Function Description Gradient
Function Description Gradient
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MAGNETOM
MR
Function Description
System
Gradient
MAGNETOM ESSENZA
10130587
10019568
07391977
07391167
07016871
© Siemens 2006
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Disclaimer
The installation and service of equipment described herein is to be performed by qualified
personnel who are employed by Siemens or one of its affiliates or who are otherwise autho-
rized by Siemens or one of its affiliates to provide such services.
Assemblers and other persons who are not employed by or otherwise directly affiliated with
or authorized by Siemens or one of its affiliates are directed to contact one of the local
offices of Siemens or one of its affiliates before attempting installation or service proce-
dures.
General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Gradient System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Gradient Amplifier Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
GSSU Power Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Power Stage (cascade design) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Output Filter Chokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Current Converter Unit (CCU). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Power Stage Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Gradient Coil Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Assembly carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
D10 DAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
D21 Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
D40 Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
D66 Opto-Link. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
D70 I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Current Converter Unit (CCU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Driver Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Voltage Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Temperature monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
GSSU Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
GSSU Supply via D70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
24V Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Power Stage Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
D116 Power-up Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
The performance and power of the gradient system is described by different parameters:
• Maximum gradient amplitude GRADmax. = 30mT/m
• Effective gradient amplitude GRADeff. = GRADmax. * √3=52mT/m
• Min. rise time to max. gradient amplitude = 0.300 ms
• Slew rate (SR) = 100mT/m/s
• Max. voltage at the gradient coil = 1350 V
• Max. gradient current = 160 A
The SR-value is a bottom line performance quotient expressing the overall performance of
both the gradient amplifier and gradient coil. It is calculated from the max. gradient field
(coil) and the minimum time needed to reach this field (rise time as a factor of the applied
voltage) using the following formula:
Function 1.1
Fig. 5: GSSU
Fig. 6: GSSU-PS
The Power Stage Supply for the K2279 gradient amplifier consists of a dedicated trans-
former, circuit breakers, a power-up-circuit, and rectifier circuits included in the power
stages. Each of the three cascades is supplied with 450VDC.
The Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU) is responsible for generating the pulsewidth
modulated control signals for the switches in the power stages, based on the digital data
supplied by MARS. Additionally, the GSSU includes a supervision functionality for the
whole GPA.
For regulation and monitoring of the gradient current by the GSSU, the Current Converter
Unit (CCU) supplies the actual value.
Assembly carrier 0
Function
The Assembly Carrier consists of the mounting rack for the GSSU boards and backplane
D80 providing interconnection between the GSSU components. A fan is built in on top.
D10 DAC 0
Function
The DAC board contains the digital-to-analog converters for all three axes (X, Y and Z). The
digital data supplied on X3 by MARS via the Starnode of the D66 contains the gradient
pulse amplitude data including the eddy current pre-distortion and the gradient delay. After
the data are converted into analog signals, they are sent to regulator D21 as the nominal
current value. Additionally, a 4MHz clock signal (FREQ_MOD) is sent to Modulator D40
where it is used for synchronization.
Nominal Value
The main DAC output is fed over the GSSU backplane (D80) to the D21 Regulator as nom-
inal gradient amplitude. A copy is also sent to the D66 Opto-Link where it is used as a feed-
back to MARS for loop testing using the Service Software.
The output voltage of the DACs (DAC_X, Y, Z) is 10V at full scale. It corresponds to the
maximum gradient current of the GPA.
Switches
The switches S1 (X: left / Y: right) and S2 (Z: left) can be used to disable the nominal gra-
dient current of the particular axis. This is useful for troubleshooting.
Test Points
The DAC output signals (DAC_X, Y, Z) are available for monitoring via QLA-connectors (X4,
X5 and X6).
D21 Regulator 0
Function
The Regulator includes the regulator function for all three axes:
• Actual Value Amplifier (3x)
• PID regulator (3x)
• Regulator parameter control
• Monitoring and LEDs
PID-Regulator
The nominal value sent from the DAC-board is inverted and added to the actual value com-
ing from the AVA. The signal is fed into a closed loop regulation circuit based on a digitally
controlled 7-bit PID-regulator (P=proportional, I=integral, D=differential part).
The output signals REG_X(Y, Z)12 and REG_X(Y, Z)34 of the regulator are connected to
the input of the modulator board D40. The numbers 12, 34 of the signals indicate the final
stage switches (transistors) that are controlled.
Test Points
The output signal of the amplifiers CAV_X(Y, Z) is available on the front panel via X11(X),
X12(Y) and X13(Z).
Monitoring
All of the above mentioned errors are reported to the D40 Modulator. From there, the D66
Opto-Link is informed about the error condition.
Regulator Enable
The modulator board D40 uses the signal REG_OFF_X(Y, Z) to disable/enable the regula-
tor of the particular axis. The enable status is shown by three green LEDs on the front panel
of the D21 (V136 right, V137 left and right).
Current Indicator
A current flow of more than 20A absolute is shown by yellow LED V136 (left).
D40 Modulator 0
Function
The following main functions are implemented on the modulator board D40K2259:
• Generation of pulsewidth modulated switching signals for the three axes
• Supervision, display and synchronization circuit of time-critical power-stage related
signals.
• GPA power-up control
Function of PWM
The D40 board is based on a programmable logic. The regulator output signals REG_X(Y,
Z)_12(34)_P(N) from the regulator board D21 are analog-to-digital converted and fed to the
modulator chip where pulsewidth modulation takes place. The switching frequency is
20kHz. It is synchronized by a 20kHz clock signal that is generated from the 4 MHz
FREQ_MOD by a programmable frequency divider. The switch signals for the power
stages are fed out by three front plugs. By means of a standard SCSI-cable (it is not a
SCSI-bus!) the signals are connected to the power stage modules. The proper connection
of those cables is monitored by a wire bridge.
The D21 Regulator reports errors to the D40 board which can disable the corresponding
regulator axis via signal REG_OFF_X(Y, Z).
Voltage monitoring
The D40 has a built-in internal monitoring for its supply voltages (15V and +5V=VCC).
Modulator Disable
The modulators can be disabled with service switches S3, S4 on the D70
(OFF_X(Y,Z)_SW) or by the software OFF_X(Y, Z)_CAN signal from D60 board.
Reset of Errors
All errors can be reset by the processor D66 (N_RESET_CAN) or manually via push button
S5 at the I/O-board D70.
Service Mode
To facilitate troubleshooting, the GPA can be switched to Service Mode via a switch (S4
right at D70 in upward position) or via the software (N_SEMO_CAN signal from D66
Opto-Link board).
The following functions are affected by the Service Mode:
• Modulator enable: The modulators are not disabled, if the power stage supply voltage
is switched off.
• Modulator-off fault: If the GPA power stage is switched off manually, the common
fault number 11 is suppressed, since the modulator stays active.
• Synchronization fault: The fault is handled as a "warning" only.
• Closed loop error: The fault is handled as a "warning" only.
• Modulator stop: No modulator stop in case of low voltage faults at the power stage.
• Voltage feedback error: The fault is handled as a "warning" only.
• Oscillation error: Regulator may oscillate for a longer period of time (approx. 12 sec.
instead of 3 sec.) until the fault is reported.
LEDs
16 different error codes can be displayed in dual code by means of four error LEDs (V125
left/right and V126 left/right). Furthermore, the logic can identify two different fault classes
indicated by LED V124 left/right:
• Common faults for all axes
• Axis-specific faults for X, Y and Z-axis
The first severe error that is recognized is always displayed as a LED pattern that lights up
very bright; subsequent errors are displayed in a darker pattern. Any minor problem is indi-
cated as "warning" only (yellow LED V123/right lights up additionally).
Error analysis
V125/V126:
NO ERROR
V125/V126:
NO ERROR
GPA power-up
The D40 controls the switch ON and OFF of the powers stage supply by controlling the
power-up contactors (see also D70 and D116 description). At the beginning of the
power-up routine, all stored errors are reset. If a fault occurs afterward, the D40 will power
off the supply and generate the corresponding error message.
WARNING A D40 board, ordered as a spare part, is jumpered for the use
in Avanto/Espree systems
If the board is used in MAGNETOMESSENZA systems with
this jumper setting, it will fail.
¹ Use the correct jumper and/or dip-switch settings for
MAGNETOM ESSENZA.
D66 Opto-Link 0
Function
The Opto-Link board consists of two main functional blocks:
• Starnode module (Communication and supervision)
• Signal multiplexer (Signal loops)
Starnode Module
The Starnode is a piggy-back of the D66 and provides the following functionality:
• Receiving the gradient data from PCI_STAR board in MARS.
• Sending the gradient data to the DAC-board D10 via the data I/O on the D66.
• Handling of status and error messages between GPA and MARS.
Data to DAC
The gradient data received by the Starnode are transferred to the DAC board D10 via the
data I/O section on the D66. Therefore, a short cable is running from D66/X3 front-plug to
D10/X3 front-plug. This way of getting the gradient data from the measurement control
(MARS) is different as compared to older GPAs.
Message Handling
Also the status and message handling between MARS and GPA uses the high-speed
fiberoptics between PCI_STAR and Starnode (so-called Starlink). This includes the results
of the signal multiplexer (gradient test loops) and the monitoring of the actual values for
stimulation monitoring (GSWD).
Gradient Loops
The selected signal used in TestTools, Tune-up, or QA is sent from its source (D10 or D21)
via backplane D80 to the corresponding multiplexer on D66. After filtering and ana-
log-to-digital conversion, the signal is forwarded to the Starnode by means of the data I/O
and then sent to MARS using the Startlink fiberoptic connection.
The different gradient signals are distributed to the three multiplexers in such a way that the
DAC, CAV and REGOUT-signal of one particular axis can be read in by one measurement.
Stimulation Monitoring
The actual values (CAVs) are used for stimulation monitoring. Therefore, these signals are
monitored by a logic, if those circuits are open (e. g. broken cable). The output of this logic
(CAV-circuit open) is going to the Starnode which forwards this CAV_OPEN_ERR to
MARS, lights up V63 (actual value missing) ,and V62 (stimulation monitor). This setting of
the stimulation monitor error blocks the modulator and current is no longer running.
During imaging sequences, the 3 current actual values S_CAV_X(Y, Z) are converted into
digital data and fed multiplexed via the Starlink to the PCI_STAR board in MARS for stim-
ulation monitoring. In case of exceeding critical thresholds, the PCI_STAR sets a stimula-
tion error and the D66 will stop the modulator and V62 lights up.
D70 I/O 0
Function
This I/O board is an interface board between the GSSU and the GSSU power supply, but
also to the power stage section. Control and monitoring signals are fed via this board to the
modulator board D40 and the D66 Opto-Link board. The following functions are carried out:
• GSSU Power Supply Interface
• GPA Power Switching
• Monitoring Interface (Fig. 31 / p. 35)
NOTE If the D70 is not plugged into the backplane, no GSSU board
has voltage supply.
Monitoring Interface
LED
One green LED V68 at the front side of the D70 board indicates LINE_VOLT present.
Switches
The four micro-switches (S3 left/right and S4 left/right) are used to disable the modulators
of the particular axis, and one can switch the GPA into service mode for troubleshooting
purpose (Service Mode / p. 24).
Jumpers
WARNING A D70 board, ordered as a spare part, is jumpered for the use
in MAGNETOM Avanto/Espree systems
If the board is used in MAGNETOMESSENZA systems with
this jumper setting, it will fail.
¹ Use the correct jumper and/or dip-switch settings for
MAGNETOMESSENZA.
Location 0
The CCU is located in the upper left of the GPA behind the GSSU rack. Turning down that
GSSU rack, one can find the CCU on the left, the power stage filter chokes on the right and
the circuit breakers for the power stage supply at the bottom.
Function 0
The CCU measures and checks the actual gradient current of the three axes. Their power
supply is coming via a cable from the D21 regulator board. Additionally, there are two filter
circuits with different filter frequencies included for each axis.
Function 3.1
The pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) switching signals for the water-cooled power stage cas-
cades are coming from the D40 Modulator board in the GSSU (1/Fig. 40 / p. 44).
Each of the three cascades is supplied by its own DC voltage supply with a voltage of
450V. This voltage is delivered by the secondary side of transformer T1. The secondary
supply voltages are fused by 9 3-phase circuit-breakers (2 to 4/Fig. 41 / p. 44). The
3-phase rectifier bridges are included into the cascades of the power stages.
The 450VDC cascade supply is buffered by a large capacitor block which requires a certain
power-up routine. This start-up sequence is mainly monitored and performed by the
Power-up Circuit (5/Fig. 41 / p. 44).
After current generation in the cascades, the gradient current has to pass the output filter
NOTE For detailed principle of the cascade switching, see the cor-
responding description in the MR-Basics Gradient System
documentation.
Monitoring 3.2
Driver Supply 0
The GSSU-PS supplies 24VDC to the driver supply section in the power stage module.
This DC voltage is galvanically isolated by a DC/AC converter.
The following functions of the driver supply are monitored:
• Output voltage of the DC/AC converter. (U>14V is indicated by an green LED). If faulty,
an error message is sent to the D40 board.
• A 5VDC supply is indicated by a green LED.
• The DC/AC converter function is indicated by two green LEDs.
Voltage Monitoring 0
Temperature monitoring 0
LEDs 0
The following green LEDs are visible at the power stage modules:
1. Temperature Monitoring of driver and heat sink OK
2. 24VDC driver supply OK
3. 5VDC driver supply OK
4. DC/AC converter supply OK
5. Power stage supply for cascades 1 to 3 OK (hardly visible!)
Overview 0
The MAGNETOM ESSENZA is supplied via 3 circuit breakers in the mains connection
box (2/Fig. 45 / p. 49):
• F100 supplies the main system transformer T1
• F101 supplies the power stages of the GPA
• F102 supplies the Integrated Cooling System ICS
The main system transformer T1 supplies the system power-up contactor K2 with 3
phases. Phase L1 is used via circuit breaker F26 to supply the GSSU power supply with
230VAC.
The voltage supply for the GSSU rack is coming from the GSSU-PS via a cable
(5/Fig. 48 / p. 52) connected to the D70 board. The D70 feeds the voltage supply to the
backplane from which it is distributed to all other boards inside the GSSU rack.
For a detailed description, refer to (GSSU Power Supply Interface / p. 34).
24V Supply 0
Overview 0
The mains voltage (L1, L2, L3) is taken directly from the customer mains and fed over a
50A circuit breaker F101 to the filter E1 in the GPA. The presence of the line voltage is
shown by three yellow LEDs (V101, V201, V301) on the D116 power-up circuit (4, 5,
6/Fig. 52 / p. 55).
To avoid extreme current peaks, the mains voltage is switched to GPA transformer T1 via
a "soft start unit" (D116 Power-up Circuit).
Function
The D116 is responsible for the following main functions:
• Power switching of GPA transformer T1 (soft start)
• Overload detection for damping resistors during power-up
• Line voltage and temperature monitoring
GPA power-on
The D40 modulator board controls the power switching that can be initiated by D66. For
service purposes, the GPA can be switched on with push button S1 on the D70 board.
First, the modulator logic performs a test to check for a "power stage cable defect". If suc-
cessful, the N_POWER_ON command is set (via D70) to the D116 power-up circuit and a
"transformer soft start" is performed (Fig. 30 / p. 33).
Overload detection
The presence of the AC mains voltage and the proper switching of K1 is monitored. If a fault
occurs, contactors K1 and K2 are deactivated. During power-up, the current via the damp-
ing resistors is monitored. In case of overload (high charging current for too long), the con-
tactor K1 is deactivated. The "EXTREME_POWER" error is generated and sent to the D40
modulator board (via D70) (Fig. 31 / p. 35).
GPA power-off
In case of an error, the GPA can be switched off by the D66 (N_POW_OFF_CAN signal).
For service, push-button S2 on the D70 board can be activated (N_POW_OFF_SW signal).
Both signals are fed to the D40 where a soft stop blocks all modulator axes, the power
stage low-voltage monitoring is disabled and the N_POWER_ON signal is set to high logic
status (contactors K1 and K2 deactivated). The modulators are finally switched off via a
hard stop (Fig. 30 / p. 33).
Monitoring
The D116 monitors the following:
• Line voltage monitoring: The presence of the line voltage is shown by three yellow
LEDs (V101, V201, V301)
• GPA transformer temperature monitoring: The GPA transformer T1 is protected by
an overtemperature switch that opens if a winding temperature of 180°C is exceeded.
The TRAFO_TEMP signal informs the D40 supervision (via D70 board) about this prob-
lem.
• Choke temperature monitoring: The output filter chokes of the power stages are
equipped with a temperature switch that opens in case of overtemperature (T>160°C).
The resulting FI_TEMP_X(Y, Z) signal informs the D40 modulator (via D70), and the
"inductor temp. too high" error is generated.