errors are displayed in a darker pattern. Any minor problem is indi-
cated as "warning" only (yellow LED V123/right lights up additionally).

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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
26 GSSU and CCU

Fig. 22: D40 Error LED Codes

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
GSSU and CCU 27

Example for error LED encoding


A K2279 GPA has a problem, the following four error LED patterns (V124-V126) at the D40
board light up in sequence:

Fig. 23: Example for error LED encoding

Error analysis

V124: common status


V125/V126: gradient coil temperature
error
V125/left is very bright. This indicates
that this is the initial error.

Fig. 24: 1st LED pattern

V124: X-axis status


V125/V126: loop error
The sequence was running for a short
time until the first error occurred.
Because of the blocked modulator and
regulators, the loop error occurred - a
consequence of the initial problem.

Fig. 25: 2nd LED pattern

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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
28 GSSU and CCU

V124: Y-axis status

V125/V126:
NO ERROR

Fig. 26: 3rd LED pattern

V124: Z-axis status

V125/V126:
NO ERROR

Fig. 27: 4th LED pattern

GPA power-up
The D40 controls the switch ON and OFF of the powers stage supply by controlling the
power-up contactors (see also D70 and D116 description). At the beginning of the
power-up routine, all stored errors are reset. If a fault occurs afterward, the D40 will power
off the supply and generate the corresponding error message.

NOTE Power-up can take up to 30 seconds due to an internal timer


on the D40 modulator board.

WARNING A D40 board, ordered as a spare part, is jumpered for the use
in Avanto/Espree systems
If the board is used in MAGNETOMESSENZA systems with
this jumper setting, it will fail.
¹ Use the correct jumper and/or dip-switch settings for
MAGNETOM ESSENZA.

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GSSU and CCU 29

D66 Opto-Link 0

Function
The Opto-Link board consists of two main functional blocks:
• Starnode module (Communication and supervision)
• Signal multiplexer (Signal loops)

Starnode Module
The Starnode is a piggy-back of the D66 and provides the following functionality:
• Receiving the gradient data from PCI_STAR board in MARS.
• Sending the gradient data to the DAC-board D10 via the data I/O on the D66.
• Handling of status and error messages between GPA and MARS.

Data from MARS


The Starnode gets the gradient data from MARS via a 4.25GB/s fiberoptic transceiver. Two
high-speed fiberoptics are used between PCI_STAR and Starnode. Additionally, a
10MHz-clock is received by the Starnode from the synthesizer in the RFSU. This clock is
mainly used to synchronize the modulator to the system clock.

Data to DAC
The gradient data received by the Starnode are transferred to the DAC board D10 via the
data I/O section on the D66. Therefore, a short cable is running from D66/X3 front-plug to
D10/X3 front-plug. This way of getting the gradient data from the measurement control
(MARS) is different as compared to older GPAs.

Message Handling
Also the status and message handling between MARS and GPA uses the high-speed
fiberoptics between PCI_STAR and Starnode (so-called Starlink). This includes the results
of the signal multiplexer (gradient test loops) and the monitoring of the actual values for
stimulation monitoring (GSWD).

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30 GSSU and CCU

Fig. 28: D66 Opto-Link

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GSSU and CCU 31

Signal Multiplexer (Loop)


The signal multiplexer can select 4 analog GSSU signals from each gradient axis via the
backplane:
• Current actual value S_CAV_X(Y, Z)
• Nominal value S_DAC_X(Y, Z)
• Regulator output S_REGOUT_X(Y, Z)
• Regulator error signal S_REGERR_X(Y, Z)
The regulator error signal is currently not used, but could be used in future tests or adjust-
ments.
These signals are used for tests and troubleshooting and for adjustments and verifications
during tune-up and quality assurance (QA) measurements.

Gradient Loops
The selected signal used in TestTools, Tune-up, or QA is sent from its source (D10 or D21)
via backplane D80 to the corresponding multiplexer on D66. After filtering and ana-
log-to-digital conversion, the signal is forwarded to the Starnode by means of the data I/O
and then sent to MARS using the Startlink fiberoptic connection.
The different gradient signals are distributed to the three multiplexers in such a way that the
DAC, CAV and REGOUT-signal of one particular axis can be read in by one measurement.

Stimulation Monitoring
The actual values (CAVs) are used for stimulation monitoring. Therefore, these signals are
monitored by a logic, if those circuits are open (e. g. broken cable). The output of this logic
(CAV-circuit open) is going to the Starnode which forwards this CAV_OPEN_ERR to
MARS, lights up V63 (actual value missing) ,and V62 (stimulation monitor). This setting of
the stimulation monitor error blocks the modulator and current is no longer running.
During imaging sequences, the 3 current actual values S_CAV_X(Y, Z) are converted into
digital data and fed multiplexed via the Starlink to the PCI_STAR board in MARS for stim-
ulation monitoring. In case of exceeding critical thresholds, the PCI_STAR sets a stimula-
tion error and the D66 will stop the modulator and V62 lights up.

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32 GSSU and CCU

Fig. 29: D66

D70 I/O 0

Function
This I/O board is an interface board between the GSSU and the GSSU power supply, but
also to the power stage section. Control and monitoring signals are fed via this board to the
modulator board D40 and the D66 Opto-Link board. The following functions are carried out:
• GSSU Power Supply Interface
• GPA Power Switching
• Monitoring Interface (Fig. 31 / p. 35)

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GSSU and CCU 33
Fig. 30: D70 Switching & GSSU Supply
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34 GSSU and CCU

GSSU Power Supply Interface


The +5V (VCC) and the 15V from the GSSU power supply (E4A) are supplied by a cable
via the front of the board to connector X4 on the D70. Buffer capacitors for all voltages and
a 6.3A fuse (F1) for the +5V supply are located there. The buffered voltages are supplied
via the backplane to all GSSU boards, including the D70 itself, and can be measured at test
points on the front side of the board.

NOTE If the D70 is not plugged into the backplane, no GSSU board
has voltage supply.

GPA Power Switching


The GPA can be powered up in two ways:
1. by software syngo SW - D66 - D40 - D80 - D70 (N_POWER_ON)
2. or manually by push buttons S1 (on) and S2 (off) D70 - D80 - D40 - D80 - D70
(N_POWER_ON)
If the power-up was successful, the modulator is informed by the POWER_RDY-signal from
the D116.
The POWER_ON_ERR signal informs the modulator in case an overcurrent situation
(EXTREME_POWER) at the charging resistors has occurred (for details, please refer to the
D116 description).

Monitoring Interface

LED
One green LED V68 at the front side of the D70 board indicates LINE_VOLT present.

Switches
The four micro-switches (S3 left/right and S4 left/right) are used to disable the modulators
of the particular axis, and one can switch the GPA into service mode for troubleshooting
purpose (Service Mode / p. 24).

Temperature Monitoring of Chokes and Transformer


The GPA transformer is equipped with an overtemperature switch. In case the transformer
winding gets too hot (T>180C), the TRAFO_TEMP signal changes to "high-status," and the
D116 informs the D40 modulator board via D70.
The 6 power stage filter chokes are equipped with a temperature switch each (T>160C).
The temperature is monitored by the D116 board and sends an error signal to the D40
(FI_TEMP) via the D70 board (INDUCTOR_TEMP). The modulator D40 disables the gra-
dient current if one of the temperature switches is activated by a hot choke.

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GSSU and CCU 35
Fig. 31: D70 I/O Monitoring
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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
36 GSSU and CCU

GSSU Air Temperature Monitoring


An on-board NTC monitors for air overtemperature. The AIRTEMP_WARN (>42°C) and
AIRTEMP_ERR (>47°C) signals inform the D40 modulator board about that problem.

Gradient Coil Temperature Monitoring


The temperature of the gradient coil is measured with 8 thermal resistors (NTCs) located
in the gradient coil and connected via X50 to the monitoring circuit SUPF located in the
Patient Table Control electronics frame.
From the SUPF board the coil temperature signal is routed via fiberoptic connector U9 to
U1 on the D70 I/O board to inform the GPA about a gradient coil overtemperature condition
(no light = overtemperature = COIL_ERR).

Fig. 32: D70

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GSSU and CCU 37

Jumpers

CAUTION This is for factory use only.


For normal operation, the X15 and X16 jumpers must be set
according to the jumper list
¹ Otherwise, severe damage to the GPA and the gradient
coil may occur

WARNING A D70 board, ordered as a spare part, is jumpered for the use
in MAGNETOM Avanto/Espree systems
If the board is used in MAGNETOMESSENZA systems with
this jumper setting, it will fail.
¹ Use the correct jumper and/or dip-switch settings for
MAGNETOMESSENZA.

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38 GSSU and CCU

Current Converter Unit (CCU) 2.2

Location 0

The CCU is located in the upper left of the GPA behind the GSSU rack. Turning down that
GSSU rack, one can find the CCU on the left, the power stage filter chokes on the right and
the circuit breakers for the power stage supply at the bottom.

Fig. 33: CCU (cover removed and gradient cables disconnected)

The CCU consists of:


• 3 DANFYSIK current transducers
• 3 LEM current sensors
• Filter circuits

NOTE Each single current sensor is a Field Replaceable Unit (FRU)!

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GSSU and CCU 39

Fig. 34: Current Converter Unit

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40 GSSU and CCU

Function 0

The CCU measures and checks the actual gradient current of the three axes. Their power
supply is coming via a cable from the D21 regulator board. Additionally, there are two filter
circuits with different filter frequencies included for each axis.

DANFYSIK Current Transducers

Due to the precision of this current sensor, it is used


to measure the value for the current regulator D21.
This value is also the input for the Gradient Safety
Watchdog (GSWD) which is sometimes called the
Stimulation Monitor.

Fig. 35: DANFYSIK transducers

LEM Current Sensors

This sensor is not as accurate as the DANFYSIK


sensor and is therefore used for plausibility checks
only.

Fig. 36: LEM sensors

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Power Stages 41
3-
Overview
3Power Stages

Fig. 37: GPA K2279 Power Stages


Each of the three power stage modules consists of 3 cascades (H-bridges), each with its
own 450VDC supply. Each module can deliver a maximum output of 160A and 1350V.

NOTE The power stage is a Field Replaceable Unit (FRU)!

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42 Power Stages
Fig. 38: Block diagram of Power Stages
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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
Power Stages 43

Fig. 39: X-Power Stage Module

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Medical Solutions 12.06 CS SD MR
44 Power Stages

Function 3.1

Fig. 41: Behind GSSU


Pos. 1 Output Filter Chokes
Pos. 2 Circuit Breaker X-Power Stage Supply
Pos. 3 Circuit Breaker Y-Power Stage Supply
Pos. 4 Circuit Breaker Z-Power Stage Supply
Pos. 5 Power-up Circuit

Fig. 40: GSSU to Power Stages


Pos. 1 D40 Modulator
Pos. 2 D40/X3 to X-axis
Pos. 3 D40/X4 to Y-axis
Pos. 4 D40/X5 to Z-axis

The pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) switching signals for the water-cooled power stage cas-
cades are coming from the D40 Modulator board in the GSSU (1/Fig. 40 / p. 44).
Each of the three cascades is supplied by its own DC voltage supply with a voltage of
450V. This voltage is delivered by the secondary side of transformer T1. The secondary
supply voltages are fused by 9 3-phase circuit-breakers (2 to 4/Fig. 41 / p. 44). The
3-phase rectifier bridges are included into the cascades of the power stages.
The 450VDC cascade supply is buffered by a large capacitor block which requires a certain
power-up routine. This start-up sequence is mainly monitored and performed by the
Power-up Circuit (5/Fig. 41 / p. 44).
After current generation in the cascades, the gradient current has to pass the output filter

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
Power Stages 45

chokes and the CCU before reaching the gradient coil.

Fig. 42: CCU and Chokes


Pos. 1 Current Converter Unit
Pos. 2 Output Filter Chokes

NOTICE If a power stage module is not correctly mounted, the power


stage is easily damaged.
¹ Make sure the power stages are well in place, the
cross-bar on the upper half of the power stages are
mounted, and the locking mechanism on the bottom of
each module is closed.

NOTE For detailed principle of the cascade switching, see the cor-
responding description in the MR-Basics Gradient System
documentation.

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46 Power Stages

Monitoring 3.2

Fig. 43: Power Stage Monitoring


All signals between the power stage modules and the GSSU are galvanically isolated using
opto-coupled devices.

Driver Supply 0

The GSSU-PS supplies 24VDC to the driver supply section in the power stage module.
This DC voltage is galvanically isolated by a DC/AC converter.
The following functions of the driver supply are monitored:
• Output voltage of the DC/AC converter. (U>14V is indicated by an green LED). If faulty,
an error message is sent to the D40 board.
• A 5VDC supply is indicated by a green LED.
• The DC/AC converter function is indicated by two green LEDs.

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Power Stages 47

Voltage Monitoring 0

Overvoltage of the Power Stage Supply


The 450VDC power stage voltage supply of all three cascades is monitored for overvolt-
age. Error to D40 if U>517VDC

Voltage Feedback (VFB) and Undervoltage


The power stage voltage of cascade 2 is used as input signal for voltage feedback moni-
toring. The voltage feedback signal to the D40 modulator is used to adapt the PWM of the
D40.

Temperature monitoring 0

Driver Supply Temperature


The temperature of the driver supply electronic is monitored. Error to D40 if T>52°C

Power Stage Heat Sink Temperature


The water-cooled heat sink of the power stage cascades is monitored with a temperature
sensor. Error to D40 if T>52°C
A green LED indicates no temperature error either with the driver temperature or the power
stage heat sink.

NOTICE Although the power stage modules are water-cooled, they


need additionally sufficient air-cooling.
If enough air-cooling through the power stage modules is not
assured, insufficient gradient performance due to tempera-
ture errors is a great risk.
¹ Make sure that sufficient cold air from the ICS can pass
the modules from the bottom to the top.

LEDs 0

The following green LEDs are visible at the power stage modules:
1. Temperature Monitoring of driver and heat sink OK
2. 24VDC driver supply OK
3. 5VDC driver supply OK
4. DC/AC converter supply OK
5. Power stage supply for cascades 1 to 3 OK (hardly visible!)

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48 Power Stages

Fig. 44: Power Stage LEDs

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GPA Power Supply 49
4-
General
4GPA Power Supply

CAUTION Risk of electric shock!


The GPA is equipped with a dual power supply.
¹ Switch off circuit breakers F26 (LPD/GSSU) and F101
(Power Stage supply) in the mains connection box
before starting to work at the GPA.

Fig. 45: ECA Gradient Power


Pos. 1 F26: GSSU-PS
Pos. 2 F101: Power Stage Supply

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Fig. 46: Block diagram GPA Power Supply
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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions
GPA Power Supply 51

Fig. 47: GPA Supply

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52 GPA Power Supply

GSSU Power Supply 4.1

Overview 0

The MAGNETOM ESSENZA is supplied via 3 circuit breakers in the mains connection
box (2/Fig. 45 / p. 49):
• F100 supplies the main system transformer T1
• F101 supplies the power stages of the GPA
• F102 supplies the Integrated Cooling System ICS

The main system transformer T1 supplies the system power-up contactor K2 with 3
phases. Phase L1 is used via circuit breaker F26 to supply the GSSU power supply with
230VAC.

Fig. 48: GSSU Power Supply


Pos. 1 24 V Driver Supply
Pos. 2 15 V
Pos. 3 5V
Pos. 4 Not used
Pos. 5 GSSU supply to D70

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GPA Power Supply 53

GSSU Supply via D70 0

The voltage supply for the GSSU rack is coming from the GSSU-PS via a cable
(5/Fig. 48 / p. 52) connected to the D70 board. The D70 feeds the voltage supply to the
backplane from which it is distributed to all other boards inside the GSSU rack.
For a detailed description, refer to (GSSU Power Supply Interface / p. 34).

24V Supply 0

The 24V supply of the GSSU PS supplies the following components:


• Power supply for the cooling fan of the GSSU rack E3.
• Power supply for the cooling fans in the power stages.
• Driver supply for the power stage modules (Driver Supply / p. 46).
• Voltage supply for the D116 Power-up Circuit.

Fig. 49: Rear of GSSU

Fig. 50: D116 Power-up Circuit


Pos. 1 24 VDC supply
Pos. 2 Filter chokes temperature monitoring input
Pos. 3 Connection to D70
Pos. 4 Connection to start-up contactor K2

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54 GPA Power Supply

Power Stage Supply 4.2

Overview 0

The mains voltage (L1, L2, L3) is taken directly from the customer mains and fed over a
50A circuit breaker F101 to the filter E1 in the GPA. The presence of the line voltage is
shown by three yellow LEDs (V101, V201, V301) on the D116 power-up circuit (4, 5,
6/Fig. 52 / p. 55).

Fig. 51: Power Connection


Pos. 1 X100: Power Stage Supply
Pos. 2 X101: GSSU Supply
Pos. 3 E1 Line Filter

To avoid extreme current peaks, the mains voltage is switched to GPA transformer T1 via
a "soft start unit" (D116 Power-up Circuit).

1. K1 switches the main supply via damping resistors to GPS transformer T1


2. K2 bridges the damping resistors.
The T1 secondary provides 9 260VAC 3-phase outputs for the power stage supply. The AC
voltages are fed via 9 3-phase 13A circuit breakers to the rectifiers inside the power stage
modules. After rectification, three 450VDC outputs are available for the cascades in each
power stage module (Fig. 47 / p. 51).

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GPA Power Supply 55

D116 Power-up Circuit 0

Function
The D116 is responsible for the following main functions:
• Power switching of GPA transformer T1 (soft start)
• Overload detection for damping resistors during power-up
• Line voltage and temperature monitoring

Fig. 52: D116 Power-up Circuit


Pos. 1 Contactor K1
Pos. 2 Contactor K2
Pos. 3 Damping Resistors
Pos. 4 V101: Power Stage Supply L1 - L2
Pos. 5 V201: Power Stage Supply L2 - L3
Pos. 6 V301: Power Stage Supply L3 - L1

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56 GPA Power Supply

GPA power-on
The D40 modulator board controls the power switching that can be initiated by D66. For
service purposes, the GPA can be switched on with push button S1 on the D70 board.
First, the modulator logic performs a test to check for a "power stage cable defect". If suc-
cessful, the N_POWER_ON command is set (via D70) to the D116 power-up circuit and a
"transformer soft start" is performed (Fig. 30 / p. 33).

Transformer soft start


The power-on logic at the D116 energizes contactor K1 that feeds the mains voltage to the
GPA transformer via damping resistors. After a delay of 1.5 seconds (and if no errors are
detected), the main contactor K2 energizes and establishes a direct connection to the
mains supply.

Overload detection
The presence of the AC mains voltage and the proper switching of K1 is monitored. If a fault
occurs, contactors K1 and K2 are deactivated. During power-up, the current via the damp-
ing resistors is monitored. In case of overload (high charging current for too long), the con-
tactor K1 is deactivated. The "EXTREME_POWER" error is generated and sent to the D40
modulator board (via D70) (Fig. 31 / p. 35).

GPA power-off
In case of an error, the GPA can be switched off by the D66 (N_POW_OFF_CAN signal).
For service, push-button S2 on the D70 board can be activated (N_POW_OFF_SW signal).
Both signals are fed to the D40 where a soft stop blocks all modulator axes, the power
stage low-voltage monitoring is disabled and the N_POWER_ON signal is set to high logic
status (contactors K1 and K2 deactivated). The modulators are finally switched off via a
hard stop (Fig. 30 / p. 33).

Monitoring
The D116 monitors the following:
• Line voltage monitoring: The presence of the line voltage is shown by three yellow
LEDs (V101, V201, V301)
• GPA transformer temperature monitoring: The GPA transformer T1 is protected by
an overtemperature switch that opens if a winding temperature of 180°C is exceeded.
The TRAFO_TEMP signal informs the D40 supervision (via D70 board) about this prob-
lem.
• Choke temperature monitoring: The output filter chokes of the power stages are
equipped with a temperature switch that opens in case of overtemperature (T>160°C).
The resulting FI_TEMP_X(Y, Z) signal informs the D40 modulator (via D70), and the
"inductor temp. too high" error is generated.

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Changes to previous version 57
5-
5Changes to previous version

No previous version exists.

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12.06 CS SD MR Medical Solutions

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