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C Programming Notes

The document provides an overview of the C programming language, including its history, structure, basic data types, and key concepts such as variables, operators, control statements, functions, arrays, pointers, structures, unions, and file handling. It also lists important header files and offers tips for effective programming practice. Overall, it serves as a foundational guide for learning C programming.

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41 views3 pages

C Programming Notes

The document provides an overview of the C programming language, including its history, structure, basic data types, and key concepts such as variables, operators, control statements, functions, arrays, pointers, structures, unions, and file handling. It also lists important header files and offers tips for effective programming practice. Overall, it serves as a foundational guide for learning C programming.

Uploaded by

jacksparroe9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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C Programming Language Notes

1. Introduction to C:
- Developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.
- General-purpose, procedural programming language.
- Used for system programming, OS development, embedded systems.

2. Structure of a C Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
// code
return 0;
}
- Every C program starts with main().
- #include is used to include standard libraries.

3. Basic Data Types:


- int: Integer type.
- float: Floating point number.
- double: Double precision float.
- char: Character type.
- Modifiers: short, long, signed, unsigned.

4. Variables and Constants:


- Variables are named locations in memory to store data.
- Constants are values that do not change during execution.
- Syntax for declaring constants: const int x = 10;

5. Operators:
- Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
- Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
- Logical: &&, ||, !
- Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, /=
6. Control Statements:
- Decision making: if, if-else, switch
- Loops: for, while, do-while
- Jump statements: break, continue, goto

7. Functions:
- Functions help in modular programming.
- Syntax: return_type function_name(parameters) { //code }
- Functions can be called from main or other functions.
- Example:
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

8. Arrays and Strings:


- Arrays: Collection of elements of same type, accessed by index.
Example: int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
- Strings: Character arrays ending with ''.
Example: char str[] = "Hello";

9. Pointers:
- A pointer stores the address of a variable.
- Declared with * operator. Example: int *ptr;
- & gives address of variable, * dereferences pointer.

10. Structures and Unions:


- Structure: Custom data type with multiple variables.
Example:
struct Student {
int id;
char name[50];
};
- Union: Similar to structure, but shares memory space.

11. File Handling:


- Reading and writing files using standard functions.
- fopen(), fclose() - open/close file
- fprintf(), fscanf() - formatted input/output
- fgetc(), fputc() - character input/output

12. Important Header Files:


- stdio.h: Standard I/O functions
- stdlib.h: General utilities like malloc, free
- string.h: String handling functions
- math.h: Math functions like sqrt, pow
- conio.h: Console I/O (non-standard)

Tips:
- Practice by writing programs daily.
- Focus on logic building and understanding memory management.
- Debug and test your code thoroughly.

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