VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

"JNANA SANGAMA", MACHHE, BELAGAVI-590018

Phase - 1 Project Report

On
“Detecting Parkinson’s Disease with Voice Analysis and Machine Learning”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the VII semester

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Information Science and Engineering
of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
by
Arjun M Karthik 1CD22IS400
Jashwanth S 1CD22IS403
Santhosh D V 1CD22IS410
Tharun M 1CD22IS416

Under the Guidance

of
Prof. Santosh M
Assistant Professor,
Department of ISE, CITech.

Department of Information Science and Engineering

CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE-560 036
2024-2025
 CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R. Puram, Bangalore-560 036
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Mr. Arjun M Karthik, Mr. Jashwanth S, Mr. Santhosh D V, Mr. Tharun M ,
bearing USN 1CD22IS400, 1CD22IS403, 1CD22IS410, 1CD22IS416, bonafide students of
Cambridge Institute of Technology, has successfully completed the Project Work Phase-1
entitled “Detecting Parkinson’s Disease with Voice Analysis and Machine Learning” in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for VII semester Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science
and Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during academic year
2024-2025. It is certified that all Corrections/Suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have
been incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The Project report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering
degree.

Project Guide Project Co-ordinator Head Of Department

Prof. Santosh M, Dr.Priyanka Desai, Dr. Preethi S,
Dept.of ISE, CITech Prof.Shivakumar M, Dept.of ISE, CITech
Dept.of ISE, CITech

Name of the Examiners Signature

1.

2.
 DECLARATION

We, Mr. Arjun M Karthik, Mr. Santhosh D V, Mr. Jashwanth S, Mr. Tharun M, bearing USN
1CD22IS400, 1CD22IS403, 1CD22IS410, 1CD22IS416, of VII semester BE, Information
Science and Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Technology, hereby declare that the project
entitled “Detecting Parkinson’s Disease with Voice Analysis and Machine Learning” has been
carried out by us and submitted in partial fulfillment of the program requirements of Bachelor of
Engineering in Information Science and Engineering as prescribed by Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi, during the academic year 2024- 2025.

Date:

Name USN Signature

Arjun M Karthik 1CD22IS400
Jashwanth S 1CD22IS403
Santhosh D V 1CD21IS410
Tharun M 1CD22IS416
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Shri. D. K. Mohan, Chairman,
Cambridge Group of Institutions, Bangalore, India for providing excellent Infrastructure and

Academic Environment at CITech without which this work would not have been possible.

We am extremely thankful to Dr. Indumathi G, Principal, CITech, Bangalore, for providing me

the academic ambience and everlasting motivation to carry out this work and shaping our careers.

We express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Preethi S, HOD, Dept. of Information Science and
Engineering, CITech, Bangalore, for her stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and
motivation throughout the course of present work.

We also wish to extend my thanks to Project Coordinators, Dr. Priyanka Desai, Associate
Professor and Mr Shivakumar M, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ISE, CITech, Bangalore for the
critical, insightful comments, guidance and constructive suggestions to improve the quality of this
work.

We also wish to extend my thanks to Project guide, Prof. Santosh M , Assistant Professor, Dept.
of ISE, CITech for his guidance and impressive technical suggestions to complete my Project work.

Finally to all my friends, classmates who always stood by me in difficult situations also helped me
in some technical aspects and last but not the least, I wish to express deepest sense of gratitude to
my parents who were a constant source of encouragement and stood by me as pillar of strength for
completing this work successfully.
Arjun M Karthik
Jashwanth S
Santhosh D V
Tharun M
 ABSTRACT

Early detection of Parkinson's disease remains a critical challenge in modern healthcare,

with traditional diagnostic methods often identifying the condition only after significant
progression. This research presents an innovative approach to early Parkinson's detection through
advanced voice analysis, leveraging the subtle changes in vocal patterns that can manifest years
before traditional symptoms become apparent. Our system combines cutting-edge audio processing
technology with sophisticated machine learning algorithms to analyze voice recordings and
identify potential indicators of Parkinson's disease.
The developed system captures a simple 5-second voice recording and analyzes 22 distinct vocal
characteristics, including frequency variations, jitter, shimmer, and harmonicity measurements. By
employing an ensemble of machine learning models, headlined by a gradient boosting classifier
that achieved a remarkable 94.87% accuracy and 0.9777 ROC AUC score, the system provides
reliable predictions while maintaining high sensitivity to early indicators. The user-friendly
interface, built with Streamlit, makes this sophisticated technology accessible to both healthcare
providers and patients, featuring real-time analysis, interactive visualizations, and comprehensive
historical tracking.
Our research demonstrates that voice analysis can serve as a non-invasive, cost-effective screening
tool for early Parkinson's detection. The system's ability to maintain high precision while achieving
perfect recall indicates its potential for identifying early-stage Parkinson's cases while minimizing
false positives. By combining technical sophistication with accessibility, this tool represents a
significant step forward in early Parkinson's screening, potentially enabling earlier intervention and
improved patient outcomes. The successful integration of advanced signal processing, machine
learning, and user-centric design principles showcases the potential for technology to transform
neurological disease detection and monitoring.

i
 CONTENTS

Abstract i

Contents ii

List of Figures iv

CHAPTER NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview. 1
1.2 Relevance of project 1

1.3 Problem Statement 2

1.4 Objectives 3

1.5 Methodology 3

Chapter 2 Literature Survey 5

2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Related Works 5

Chapter 3 System Analysis 8

3.1 Hardware Requirements 8

3.2 Software Requirements 9

ii
Chapter 4 Modelling 10

4.1 Purpose 10

4.2 Levels of software design 10

4.3 Scope 11
4.4 System Architecture 11
4.5 Use Case Diagram 12
4.6 Sequence Diagram 14

4.7 Data Flow Diagrams 16

References 17

iii
 List of Figures

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

1.1 Methodology 04

3.1 Hardware Requirements 08

3.2 Software Requirements 09

4.1 System Architecture 12

4.2 Use Case Diagram 13

4.3 Sequence Diagram 14

4.4 Data Flow Diagram 16

iv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW:

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects

movement. It is characterized by symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness
of movement), and postural instability. Beyond these physical symptoms, Parkinson's can
also affect speech, causing changes in tone, pitch, and clarity. These vocal impairments often
manifest early in the disease progression, making voice analysis an intriguing and valuable
avenue for early detection.

Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is crucial for improving the quality of life of patients.
While there is currently no cure, timely intervention can help manage symptoms and slow
disease progression. Traditional diagnostic methods rely on clinical evaluations and imaging
techniques, which can be both time-consuming and expensive. This has led researchers and
healthcare professionals to explore alternative, non-invasive, and cost-effective methods for
diagnosis—with voice analysis emerging as a promising tool.

Voice analysis leverages the subtle changes in vocal patterns that occur due to the motor
impairments associated with Parkinson's. These changes, often imperceptible to the human
ear, can be detected using advanced computational techniques. Recent advancements in
machine learning and artificial intelligence have made it possible to analyze large datasets
of vocal recordings and identify patterns indicative of Parkinson's disease with high
accuracy. This approach is not only scalable but also has the potential to make early
screening accessible to a broader population.

1.2 RELEVANCE OF PROJECT:

In this project, we have developed a Parkinson's disease detection system using voice
analysis. By combining the power of machine learning algorithms with features extracted
from vocal recordings, our system aims to provide an efficient and non-invasive diagnostic
tool. Dataset used for this research comprises voice samples from individual

B.E, Dept. of ISE, CiTech 2024-25 Page 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

both with and without Parkinson's disease, annotated with relevant clinical labels.

The workflow begins with preprocessing the vocal data to extract meaningful features, such
as jitter, shimmer, and harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), which are known to reflect vocal
stability and quality. These features are then fed into a machine learning model trained to
distinguish between healthy individuals and those with Parkinson's. By validating the model
on unseen data, we ensure its reliability and generalizability.

The implications of this project extend beyond the confines of clinical settings. A voice-
based diagnostic tool could be integrated into telemedicine platforms, allowing patients to
perform preliminary screenings from the comfort of their homes. This could be especially
beneficial for individuals in remote or underserved areas where access to neurologists is
limited.

Through this project, we aim to contribute to the growing field of digital health technologies.
By harnessing the potential of voice analysis, we hope to pave the way for earlier and more
accessible detection of Parkinson's disease, ultimately improving outcomes for those
affected by this challenging condition.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

• Parkinson's disease often goes undiagnosed in its early stages due to the subtlety of
symptoms, leading to delayed intervention and treatment.

• Existing diagnostic methods for Parkinson's, such as clinical evaluations and

imaging, are often expensive, time-consuming, and inaccessible for many
individuals, particularly in remote or underserved areas.

• Changes in speech and vocal patterns, an early indicator of Parkinson's, are

challenging to detect manually and require advanced tools for effective analysis.

• There is a need for a non-invasive, scalable, and cost-effective diagnostic tool that
can support early detection of Parkinson's disease.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.4 OBJECTIVES:

• To develop a machine learning-based system capable of analyzing vocal patterns and

identifying early signs of Parkinson's disease with high accuracy.

• To preprocess vocal data and extract critical features such as jitter, shimmer, and harmonic-
to-noise ratio, which are indicative of vocal impairments caused by Parkinson's.

• To train and validate the machine learning model on a robust dataset of voice recordings
from individuals with and without Parkinson's disease.

• To design a user-friendly diagnostic tool that can be integrated into telemedicine platforms,
enabling remote screening for Parkinson's disease.

1.5 METHODOLOGY:

• Parkinson's Voice Analyzer is an application designed to detect Parkinson's disease

through voice recordings. By leveraging machine learning and signal processing
techniques, the tool extracts essential vocal features such as jitter, shimmer, and pitch
frequency from recorded audio. These features are scaled within predefined ranges and
used to predict the presence of Parkinson's disease with the help of a trained gradient
boosting model.

• The application also incorporates a robust database system to store recordings, extracted
features, predictions, and confidence levels. Users can annotate records with notes, view
detailed metrics, and manage the history of analyses directly within the interface. A custom
dashboard highlights voice stability, frequency analysis, and advanced metrics like
Recurrence Period Density Entropy (RPDE) and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis.

• To enhance user experience, the interface features modern aesthetics and interactivity,
including collapsible sections, real-time recording functionality, and customizable
visualizations. With integrated functionalities for data management, prediction
interpretation, and visual feedback, the Parkinson's Voice Analyzer serves as a valuable
tool for early detection and monitoring of Parkinson’s disease, aiding researchers and
medical professionals alike.
B.E, Dept. of ISE, CiTech 2024-25 Page 3
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Fig 1.1: Methodology

B.E, Dept. of ISE, CiTech 2024-25 Page 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION:
This literature survey focuses on the application of machine learning (ML) and voice analysis for
detecting Parkinson's Disease (PD). PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily
affects motor functions but also impairs speech, making voice analysis a compelling diagnostic
tool. Early detection of PD is critical for effective management and slowing disease progression.
Recent advancements in machine learning, combined with voice analysis, offer non-invasive, cost-
effective methods for identifying PD, even in its early stages. By reviewing various research
contributions, this survey aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of existing
methodologies, their strengths, limitations, and potential implications. The insights gained will
guide the development of a robust, ML-based diagnostic system for Parkinson's Disease using
voice analysis.

2.2 RELATED WORKS:

1. "An improved approach for prediction of Parkinson's disease using machine learning
techniques" ,Kamal Nayan Reddy Challa etal, IEEE.

Kamal Nayan Reddy Challa et al, in their study titled "An Improved Approach for Prediction
of Parkinson's Disease Using Machine Learning Techniques," published by IEEE, present a
detailed analysis of different machine learning algorithms applied to PD prediction. The study
emphasizes the importance of data preprocessing and feature selection, which involve
eliminating redundant and irrelevant data to enhance the accuracy of predictive models. The
authors evaluate various algorithms, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision
Trees, and Neural Networks, identifying SVM as the most effective due to its robustness and
high accuracy in handling non-linear data. The study also incorporates advanced feature
selection techniques that focus on identifying critical biomarkers for PD diagnosis, ensuring
the reliability of the model. The research highlights the need for optimizing algorithmic
parameters to achieve better results and provides a foundation for further exploration of
machine learning methods in the medical domain. The study’s findings underline that while

B.E, Dept. of ISE, CiTech 2024-25 Page 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
SVMs are highly effective, combining them with ensemble methods could further enhance
prediction performance, especially when working with complex datasets.

2. "High-Accuracy Detection of Early Parkinson's Disease through Multimodal Features

and Machine Learning",R. Prashanth, Sumantra Dutta Roy etal,Science Direct.

In the paper "High-Accuracy Detection of Early Parkinson's Disease through Multimodal

Features and Machine Learning," published by Science Direct, R. Prashanth and Sumantra
Dutta Roy explore the integration of multimodal features to improve early-stage Parkinson's
Disease detection. The study leverages data from various sources, including motor symptoms,
speech analysis, and handwriting dynamics, to extract clinically significant features that are
indicative of PD. By using ensemble learning techniques, which combine the predictions of
multiple base learners, the authors achieve exceptional diagnostic accuracy, especially in
distinguishing early-stage PD from healthy controls. The study also emphasizes the importance
of feature engineering, where specific algorithms are used to derive meaningful features from
raw data, thereby improving model performance. By integrating diverse data sources, the
research highlights the potential for creating a holistic diagnostic system that goes beyond
traditional methods. The authors note that while multimodal systems are complex, their ability
to detect subtle variations in patient data makes them invaluable in clinical settings, particularly
for early intervention.

3. "Artificial Intelligence Model for Parkinson Disease Detection Using Machine

Learning Algorithms",S Yadav, MK Singh Et.al,Springer.

S. Yadav and M.K. Singh, in their Springer publication "Artificial Intelligence Model for
Parkinson Disease Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms," delve into the application
of AI and machine learning for diagnosing Parkinson's Disease. The authors evaluate a variety
of supervised learning algorithms, including Random Forest, k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN),
Gradient Boosting, and Neural Networks, to identify the most effective technique. One of the
study's significant contributions is its focus on addressing imbalanced datasets, a common
challenge in medical research where positive cases of a disease like PD are far fewer than
negative ones. By employing data augmentation and synthetic data generation techniques, the
authors ensure the reliability and generalizability of their models. The study also provides a
detailed comparison of algorithmic performance, revealing that ensemble methods, such as
Random Forest, outperform traditional models in terms of accuracy and robustness. The
B.E, Dept. of ISE, CiTech 2024-25 Page 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
authors stress the importance of incorporating domain knowledge into feature selection
processes, which enhances the interpretability of the models. This research serves as a
comprehensive resource for understanding how various algorithms perform in the context of
PD detection and offers practical solutions for overcoming data-related challenges.

4. "Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis Using Machine Learning and Voice",Timothy J.

Wroge Etal, IEEE

Timothy J. Wroge et al., in their study "Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis Using Machine
Learning and Voice," published by IEEE, focus on the application of voice analysis in
diagnosing Parkinson's Disease. The study employs advanced feature extraction techniques,
such as Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), to capture subtle vocal impairments
associated with PD. These impairments often manifest in reduced vocal pitch variability,
increased jitter and shimmer, and changes in speech rate, which are critical indicators of the
disease. The authors utilize machine learning algorithms, including Neural Networks and
Support Vector Machines (SVMs), to classify voice samples as either indicative of PD or
healthy. One of the study's key contributions is its emphasis on the non-invasive nature of
voice-based diagnostics, which makes it an accessible and cost-effective solution for early-
stage detection. The authors also explore the use of transfer learning, where pre-trained models
are fine-tuned using smaller datasets, to overcome the challenge of limited data availability.
The results demonstrate high classification accuracy, proving the efficacy of voice analysis in
PD detection. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of using diverse datasets that
include variations in language, age, and severity of symptoms to ensure the model's
generalizability. This research provides a strong foundation for developing scalable and
efficient voice-based diagnostic tools for Parkinson's Disease.

B.E, Dept. of ISE, CiTech 2024-25 Page 7

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a better
understanding of it. Gathering requirements is the main attraction of the Analysis Phase. The
process of gathering requirements is usually more than simply asking the users what they need and
writing their answers down. Depending on the complexity of the application, the process for
gathering requirements has a clearly defined process of its own.

3.1 Hardware Requirements

The hardware requirements include the requirements specification of the physical computer
resources for a system to work efficiently. The hardware requirements may serve as the basis for
a contract for the implementation of the system and should therefore be a complete and consistent
specification of the whole system. The Hardware Requirements are listed below:

CPU configuration Intel r xeon r gold 6242r cpu

Processor 3.7 GHZ

RAM 8 GB or more

Disk space (minimum) 512 TB or more

Fig.3.1: Hardware Requirements

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CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.2 Software Requirements:

The software requirements are description of features and functionalities of the target system.
Requirements convey the expectations of users from the software product. The requirements can
be obvious or hidden, known or unknown, expected or unexpected from client's point of view.

Operating System Windows 10 or higher

Software Jupyter Notebook, Python IDE

Coding Language Python

Libraries Used pandas, numpy, matplotlib.pyplot, seaborn,

librosa, sounddevice, scipy.io.wavfile,
streamlit, warnings, time, sqlite3, sklearn
(train_test_split, GridSearchCV,
RandomizedSearchCV, cross_val_score,
RandomForestClassifier,
GradientBoostingClassifier,
VotingClassifier), imblearn (SMOTE),
xgboost (XGBClassifier).

Fig.3.2: Software Requirements

B.E, Dept. of ISE, CITech 2024-25 Page 9

CHAPTER 4
MODELING

4.1 PURPOSE

This chapter gives an overview of the design of the proposed system. The design covers the overall
architecture of the system, starting with conceptual design and details added during subsequent
phases of design. The static as well as dynamic behavior of the individual entities is detailed. The
implementation and testing phases of the project are influenced by this documentation. The details
are expected to evolve during the entire design process.

4.2 LEVELS OF SOFTWARE DESIGN

In the software engineering field software designing is a main section. Software design can be
categorized into:

1. Architectural Design

This is the first level of the design. Architectural design is the greatest summarized edition of
the system. This determines the software or application as a method with more elements
collaborating with each. Generally, this is a designing level where the designers obtain the idea
or thought of a suggested clarification domain or province.

2. Logical Design

This is the second level of the design. The high-level design splits the theory or concept of
single entity-multiple components into a less-abstracted prospect of modules and subsystems.
It represents their cooperation with each.

Basically, the high-level design concentrates on how the system besides its entire element can
be applied as modules. High level design concept identifies modular arrangement of all
subsystems and also their connection and cooperation between them.

3. Physical Design

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 CHAPTER 4 MODELLING

This is the third level of the design. This is the level where the designing deals with the
accomplishment part, which will be finally seen by the system. This level of designing is more
elaborated as compared to previous modules design and implementations. In this level of
design, we determine the logical structure of all previous modules.

4.3 SCOPE

In this application, aThe heart of our methodology lies in capturing and analyzing voice patterns
through a sophisticated yet user-friendly approach. Users are guided to record their voice for a brief
5-second duration, during which they pronounce a sustained "aaah" sound. This seemingly simple
task is carefully designed to capture subtle variations in vocal characteristics that may be
imperceptible to the human ear but are crucial for our analysis. To ensure optimal recording quality,
participants are instructed to maintain a consistent distance of approximately 6 inches from their
microphone and find a quiet environment, as these factors significantly influence the accuracy of
our measurements.

Once the voice sample is captured, our system employs a comprehensive feature extraction process
that examines 22 distinct vocal characteristics. These features include fundamental frequency
measurements (such as pitch variations), jitter (which measures frequency instability), shimmer
(which quantifies amplitude fluctuations), and various harmonicity parameters. What makes this
approach particularly robust is its ability to analyze both time-domain and frequency-domain
characteristics simultaneously, providing a multi-dimensional view of vocal patterns. This extraction
process is automatically handled by our system, relieving users of any technical complexity while
ensuring consistent and reliable measurements.

4.4 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The system architecture gives a high-level overview of the functions and responsibilities of the
system. It defines the breakdown of the system into various sub systems and the individual roles
played by them. The system architecture of the proposed system is shown below in fig.4.1.

B.E, Dept. of ISE, CITech 2024-25 Page 11

 CHAPTER 4 MODELLING

Fig.4.1: System Architecture

4.5 USE CASE DIAGRAM

Use case diagram is a graphic depiction of the interactions among the elements of a system. Use
cases will specify the expected behavior, and the exact method of making it happen. Use cases once
specified can be denoted both textual and visual representation. The use case diagram for the
proposed system is shown below in fig.4.2.

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CHAPTER 4 MODELLING

Fig.4.2: Use case diagram

The Parkinson's Voice Analysis System's use case diagram illustrates the interaction between three
primary actors (Patient, Doctor, and Administrator) and the system's core functionalities. Patients
can record voice samples, view their analysis results, access their history, and add notes to their
recordings. Doctors have additional capabilities including exporting reports and managing patient
records, allowing them to track patient progress and make informed decisions. The Administrator
maintains system configuration and overall record management. The analysis process flows from
recording to performing analysis, which then branches into viewing specific features and metrics,
all contributing to the final analysis results. This hierarchical structure ensures appropriate access
levels while maintaining system security and functionality. Each actor's interactions are clearly
defined, with the patient focused on providing data and viewing results, the doctor on analysis and
patient management, and the administrator on system maintenance, creating a comprehensive yet
organized workflow for Parkinson's voice analysis.

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CHAPTER 4 MODELLING

4.6 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

A sequence diagram Unified Model Language U(M)is a kind of interaction

diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is
a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes known
as event diagrams or event scenarios. Sequence diagrams help to plan and
understand the detailed functionality of an existing or future scenario. They can be
useful references for businesses and other organizations. The sequence diagram for
the proposed system is shown below in fig. 4.3.

Fig. 4.3: Sequence diagram

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 CHAPTER 4 MODELLING

Initial Interaction Flow:

⚫ User initiates recording through web interface

⚫ System displays countdown for preparation

⚫ Recording module captures 5-second voice sample

⚫ Audio data is immediately passed to feature extractor

⚫ Features are extracted and sent to ML pipeline

Analysis and Processing Flow:

⚫ ML pipeline processes features and generates prediction

⚫ Results are simultaneously stored in database

⚫ Visualization module receives results for display

⚫ Interface updates with real-time analysis results

⚫ All processing happens in sequential order with clear handoffs

Historical Data Flow:

⚫ User can request historical analysis data

⚫ Database retrieves stored recordings and features

⚫ Visualization module generates historical trends

⚫ Interface displays comprehensive history view

⚫ All historical data is accessible for comparison

System Response and Feedback:

⚫ Each module provides clear status indicators

⚫ Error handling is implemented at each step

⚫ System maintains data integrity through proper storage

⚫ Visual feedback is provided at each major step

⚫ User is kept informed of process status throughout

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 CHAPTER 4 MODELLING

4.7 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

A data flow diagram (DFD) visually represents how data moves through a system or process. It
uses symbols like shapes and arrows to show inputs, outputs, storage, and routes of data. DFDs
illustrate data flow from sources to destinations through processes, aiding in system understanding
and structured design.
Data flow diagramhas 4 major elements:

Processes: the main activities that are happening within the system boundary. The process can be
simple as collecting customer data and storing it in the company database.
External entities: the sources of information coming to or leaving the system.

Data stores : places where data is held such as files or repositories. Data stores show information that
is not moving.
Data flows: illustrate the movements that data have between the external entities, data stores, and
the process.

Fig.4.4: Data Flow Diagram

B.E, Dept. of ISE, CITech 2024-25 Page 16

 REFERENCES

REFERENCES

[1] Kamal Nayan Reddy Challa et al., "An Improved Approach for Prediction of
Parkinson's Disease Using Machine Learning Techniques," IEEE, 2020..

[2] R. Prashanth, Sumantra Dutta Roy et al., "High-Accuracy Detection of Early

Parkinson's Disease through Multimodal Features and Machine Learning," Science
Direct, 2021.

[3] S. Yadav, M.K. Singh et al., "Artificial Intelligence Model for Parkinson Disease
Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms," Springer, 2022.

[4] Timothy J. Wroge et al., "Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis Using Machine Learning and
Voice," IEEE, 2021.

[5] A. Tsanas et al., "Accurate Telemonitoring of Parkinson’s Disease Progression Using

Nonlinear Speech Signal Processing Techniques," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical
Engineering, 2012.

[6] J. Little et al., "Exploiting Nonlinear Speech Features to Identify Parkinson's Disease,"
IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2014.

[7] M. E. Hoque et al., "Data-Driven Predictive Modeling for Early Diagnosis of

Parkinson's Disease," International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, 2020.

[8] H. Jeon et al., "Speech Analysis for Early Detection of Parkinson's Disease Using
Machine Learning Algorithms," Elsevier, 2018.

[9] G. L. Moro-Velázquez et al., "Early Detection of Parkinson's Disease from Voice

Recordings: Machine Learning Approach," Springer, 2021.

[10]R. Das et al., "A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms for Parkinson's
Disease Detection," International Journal of Biomedical Signal Processing, 2019.

B.E, Dept. of ISE, CiTech 2024-25 Page 17

 REFERENCES
[11]A. P. Petrozziello et al., "Enhancing the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease Using
Machine Learning and Acoustic Features," Springer, 2022.

[12]L. G. Martínez et al., "Parkinson's Disease Voice Signal Classification Using

Convolutional Neural Networks," IEEE Access, 2020.

[13]B. X. Wu et al., "Improving Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis Using Machine Learning

and Feature Selection Techniques," Elsevier, 2023.

[14]S. Taherzadeh et al., "Predictive Modeling of Parkinson's Disease with Voice Features
and Deep Learning Algorithms," Springer, 2021.

[15]F. Moro et al., "A Comprehensive Review on Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using
Voice Analysis and AI Techniques," Elsevier, 2022.

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