Big Data Analytics-BAD601-Module 2

Introduction to Hadoop: Introducing hadoop, Why hadoop, Why not

RDBMS, RDBMS Vs Hadoop, History of Hadoop, Hadoop overview, Use
case of Hadoop, HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System),Processing data
with Hadoop, Managing resources and applications with Hadoop YARN(Yet
Another Resource Negotiator). Introduction to Map Reduce Programming:
Introduction, Mapper, Reducer, Combiner, Partitioner, Searching, Sorting,
Compression.

Introducing Hadoop

• Hadoop is an open-source framework designed for distributed storage

and processing of large datasets using clusters of computers.

• It divides large data into smaller parts and processes them across
multiple computers at the same time.

• It is part of the Apache Software Foundation and is widely used for Big
Data processing.

Need for Hadoop

Why can’t we use traditional databases?

Big Data Problems: Companies like Google, Facebook, and Amazon generate
terabytes of data every second.

Slow Processing: A single computer cannot handle such huge data efficiently.

Storage Limitations: Traditional databases have limits on how much data they can
store.

Hadoop helps to store and process large-scale data efficiently and quickly.

Hadoop has 3 main components:

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HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) – Like Google Drive, it stores data across
multiple computers.
MapReduce – Like group work, it processes data in parallel and then combines
results.
YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator) – Like a manager, it assigns tasks to
different computers.

Why Hadoop?

The key consideration is:

Its capability to handle massive amounts of data, different categories of

data - fairly quickly.

The other considerations are:

Low cost:

Hadoop is an open-source framework and uses commodity hardware (commodity

hard- ware is relatively inexpensive and low-cost, widely available, general-purpose
computers) to store enormous quantities of data.

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Computing power:

Hadoop is based on distributed computing model which processes very large

volumes of data fairly quickly. The more the number of computing nodes, the more
the processing power at hand.

Scalability:

This boils down to simply adding nodes as the system grows and requires much
less administration.

Storage flexibility: Unlike the traditional relational databases, in Hadoop data

need not be pre-processed before storing it. Hadoop provides the convenience of
storing as much data as one needs and also the added flexibility of deciding later as
to how to use the stored data. In Hadoop, one can store unstructured data like
images, videos, and free-form text.

Inherent data protection: Hadoop protects data and executing applications

against hardware failure. If a node fails, it automatically redirects the jobs that had
been assigned to this node to the other functional and available nodes and ensures
that distributed computing does not fail. It goes a step further to store multiple
copies (replicas) of the data on various nodes across the cluster.

Why not RDBMS?

• RDBMS is not suitable for storing and processing large files, images, and
videos.

• RDBMS is not a good choice when it comes to advanced analytics

involving machine learning.

• It calls for huge investment as the volume of data shows an upward

trend.

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RDBMS vs Hadoop

PARAMETERS RDBMS HADOOP

Relational Database
System Management Node Based Flat Structure.
System.

Suitable for structured,

unstructured data. Supports
Suitable for
Data variety of data formats in real
structured data
time such as XML, JSON, text
based flat file formats, etc.

OLTP(Online
Processing Transaction Analytical, Big Data Processing
Processing)

Choice When the data needs Big Data processing, which

consistent does not require any consistent

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relationship. relationships between data.

Needs expensive
In a Hadoop Cluster, a node
hardware or high-
requires only a processor, a
Processor end processors to
network card, and few hard
store huge volumes
drives.
of data.

Cost around $10,000

Cost around $4,000 per
Cost to $14,000 per
terabytes of storage.
terabytes of storage.

Other differences between RDBMS and Hadoop.

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When to choose between NoSQL and Hadoop?

Choose Hadoop for large-scale batch processing, big data analytics, and cost-
effective distributed storage with HDFS.

NoSQL is better for real-time transactions, flexible schema, and low-latency

applications like web apps and IoT.

Distributed Computing Challenges:

Although there are several challenges with distributed computing, we will focus on
two major challenges.

Hardware Failure

In a distributed system, several servers are networked together. This implies that
more often than not, there may be a possibility of hardware failure. And when such
a failure does happen, how does one retrieve the data that was stored in the
system? Just to explain further - a regular hard disk may fail once in 3 years. And
when you have 1000 such hard disks, there is a possibility of at least a few being
down every day.

Hadoop has an answer to this problem in Replication Factor (RF). Replication

Factor connotes the number of data copies of a given data item/data block stored
across the network.

How to Process This Gigantic Store of Data?

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In a distributed system, the data is spread across the network on several machines.
A key challenge here is to integrate the data available on several machines prior to
processing it.

Hadoop solves this problem by using MapReduce Programming. It is a programming

model to process the data (MapReduce programming will be discussed a little later).

History of Hadoop

The image is a timeline depicting key events in the history of Hadoop and related
technologies. Here's a breakdown of the events shown:

1. 2002 - Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella started working on Nutch, an

open-source web crawler.
2. 2003 - The development of Nutch continued.
3. 2004 - Google published papers on Google File System (GFS) and
MapReduce, which inspired further developments in distributed
computing.
4. 2004-2005 - Doug Cutting added Distributed File System (DFS) and
MapReduce to Nutch, enhancing its capabilities for large-scale data
processing.
5. 2006 - Yahoo hired Doug Cutting, and Hadoop was spun out from
Nutch, becoming a separate open-source project focused on distributed
data storage and processing.

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6. 2007-2008 - Hadoop continued to evolve and gain adoption.

7. 2009 - Cloudera was founded, a company focused on commercializing
Hadoop solutions.
8. 2009 - Doug Cutting joined Cloudera, further contributing to the
development and expansion of Hadoop-based technologies.

Hadoop Overview

Open-source software framework to store and process massive amounts of data in a

distributed fashion on large clusters of commodity hardware. Basically, Hadoop
accomplishes two tasks:

1. Massive data storage.

2. Faster data processing.

Key Aspects of Hadoop

Open source software: It is free to download, use and contribute to.

Framework: Means everything that you will need to develop and execute and
application is provided - programs, tools, etc..

Distributed: Divides and stores data across multiple computers.

Computation/Processing is done in parallel across multiple connected nodes.

Massive storage: Stores colossal amounts of data across nodes of low-cost

commodity hardware.

Faster processing: Large amounts of data is processed in parallel, yielding quick

response.

Hadoop components

Hadoop Core Components

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1. HDFS:

(a) Storage component.

(b) Distributes data across several nodes.

(c) Natively redundant.

2. MapReduce:

(a) Computational framework.

(b) Splits a task across multiple nodes.

(c) Processes data in parallel.

Hadoop Ecosystem: Hadoop Ecosystem are support projects to enhance the

functionality of Hadoop Core Components. The Eco Projects are as follows:

1. HIVE

2. PIG

3. SQOOP

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4. HBASE

5. FLUME

6. OOZIE

7. MAHOUT

Hadoop Conceptual Layer

It is conceptually divided into:

Data Storage Layer which stores huge volumes of data and

Data Processing Layer which processes data in parallel to extract richer and
meaningful insights from data.

High-Level Architecture of Hadoop

• Hadoop is a distributed Master-Slave Architecture.

• Master node is known as NameNode and slave nodes are known as

DataNodes.

• Figure depicts the Master-Slave Architecture of Hadoop Framework.

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The key components of the Master Node are:

1. Master HDFS: Its main responsibility is partitioning the data storage across the
slave nodes. It also keeps track of locations of data on DataNodes.

2. Master MapReduce: It decides and schedules computation task on slave nodes.

Use case of Hadoop

ClickStream Data

ClickStream data (mouse clicks) helps you to understand the purchasing behavior
of customers. ClickStream analysis helps online marketers to optimize their product
web pages, promotional content, etc. to improve their business.

The ClickStream analysis, as shown in above figure, using Hadoop provides three
key benefits:

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1. Hadoop helps to join ClickStream data with other data sources such as Customer
Relationship Management Data (Customer Demographics Data, Sales Data, and
Information on Advertising Campaigns). This additional data often provides the
much needed information to understand cus- tomer behavior.

2. Hadoop's scalability property helps you to store years of data without ample
incremental cost. This helps you to perform temporal or year over year analysis on
ClickStream data which your competitors may miss.

3. Business analysts can use Apache Pig or Apache Hive for website analysis. With
these tools, you can organize ClickStream data by user session, refine it, and feed it
to visualization or analytics tools.

HDFS(Hadoop Distributed file system)

Some key Points of Hadoop Distributed File System are as follows:

1. Storage component of Hadoop.

2. Distributed File System.

3. Modeled after Google File System.

4. Optimized for high throughput (HDFS leverages large block size and moves
computation where data is stored).

5. You can create multiple copies of a file as per configuration, ensuring reliability.
This replication enhances fault tolerance for both software and hardware failures.

6. Re-replicates data blocks automatically on nodes that have failed.

7. You can realize the power of HDFS when you perform read or write on large files
(gigabytes and larger).

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8. It operates above native file systems like ext3 and ext4, as illustrated in the
figure below. This abstraction enables additional functionality and flexibility in data
management.

Figure below describes important key points of HDFS.

The figure highlights key aspects of the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS).
It mentions that HDFS uses a block-structured file system, has a default
replication factor of 3 for fault tolerance, and a default block size of 64 MB for
efficient storage and processing.

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Figure below describes Hadoop Distributed File System Architecture.

The figure illustrates the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) architecture,
showing how a file is stored and managed across multiple nodes.

Key Components:

Client Application

The client interacts with HDFS through the Hadoop File System Client to
read/write data.

NameNode

Stores metadata about files (e.g., locations of blocks, filenames).

Manages file-to-block mapping (e.g., Sample.txt is split into Block A, Block B, and
Block C).

Assigns blocks to different DataNodes for storage.

DataNodes

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Actual storage locations for blocks.

Each block is replicated across multiple DataNodes (ensuring fault tolerance).

The figure shows three DataNodes (A, B, and C), each storing different copies of
Blocks A, B, and C based on the replication factor.

Working of HDFS:

A file is split into fixed-size blocks (e.g., 64MB or 128MB).

These blocks are distributed across different DataNodes for redundancy.

The NameNode manages block locations but does not store actual data.

The Hadoop File System Client communicates with the NameNode to fetch block
locations and then retrieves data from DataNodes.

This design ensures high availability, fault tolerance, and parallel processing for
large-scale data applications.

HDFS Daemons

NameNode

• HDFS breaks a large file into smaller pieces called blocks.

• NameNode uses a rack ID to identify DataNodes in the rack.

• A rack is a collection of DataNodes within the cluster.

• NameNode keeps tracks of blocks of a file as it is placed on various

DataNodes. NameNode manages file-related operations such as read,
write, create, and delete. Its main job is managing the File System
Namespace.

• A file system namespace is collection of files in the cluster.

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• NameNode stores HDFS namespace. File system namespace includes

mapping of blocks to file, file properties and is stored in a file called
FsImage.

• NameNode uses an EditLog (transaction log) to record every transaction

that happens to the file system metadata. Refer Figure below.

• When NameNode starts up, it reads FsImage and EditLog from disk and
applies all transactions from the EditLog to in-memory representation of
the FsImage.

• Then it flushes out new version of FsImage on disk and truncates the
old EditLog because the changes are updated in the FsImage.

• There is a single NameNode percluster.

DataNode

• There are multiple DataNodes per cluster.

• During Pipeline read and write DataNodes communicate with each

other.

• A DataNode also continuously sends "heartbeat" message to NameNode

to ensure the connectivity between the NameNode and DataNode.

• In case there is no heartbeat from a DataNode, the NameNode replicates

that DataNode within the cluster and keeps on running as if nothing had
happened.

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• The figure illustrates the HDFS NameNode and DataNode

communication using heartbeats for monitoring and data replication.

Heartbeat Mechanism:

Active DataNodes send heartbeats to the NameNode to indicate they are

functioning.

If a DataNode stops sending heartbeats (fails or disconnects), the NameNode

assumes it is unavailable.

Data Replication:

When a DataNode fails (no heartbeat detected), the NameNode triggers

replication of its data to another DataNode.

This ensures fault tolerance and high availability of data in HDFS.

The mechanism helps detect node failures and automatically redistribute data,
ensuring Hadoop's reliability and resilience.

Secondary NameNode

• The Secondary NameNode takes a snapshot of HDFS metadata at

intervals specified in the Hadoop configuration.

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• Since the memory requirements of Secondary NameNode are the same

as NameNode, it is better to run NameNode and Secondary NameNode on
different machines.

• In case of failure of the NameNode, the Secondary NameNode can be

configured manually to bring up the cluster. However, the Secondary
NameNode does not record any real-time changes that happen to the
HDFS metadata.

Anatomy of File read

The figure below describes the anatomy of file read

1. The client opens the file that it wishes to read from by calling open() on
the DistributedFileSystem.

2. DistributedFileSystem communicates with the NameNode to get the

location of data blocks. NameNode returns with the addresses of the
DataNodes that the data blocks are stored on. Subsequent to this, the
DistributedFileSystem returns an FSDataInputStream to client to read
from the file.

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3. Client then calls read() on the stream DFSInputStream, which has

addresses of the DataNodes for the first few blocks of the file, connects to
the closest DataNode for the first block in the file.

4. Client calls read() repeatedly to stream the data from the DataNode.

5. When end of the block is reached, DFSInputStream closes the connection

with the DataNode. It repeats the steps to find the best DataNode for the
next block and subsequent blocks.

6. When the client completes the reading of the file, it calls close() on the
FSDataInputStream to close the connection.

Anatomy of File write

The steps involved in anatomy of File Write are as follows:

1. The client calls create() on DistributedFileSystem to create a file.

2. An RPC(Remote Procedure Call) call to the NameNode happens through the

DistributedFileSystem to create a new file. The NameNode performs various
checks to create a new file (checks whether such a file exists or not). Initially,
the NameNode creates a file without associating any data blocks to the file. The
DistributedFileSystem returns an FSDataOutputStream to the client to perform
write.

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3. As the client writes data, data is split into packets by DFSOutputStream,

which is then written to an internal queue, called data queue. DataStreamer
consumes the data queue. The DataStreamer requests the NameNode to
allocate new blocks by selecting a list of suitable DataNodes to store replicas.
This list of DataNodes makes a pipeline. Here, we will go with the default
replication factor of three, so there will be three nodes in the pipeline for the
first block.

4. DataStreamer streams the packets to the first DataNode in the pipeline. It

stores packet and forwards it to the second DataNode in the pipeline. In the
same way, the second DataNode stores the packet and forwards it to the third
DataNode in the pipeline.

5. In addition to the internal queue, DFSOutputStream also manages an "Ack

queue" of packets that are waiting for the acknowledgement by DataNodes. A
packet is removed from the "Ack queue" only if it is acknowledged by all the
DataNodes in the pipeline.

6. When the client finishes writing the file, it calls close() on the stream.

7. This flushes all the remaining packets to the DataNode pipeline and waits
for relevant acknowledgments before communicating with the NameNode to
inform the client that the creation of the file is complete.

Replica Placement Strategy

Hadoop Default Replica Placement Strategy:

As per the Hadoop Replica Placement Strategy, first replica is placed on the
same node as the client. Then it places second replica on a node that is present
on different rack. It places the third replica on the same rack as second, but on
a different node in the rack. Once replica locations have been set, a pipeline is

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built. This strategy provides good reliability. Figure below describes the typical
replica pipeline.

Working with HDFS Commands

Objective: To get the list of directories and files at the root of HDFS.

hadoop fs –ls /

The command hadoop fs -ls / is used in Hadoop Distributed File System

(HDFS) to list the contents of the root directory (/).

hadoop fs → Interface to interact with the Hadoop filesystem.

-ls → Lists files and directories in the specified path.

/ → Refers to the root directory in HDFS.

Objective: To get the list of complete directories and files of HDFS.

hadoop fs –ls –R /

The command hadoop fs -ls -R / is used to recursively list all files and
directories in Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) starting from the root
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(/). This command is useful for searching files, checking storage structure, and
debugging file locations in HDFS.

hadoop fs → Interface to interact with HDFS.

-ls → Lists files and directories in the specified path.

-R (Recursive) → Lists files and directories recursively, including all

subdirectories and their contents.

/ → Specifies the root directory of HDFS.

Objective: To create a directory (say, sample) in HDFS.

hadoop fs –mkdir /sample

The command hadoop fs -mkdir /sample is used to create a new directory

named sample in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) root (/). It
organizes data in HDFS by creating folders, stores files in structured directories
and Prepares directories for Hadoop jobs.

hadoop fs → Interface to interact with HDFS.

-mkdir → Creates a new directory.

/sample → Specifies the directory path to be created in HDFS.

Objective: To copy a file from local file system to HDFS.

hadoop fs -put /root/sample/test.txt /sample/test.txt

The command hadoop fs -put /root/sample/test.txt /sample/test.txt is

used to upload a file from the local file system to the Hadoop Distributed File
System (HDFS).

hadoop fs → Interface to interact with HDFS.

-put → Copies a file from the local file system to HDFS.

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/root/sample/test.txt → The source file located in the local file system.

/sample/test.txt → The destination path in HDFS where the file will be

stored.

Use Cases:

Uploading data files to HDFS for processing with Hadoop/Spark.

Transferring log files, CSVs, or datasets for big data analysis.

Storing files in a distributed manner for fault tolerance and scalability.

Objective: To copy a file from HDFS to local file system.

hadoop fs -get /sample/test.txt /local/path/testsample.txt

hadoop fs → Interface to interact with HDFS.

-get → Downloads a file from HDFS to the local file system.

/sample/test.txt → Source file in HDFS.

/local/path/testsample.txt → Destination path in the local file system

where the file will be stored.

Use Cases:

Retrieving processed results from HDFS to local storage.

Copying data files from HDFS for analysis on a local machine.

Exporting files for backup or sharing.

Objective: To copy a file from local file system to HDFS via

copyFromLocal command.

hadoop fs -copyFromLocal /root/sample/test.txt /sample/testsample.txt

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hadoop fs -copyFromLocal: Copies a local file to the Hadoop Distributed File

System (HDFS).

/root/sample/test.txt: The source file (on the local file system).

/sample/testsample.txt: The destination file (on HDFS).

Objective: To copy a file from Hadoop file system to local file system via
copyToLocal command.

hadoop fs -copyToLocal /sample/test.txt /root/sample/testsample1.txt

hadoop fs -copyToLocal: Copies a file from HDFS to the local file system.

/sample/test.txt: The source file (on HDFS).

/root/sample/testsample1.txt: The destination file (on the local system).

Objectives To display the contents of an HDFS file on console.

hadoop fs -cat /sample/test.txt

Displays the contents of /sample/test.txt (stored in HDFS) on the terminal.

Objective: To copy a file from one directory to another on HDFS.

hadoop fs -cp /sample/test.txt /sample1/

hadoop fs -cp → Copies a file within HDFS.

/sample/test.txt → Source file in HDFS.

/sample1/ → Destination directory in HDFS. The trailing / ensures it is treated

as a directory.

Objective: To remove a directory from HDFS.

hadoop fs -rm -r /sample1

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hadoop fs -rm → Removes files from HDFS.

-r → Recursively deletes a directory and its contents.

/sample1 → The target directory to be deleted.

Special Features of HDFS

1. Data Replication: There is absolutely no need for a client application to

track all blocks. It directs the client to the nearest replica to ensure high
performance.

2. Data Pipeline: A client application writes a block to the first DataNode in

the pipeline. Then this DataNode takes over and forwards the data to the next
node in the pipeline. This process continues for all the data blocks, and
subsequently all the replicas are written to the disk.

PROCESSING DATA WITH HADOOP

MapReduce Programming is a software framework. MapReduce Programming

helps you to process massive amounts of data in parallel.

In MapReduce Programming, the input dataset is split into independent

chunks. Map tasks process these independent chunks completely in a parallel
manner. The output produced by the map tasks serves as intermediate data
and is stored on the local disk of that server. The output of the mappers are
automatically shuffled and sorted by the framework. MapReduce Framework
sorts the output based on keys. This sorted output becomes the input to the
reduce tasks. Reduce task provides reduced output by combining the out- put
of the various mappers. Job inputs and outputs are stored in a file system.
MapReduce framework also takes care of the other tasks such as scheduling,
monitoring, re-executing failed tasks, etc.

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Hadoop Distributed File System and MapReduce Framework run on the same
set of nodes. This config- uration allows effective scheduling of tasks on the
nodes where data is present (Data Locality). This in turn results in very high
throughput.

There are two daemons associated with MapReduce Programming. A single

master JobTracker per cluster and one slave TaskTracker per cluster-node. The
JobTracker is responsible for scheduling tasks to the TaskTrackers, monitoring
the task, and re-executing the task just in case the TaskTracker fails. The
TaskTracker executes the task.

The MapReduce functions and input/output locations are implemented via the
MapReduce applications. These applications use suitable interfaces to
construct the job. The application and the job parameters together are known
as job configuration. Hadoop job client submits job (jar/executable, etc.) to the
JobTracker. Then it is the responsibility of Job Tracker to schedule tasks to the

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slaves. In addition to scheduling, it also monitors the task and provides status
information to the job-client.

Mapreduce Daemons:

1. JobTracker: It provides connectivity between Hadoop and your application.

When you submit code to cluster, Job Tracker creates the execution plan by
deciding which task to assign to which node. It also monitors all the running
tasks. When a task fails, it automatically re-schedules the task to a different
node after a predefined number of retries. Job Tracker is a master daemon
responsible for executing overall MapReduce job. There is a single Job Tracker
per Hadoop cluster.

2. TaskTracker: This daemon is responsible for executing individual tasks that

is assigned by the Job Tracker. There is a single TaskTracker per slave and
spawns multiple Java Virtual Machines (JVMs) to handle multiple map or
reduce tasks in parallel. TaskTracker continuously sends heartbeat message to
JobTracker. When the Job Tracker fails to receive a heartbeat from a
TaskTracker, the Job Tracker assumes that the TaskTracker has failed and
resubmits the task to another available node in the cluster. Once the client
submits a job to the Job Tracker, it partitions and assigns diverse MapReduce
tasks for each Task Tracker in the cluster.

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How does Mapreduce work?

The above figure shows how the mapreduce programming works which is
fundamental to Hadoop’s data processing framework. Here’s a step-by-step
explanation of the workflow illustrated in the figure:

1. Computing Task (JobTracker):

o The JobTracker is responsible for managing and scheduling jobs
across the Hadoop cluster.
o It assigns Map Tasks and Reduce Tasks to available
TaskTrackers (worker nodes).
2. Map Tasks Execution:
o The JobTracker assigns Map Tasks to different TaskTrackers
(worker nodes).
o Each TaskTracker processes a data segment (a portion of the
input data).
o The map function runs on these segments to generate intermediate
results called Map Outputs.
3. Reduce Task Execution:

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o The intermediate Map Outputs are sent to a Reduce Task, which

runs on another TaskTracker (TaskTracker 3).
o The Reducer aggregates, sorts, and processes the intermediate
results to generate the final output.
4. Final Output Generation:
o The processed data from the Reduce Task is then written to the
final output location.

• JobTracker is the master node that assigns and monitors tasks.

• TaskTrackers execute individual Map and Reduce tasks.
• Map tasks process raw data and generate intermediate outputs.
• Reduce task processes the intermediate outputs and produces the final
result.
• This model enables parallel processing, making it efficient for handling
large-scale data.

This figure effectively represents the distributed nature of Hadoop’s

MapReduce framework, where tasks are divided and executed across multiple
nodes to enhance performance and scalability.

MAPREDUCE PROGRAMMING ARCHITECTURE

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Figure above depicts Job the mapreduce programming architecture.

The following steps describe how MapReduce performs its task.

1. First, the input dataset is split into multiple pieces of data (several small
subsets).

2. Next, the framework creates a master and several workers processes and
executes the worker processes remotely.

3. Several map tasks work simultaneously and read pieces of data that were
assigned to each map task. The map worker uses the map function to extract only
those data that are present on their server and generates key/value pair for the
extracted data.

4. Map worker uses partitioner function to divide the data into regions. Partitioner
decides which reducer should get the output of the specified mapper.

5. When the map workers complete their work, the master instructs the reduce
workers to begin their work. The reduce workers in turn contact the map workers to
get the key/value data for their partition. The data thus received is shuffled and
sorted as per keys.

6. Then it calls reduce function for every unique key. This function writes the
output to the file.

7. When all the reduce workers complete their work, the master transfers the
control to the user program.

MapReduce Example

The famous example for MapReduce Programming is Word Count. For example,
consider you need to count the occurrences of similar words across 50 files. You
can achieve this using MapReduce Programming. Refer Figure.

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Word Count MapReduce Programming using Java

The MapReduce Programming requires three things.

1. Driver Class: This class specifies Job Configuration details.

2. Mapper Class: This class overrides the Map Function based on the problem
statement.

3. Reducer Class: This class overrides the Reduce Function based on the problem
statement.

Wordcounter.java: Driver Program

package com.app;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.IntWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Job;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileInputFormat;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.FileOutputFormat;
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public class WordCounter {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException,
ClassNotFoundException {
// Create a new Job
Job job = Job.getInstance();
job.setJobName("wordcounter");

// Set the Jar file containing this class

job.setJarByClass(WordCounter.class);

// Set Mapper and Reducer classes

job.setMapperClass(WordCounterMap.class);
job.setReducerClass(WordCounterRed.class);

// Set output key-value types

job.setOutputKeyClass(Text.class);
job.setOutputValueClass(IntWritable.class);

// Set input and output paths

FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job, new Path("/sample/word.txt"));
FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, new Path("/sample/wordcount"));

// Execute the job and wait for completion

System.exit(job.waitForCompletion(true) ? 0 : 1);
}
}

Mapper Class: WordCounterMap.java

package com.app;

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import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.IntWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;

public class WordCounterMap extends Mapper<Object, Text, Text, IntWritable>

{
private final static IntWritable one = new IntWritable(1);
private Text word = new Text();

public void map(Object key, Text value, Context context) throws

IOException, InterruptedException {
// Convert line to lowercase and split by non-word characters
String[] words = value.toString().toLowerCase().split("\\W+");

for (String w : words) {

if (!w.isEmpty()) {
word.set(w);
context.write(word, one); // Emit (word, 1)
}
}
}
}
Reducer Class: WordCounterRed.java
package com.app;

import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.IntWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;

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import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Reducer;

public class WordCounterRed extends Reducer<Text, IntWritable, Text,

IntWritable> {
public void reduce(Text key, Iterable<IntWritable> values, Context context)
throws IOException, InterruptedException {
int sum = 0;

// Sum up all counts for each word

for (IntWritable val : values) {
sum += val.get();
}

// Emit (word, total_count)

context.write(key, new IntWritable(sum));
}
}
Difference between SQL and Mapreduce

MANAGING RESOURCES AND APPLICATIONS WITH HADOOP YARN (YET

ANOTHER RESOURCE NEGOTIATOR)
Apache Hadoop YARN is a sub-project of Hadoop 2.x. Hadoop 2.x is YARN-based
architecture. It is a general processing platform. YARN is not constrained to
MapReduce only. You can run multiple applications in Hadoop 2.x in which all
applications share a common resource management. Now Hadoop can be used for

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various types of processing such as Batch, Interactive, Online, Streaming, Graph,

and others.
Limitations of Hadoop 1.0 Architecture
In Hadoop 1.0, HDFS and MapReduce are Core Components, while other
components are built around the core.
1. Single NameNode is responsible for managing entire namespace for Hadoop
Cluster.
2. It has a restricted processing model which is suitable for batch-oriented
MapReduce jobs.
3. Hadoop MapReduce is not suitable for interactive analysis.
4. Hadoop 1.0 is not suitable for machine learning algorithms, graphs, and other
memory intensive algorithms.
5. MapReduce is responsible for cluster resource management and data processing.
In this Architecture, map slots might be "full", while the reduce slots are empty and
vice versa. This causes resource utilization issues. This needs to be improved for
proper resource utilization.

HDFS Limitation
NameNode saves all its file metadata in main memory. Although the main memory
today is not as small and as expensive as it used to be two decades ago, still there
is a limit on the number of objects that one can have in the memory on a single
NameNode. The NameNode can quickly become overwhelmed with load on the
system increasing.
In Hadoop 2.x, this is resolved with the help of HDFS Federation.

Hadoop 2: HDFS
HDFS 2 consists of two major components: (a) namespace, (b) blocks storage
service. Namespace service takes care of file-related operations, such as creating
files, modifying files, and directories. The block storage service handles data node
cluster management, replication.

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HDFS 2 Features
1. Horizontal scalability.
2. High availability.
HDFS Federation uses multiple independent NameNodes for horizontal scalability.
NameNodes are independent of each other. It means, NameNodes does not need any
coordination with each other. The DataNodes are common storage for blocks and
shared by all NameNodes. All DataNodes in the cluster registers with each
NameNode in the cluster.
High availability of NameNode is obtained with the help of Passive Standby
NameNode. In Hadoop 2.x, Active-Passive NameNode handles failover automatically.
All namespace edits are recorded to a shared NFS storage and there is a single
writer at any point of time. Passive NameNode reads edits from shared storage and
keeps updated metadata information. In case of Active NameNode failure, Passive
NameNode becomes an Active NameNode automatically. Then it starts writing to the
shared storage. Figure below describes the Active-Passive NameNode interaction.

Figure below depicts Hadoop 1.0 and Hadoop 2.0 architecture.

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Hadoop 2 YARN: Taking Hadoop beyond Batch

YARN helps us to store all data in one place. We can interact in multiple ways to get
predictable performance and quality of services. This was originally architected by
Yahoo. Refer Figure below.

Fundamental Idea
The fundamental idea behind this architecture is splitting the Job Tracker
responsibility of resource management and Job Scheduling/Monitoring into
separate daemons. Daemons that are part of YARN Architecture are described
below.
1. A Global ResourceManager: Its main responsibility is to distribute resources
among various applica- tions in the system. It has two main components:
(a) Scheduler: The pluggable scheduler of ResourceManager decides allocation of
resources to var- ious running applications. The scheduler is just that, a pure
scheduler, meaning it does NOT monitor or track the status of the application.
(b) ApplicationManager: ApplicationManager does the following:
• Accepting job submissions.
• Negotiating resources (container) for executing the application specific
ApplicationMaster. Restarting the ApplicationMaster in case of failure.
2. NodeManager: This is a per-machine slave daemon. NodeManager responsibility
is launching the application containers for application execution. NodeManager
monitors the resource usage such as memory, CPU, disk, network, etc. It then
reports the usage of resources to the global ResourceManager.

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3. Per-application ApplicationMaster: This is an application-specific entity. Its

responsibility is to negotiate required resources for execution from the
ResourceManager. It works along with the NodeManager for executing and
monitoring component tasks.

Basic Concepts
Application:
1. Application is a job submitted to the framework.
2. Example - MapReduce Job.
Container:
1. Basic unit of allocation.
2. Fine-grained resource allocation across multiple resource types (Memory, CPU,
disk, network, etc.)
(a) container_0 = 2GB, ICPU
(b) container_1 = 1GB, 6 CPU
3. Replaces the fixed map/reduce slots.

YARN ARCHITECTURE
The figure below shows YARN architecture.

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The steps involved in YARN architecture is as shown below:

1. A client program submits the application which includes the necessary
specifications to launch the application-specific ApplicationMaster itself.
2. The ResourceManager launches the ApplicationMaster by assigning some
container.
3. The ApplicationMaster, on boot-up, registers with the ResourceManager. This
helps the client program to query the ResourceManager directly for the details.
4. During the normal course, ApplicationMaster negotiates appropriate resource
containers via the resource-request protocol.
5. On successful container allocations, the ApplicationMaster launches the
container by providing the container launch specification to the NodeManager.
6. The NodeManager executes the application code and provides necessary
information such as progress, status, etc. to it's ApplicationMaster via an
application-specific protocol.
7. During the application execution, the client that submitted the job directly
communicates with the ApplicationMaster to get status, progress updates, etc. via
an application-specific protocol.
8. Once the application has been processed completely, ApplicationMaster
deregisters with the ResourceManager and shuts down, allowing its own container
to be repurposed.

INTRODUCTION TO MAPREDUCE PROGRAMMING

Introduction
In MapReduce Programming, Jobs (Applications) are split into a set of map tasks
and reduce tasks. Then these tasks are executed in a distributed fashion on
Hadoop cluster. Each task processes small subset of data that has been assigned to
it. This way, Hadoop distributes the load across the cluster. MapReduce job takes a
set of files that is stored in HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) as input.
Map task takes care of loading, parsing, transforming, and filtering. The
responsibility of reduce task is grouping and aggregating data that is produced by

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map tasks to generate final output. Each map task is broken into the following
phases:
1. RecordReader.
2. Mapper.
3. Combiner.
4. Partitioner.
The output produced by map task is known as intermediate keys and values. These
intermediate keys and values are sent to reducer. The reduce tasks are broken into
the following phases:
1. Shuffle.
2. Sort.
3. Reducer.
4. Output Format.
Hadoop assigns map tasks to the DataNode where the actual data to be processed
resides. This ensures data locality. Data locality means that data is not moved over
network; only computational code is moved to process data which saves network
bandwidth.

Mapper
A mapper maps the input key-value pairs into a set of intermediate key-value pairs.
Maps are individual tasks that have the responsibility of transforming input records
into intermediate key-value pairs.
1. RecordReader: RecordReader converts a byte-oriented view of the input (as
generated by the Input- Split) into a record-oriented view and presents it to the
Mapper tasks. It presents the tasks with keys and values. Generally the key is the
positional information and value is a chunk of data that constitutes the record.
2. Map: Map function works on the key-value pair produced by RecordReader and
generates zero or more intermediate key-value pairs. The MapReduce decides the
key-value pair based on the context.

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3. Combiner: It is an optional function but provides high performance in terms of

network bandwidth and disk space. It takes intermediate key-value pair provided by
mapper and applies user-specific aggregate function to only that mapper. It is also
known as local reducer.
4. Partitioner: The partitioner takes the intermediate key-value pairs produced by
the mapper, splits them into shard, and sends the shard to the particular reducer
as per the user-specific code. Usually, the key with same values goes to the same
reducer. The partitioned data of each map task is written to the local disk of that
machine and pulled by the respective reducer.

Reducer
The primary chore of the Reducer is to reduce a set of intermediate values (the ones
that share a common key) to a smaller set of values. The Reducer has three primary
phases: Shuffle and Sort, Reduce, and Output Format.
1. Shuffle and Sort: This phase takes the output of all the partitioners and
downloads them into the local machine where the reducer is running. Then these
individual data pipes are sorted by keys which produce larger data list. The main
purpose of this sort is grouping similar words so that their values can be easily
iterated over by the reduce task.
2. Reduce: The reducer takes the grouped data produced by the shuffle and sort
phase, applies reduce function, and processes one group at a time. The reduce
function iterates all the values associated with that key. Reducer function provides
various operations such as aggregation, filtering, and com- bining data. Once it is
done, the output (zero or more key-value pairs) of reducer is sent to the output
format.
3. Output Format: The output format separates key-value pair with tab (default)
and writes it out to a file using record writer.
Figure describes the chores of Mapper, Combiner, Partitioner, and Reducer for the
word count problem.
The Word Count problem has been discussed under "Combiner" and "Partitioner".

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Combiner
It is an optimization technique for MapReduce Job. Generally, the reducer class is
set to be the combiner class. The difference between combiner class and reducer
class is as follows:
1. Output generated by combiner is intermediate data and it is passed to the
reducer.
2. Output of the reducer is passed to the output file on disk.
The sections have been designed as follows:
Objective: What is it that we are trying to achieve here?
Input Data: What is the input that has been given to us to act upon?
Act: Output:

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The actual statement/command to accomplish the task at hand. The result/output

as a consequence of executing the statement.
Objective
To write a MapReduce program that counts the occurrences of words in a given
text file and uses a Combiner for optimization.
1. Input Data
The input file contains sentences such as:
Welcome to Hadoop Session
Introduction to Hadoop
Introducing Hive
Hive Session
Pig Session
2. MapReduce Execution Flow
A. Mapper Phase
The Mapper reads the input file and splits it into words.It emits key-value pairs in
the form (word, 1).
Example output from Mapper:
(Hadoop, 1)
(Session, 1)
(Introduction, 1)
(Hadoop, 1)
(Introducing, 1)
(Hive, 1)
(Hive, 1)
(Session, 1)
(Pig, 1)
(Session, 1)
B. Combiner Phase (Optimization)
The Combiner runs after the Mapper to locally aggregate word counts before
passing data to the Reducer.

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This reduces the amount of data transferred across the network.

Example output from Combiner:
(Hadoop, 2)
(Session, 3)
(Hive, 2)
(Pig, 1)
(Introduction, 1)
(Introducing, 1)
C. Shuffle and Sort Phase
The framework groups all occurrences of the same word together.
D. Reducer Phase
The Reducer receives the grouped data and sums up the counts.
Example output from Reducer:
Hadoop 2
Hive 2
Introducing 1
Introduction 1
Pig 1
Session 3
3. Driver Program Implementation
The Combiner class is set in the driver program:
job.setCombinerClass(WordCounterRed.class);
The input and output paths are configured:
FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job, new Path("/mapreducedemos/lines.txt"));
FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job,newPath("/mapreducedemos/output/wor
dcount/"));
The MapReduce job is executed using:
hadoop jar <jar_name> <driver_class> <input_path> <output_path>
4. Output Storage
The reducer output is stored in part-r-00000 under the output directory:

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/mapreducedemos/output/wordcount/part-r-00000

Partitioner
• The partitioning phase happens after the map phase and before the
reduce phase.
• The number of partitions equals the number of reducers.
• The default partitioner in Hadoop is the hash partitioner, but custom
partitioners can be implemented.
Objective of the Exercise
• Implement a MapReduce program to count word occurrences.
• Use a custom partitioner to divide words based on their starting
alphabet.
• This ensures that words beginning with the same letter are sent to the
same reducer.
Input Data Example

• Welcome to Hadoop Session

• Introduction to Hadoop

• Introducing Hive

• Hive Session

• Pig Session

Implementation of the Custom Partitioner (WordCountPartitioner.java)

• Extends Partitioner<Text, IntWritable>.

• Extracts the first letter of each word.

• Assigns a partition number based on this letter.

• Uses a switch-case structure for letters A–Z, with a default partition for
non-alphabet characters.

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import org.apache.hadoop.io.IntWritable;

import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;

import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Partitioner;

public class WordCountPartitioner extends Partitioner<Text, IntWritable>

{

@Override

public int getPartition(Text key, IntWritable value, int numPartitions) {

String word = key.toString();

char alphabet = word.toUpperCase().charAt(0);

int partitionNumber = 0;

switch (alphabet) {

case 'A': partitionNumber = 1; break;

case 'B': partitionNumber = 2; break;

case 'C': partitionNumber = 3; break;

case 'D': partitionNumber = 4; break;

case 'E': partitionNumber = 5; break;

case 'F': partitionNumber = 6; break;

case 'G': partitionNumber = 7; break;

case 'H': partitionNumber = 8; break;

case 'I': partitionNumber = 9; break;

case 'J': partitionNumber = 10; break;

case 'K': partitionNumber = 11; break;

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case 'L': partitionNumber = 12; break;

case 'M': partitionNumber = 13; break;

case 'N': partitionNumber = 14; break;

case 'O': partitionNumber = 15; break;

case 'P': partitionNumber = 16; break;

case 'Q': partitionNumber = 17; break;

case 'R': partitionNumber = 18; break;

case 'S': partitionNumber = 19; break;

case 'T': partitionNumber = 20; break;

case 'U': partitionNumber = 21; break;

case 'V': partitionNumber = 22; break;

case 'W': partitionNumber = 23; break;

case 'X': partitionNumber = 24; break;

case 'Y': partitionNumber = 25; break;

case 'Z': partitionNumber = 26; break;

default: partitionNumber = 0; // Non-alphabet words

return partitionNumber;

Sets 27 reducers (one for each letter A-Z and a default).

Uses setPartitionerClass to specify the custom partitioner.

job.setNumReduceTasks(27);

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job.setPartitionerClass(WordCountPartitioner.class);

// Input and Output Paths

FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job, new Path("/mapreducedemos/lines.txt"));

FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job,newPath("/mapreducedemos/output/wordcou
ntpartitioner/"));

• The output directory contains 27 partitioned files.

• Each partition file corresponds to words starting with a specific letter.

• Example: part-r-00008 corresponds to words starting with 'H'.

Each line is broken into words:

• Welcome

• to

• Hadoop

• Session

• Introduction

• to

• Hadoop

• Introducing

• Hive

• Hive

• Session

• Pig

• Session

After mapping, each word gets a count of 1:(Words emitted by the mapper)

• Welcome → 1

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• to → 1

• Hadoop → 1

• Session → 1

• Introduction → 1

• to → 1

• Hadoop → 1

• Introducing → 1

• Hive → 1

• Hive → 1

• Session → 1

• Pig → 1

• Session → 1

Each word is assigned to a reducer based on its first letter.

Partition
Word First Letter
Number

Welcome W 23

to T 20

Hadoop H 8

Session S 19

Introduction I 9

Introducing I 9

Hive H 8

Pig P 16

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Each reducer generates an output file with words starting with a specific letter.

File: part-r-00008 (Reducer for 'H')

Hadoop 2

Hive 2

File: part-r-00009 (Reducer for 'I')

Introduction 1

Introducing 1

File: part-r-00016 (Reducer for 'P')

Pig 1

File: part-r-00019 (Reducer for 'S')

Session 3

File: part-r-00020 (Reducer for 'T')

to 2

File: part-r-00023 (Reducer for 'W')

Welcome 1

Final Output Directory

/mapreducedemos/output/wordcountpartitioner/

├── part-r-00008 (Words starting with H)

├── part-r-00009 (Words starting with I)

├── part-r-00016 (Words starting with P)

├── part-r-00019 (Words starting with S)

├── part-r-00020 (Words starting with T)

├── part-r-00023 (Words starting with W)

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Searching

Objective

Implement a MapReduce program to search for a specific keyword in a file.

The program will output lines containing the keyword along with file name and
position.

Input Data (student.csv)

1001,John,45

1002,Jack,39

1003,Alex,44

1004,Smith,38

1005,Bob,33

Each row contains ID, Name, and Score.

The keyword to search is "Jack".

The MapReduce job consists of three components:

Driver Program (WordSearcher.java)

Mapper Class (WordSearchMapper.java)

Reducer Class (WordSearchReducer.java)

(a) Driver Program (WordSearcher.java)

This configures the Hadoop job and specifies the Mapper, Reducer, and
input/output paths.

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;

import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;

import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;

import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Job;

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import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileInputFormat;

import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.FileOutputFormat;

import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.TextInputFormat;

import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.TextOutputFormat;

public class WordSearcher {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException,

ClassNotFoundException {

Configuration conf = new Configuration();

Job job = new Job(conf, "Word Search");

job.setJarByClass(WordSearcher.class);

job.setMapperClass(WordSearchMapper.class);

job.setReducerClass(WordSearchReducer.class);

job.setOutputKeyClass(Text.class);

job.setOutputValueClass(Text.class);

job.setInputFormatClass(TextInputFormat.class);

job.setOutputFormatClass(TextOutputFormat.class);

// Setting the keyword to search

job.getConfiguration().set("keyword", "Jack");

// Set input and output paths

FileInputFormat.setInputPaths(job, new Path("/mapreduce/student.csv"));

FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job,newPath("/mapreduce/output/search/"));

job.setNumReduceTasks(1);

// Run the job and exit

System.exit(job.waitForCompletion(true) ? 0 : 1);
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◻ Configures the job, sets the keyword, and specifies input and output paths.
◻ Uses only one reducer for simplicity.

(b) Mapper Class (WordSearchMapper.java)

The Mapper scans each line, searches for the keyword, and outputs matching
lines.

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;

import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;

import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;

import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;

import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileSplit;

public class WordSearchMapper extends Mapper<LongWritable, Text, Text, Text> {

static String keyword;

static int pos = 0;

@Override

protected void setup(Context context) throws IOException, InterruptedException {

// Get the keyword from the configuration

Configuration configuration = context.getConfiguration();

keyword = configuration.get("keyword");

@Override

protected void map(LongWritable key, Text value, Context context) throws

IOException, InterruptedException {
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// Get file name

FileSplit fileSplit = (FileSplit) context.getInputSplit();

String fileName = fileSplit.getPath().getName();

// Track word position

Integer wordPos;

pos++;

// If line contains the keyword, write output

if (value.toString().contains(keyword)) {

wordPos = pos;

context.write(value, new Text(fileName + "," + wordPos.toString()));

◻ Extracts the keyword from the job configuration (setup method).

◻ Searches each line (map method) and writes matches with file name & position.

(c) Reducer Class (WordSearchReducer.java)

The Reducer simply writes the filtered results from the Mapper.

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;

import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Reducer;

public class WordSearchReducer extends Reducer<Text, Text, Text, Text> {

@Override

protected void reduce(Text key, Iterable<Text> values, Context context) throws

IOException, InterruptedException {

for (Text value : values) {

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context.write(key, value);

◻ Receives filtered results and writes them as final output.

◻ No additional processing needed since the Mapper does the filtering.

After running the job, the output is stored in Hadoop HDFS at:

/mapreduce/output/search/part-r-00000

Content of part-r-00000:

1002,Jack,39 student.csv,5

◻ The program correctly identifies and outputs the row that contains "Jack".

Sorting

Objective to write a Mapreduce program to sort data by student name.

Input data (stored in student.csv file)

1001,John,45

1002,Jack,39

1003,Alex,44

1004,Smith,38

1005,Bob,33

import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;

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import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Job;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Reducer;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileInputFormat;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.FileOutputFormat;

public class SortStudNames {

// Mapper Class
public static class SortMapper extends Mapper<LongWritable, Text, Text, Text> {
protected void map(LongWritable key, Text value, Context context) throws
IOException, InterruptedException {
String[] token = value.toString().split(",");
context.write(new Text(token[1]), new Text(token[0] + "," + token[2])); // Key:
Name, Value: ID,Score
}
}

// Reducer Class
public static class SortReducer extends Reducer<Text, Text, NullWritable, Text> {
public void reduce(Text key, Iterable<Text> values, Context context) throws
IOException, InterruptedException {
for (Text details : values) {
context.write(NullWritable.get(), new Text(key.toString() + "," +
details.toString()));
}
}
}

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// Driver Class
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException,
ClassNotFoundException {
Configuration conf = new Configuration();
Job job = Job.getInstance(conf, "Sort Students by Name");
job.setJarByClass(SortStudNames.class);
job.setMapperClass(SortMapper.class);
job.setReducerClass(SortReducer.class);

job.setMapOutputKeyClass(Text.class);
job.setMapOutputValueClass(Text.class);
job.setOutputKeyClass(NullWritable.class);
job.setOutputValueClass(Text.class);

FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job, new Path(args[0]));

FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, new Path(args[1]));

System.exit(job.waitForCompletion(true) ? 0 : 1);
}
}

Output:
Alex,1003,44
Bob,1005,33
Jack,1002,39
John,1001,45
Smith,1004,38

Command to run the program:

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hadoop jar StudentSort.jar SortStudNames /mapreduce/student.csv

/mapreduce/output

After execution, check output:

hdfs dfs -cat /mapreduce/output/part-r-00000

COMPRESSION
In MapReduce programming, you can compress the MapReduce output file.
Compression provides two benefits as follows:
1. Reduces the space to store files.
2. Speeds up data transfer across the network.
You can specify compression format in the Driver Program as shown below:
conf.setBoolean("mapred.output.compress", true);
conf.setClass("mapred.output.compression.codec",GzipCodec.class,CompressionCo
dec.class);
Here, codec is the implementation of a compression and decompression algorithm.
GzipCodec is the compression algorithm for gzip. This compresses the output file.

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