Teacher’s Manual

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E-connect–7 18–31

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1. COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Size, Brand 2. microprocessor 3. hybrid 4. super 5. analog
6. laptop 7. workstation
B. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. b
B. 1. a. The first generation computers were huge, slow, expensive and
often undependable.
b. Transistors (the second generation) were found to conduct electricity
faster and better than vacuum tubes.
c. These third generation computers could carry out instructions in
billionths of a second.
d. The fourth generation can be characterized by both the jump to
monolithic integrated circuits (millions of transistors put onto one
integrated circuit chip) and the invention of the microprocessor.
e. The fifth generation saw the introduction of machines with hundreds
of processors that could all be working on different parts of a single
program.
2. The transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller and much cheaper
to build than a vacuum tube. One transistor replaced the equivalent of
40 vacuum tubes. These transistors were made of solid material, some
of which in silicon, an abundant element (second only to oxygen)
found in beach sand and glass. Therefore they were very cheap to
produce. Transistors were found to conduct electricity faster and better
than vacuum tubes.
3. Supercomputer : The fastest type of computer, supercomputers are
very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that
require immense amounts of mathematical calculations.
Mainframe Computer : It is a very large and expensive computer
capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands of users
simultaneously. In the arrangement according to their importance, i.e.,
a simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the bottom and
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moves to super computers at the top, mainframes are just below
supercomputers.
Mini-computer : A midsized computer, in size and power, mini-
computers lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past
decade, the distinction between large mini-computers and small
mainframes has blurred, however, it has the distinction between small
mini-computers and workstations.
Micro-computer : The micro-computer is a digital computer system that
is controlled by a stored program that uses a microprocessor, a
programmable Read Only Memory (ROM) and a Random Access
Memory (RAM).
4. It is a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting
hundreds, or even thousands of users simultaneously. In the
arrangement according to their importance, i.e., a simple
microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the bottom and moves to
super computers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers.
5. A midsized computer, in size and power, mini-computers lie
between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the
distinction between large mini-computers and small mainframes has
blurred, however, it has the distinction between small mini-computers
and workstations.
6. The micro-computer is a digital computer system that is controlled
by a stored program that uses a microprocessor, a programmable Read
Only Memory (ROM) and a Random Access Memory (RAM).
Some of the micro-computers are :
a. Desktop Computer : A personal or micro-mini computer sufficient
to fit on a desk.
b. Laptop Computer : A portable computer complete with an
integrated screen and keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a
desktop computer and larger than a notebook computer.
7. The fastest type of computer, supercomputers are very expensive
and are employed for specialized applications that require immense
amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather
forecasting requires a supercomputer.
Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic
calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.
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8. Supercomputer : The fastest type of computer, supercomputers are
very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that
require immense amounts of mathematical calculations.
Mainframe Computer : It is a very large and expensive computer
capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands of users
simultaneously.
Mini-computer : A midsized computer, in size and power, mini-
computers lie between workstations and mainframes.
Micro-computer : The micro-computer is a digital computer system that
is controlled by a stored program that uses a microprocessor, a
programmable Read Only Memory (ROM) and a Random Access
Memory (RAM).
9. Micro-computers are used in household and simple office works.
2. WINDOWS-7 COMMON CUSTOMIZATION TASKS
Formative Assessment
A. 1. graphics cards, chipsets 2. Desktop wallpaper 3. screen savers
4. taskbar.
B. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c
B. 1. You can add a personal touch to your computer by changing the
computer's color, sound, desktop background, screen saver, font size,
and user account picture. You can also decide which gadgets to display
on your desktop.
2. In computers and mobile communication devices, wallpaper (also
desktop picture and desktop background) is an image used as a
background of a graphical user interface on a computer screen or
mobile communications device. At the top of the Desktop Background
feature, you can use the combo box to choose the source for your
wallpaper. You can also click browse to select any other folder that
contains images.
3. A screen saver is a computer program that blanks the screen or fills
it with moving images or patterns when the computer is not in use.
Windows comes with a few screen savers that are automatically
activated after a certain period of inactivity.
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4. If you are moving to a different region of the world, or have suffered
a power loss which can throw off the clock time, you can change the
date and time in the Control Panel. Click Clock, Language, and Region
and then click “Set the time and date” under the Date and Time
heading. Now click the “Change date and time” button. Use the
<and> buttons on either side of the month to change the month and
then click a day to change the date. Click the hour, minute, or second
time and type the proper time. When you are satisfied with all
adjustments, click OK.
You can also click the clock in the Taskbar and then click “Change date
and time settings”.
3. MS-WORD 2010-ADVANCED
Formative Assessment
A. 1. header, footer 2. double-click 3. word document 4. recipient, list.
B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. d
B. 1. Headers and footers can be as simple as the document title and a
page number, but you can create headers and footers that contain
graphics, multiple paragraphs, and fields. You can specify a different
header or footer for odd and even pages or use a different header or
footer for the first page of a section or document. If you divide a
document into sections, you can use different headers and footers in
each section. For example, you might want the header for each section
to reflect the title of that section.
2. To insert a header or footer :
a. Select the insert tab.
b. Click either the Header or Footer command. A drop-down menu
will appear.
c. From the drop-down menu, select blank to insert a blank header or
footer or choose one of the built-in options.
d. The design tab will appear on the ribbon and the header or footer
will appear in the document.
e. Type the desired information into the header or footer.

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3. Mail Merge is a useful tool that will allow you to easily produce
multiple letters, labels, envelopes, name tags and more using
information stored in a list, database or spreadsheet. When you are
performing a Mail Merge, you will need a word document (you can
start with an existing one or create a new one) and a recipient list,
which is typically an Excel workbook.
4. When you are performing a Mail Merge, you will need a Word
document and an Excel workbook.
4. MS-POWERPOINT 2010
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Quick Access 2. Slide sorter 3. Reading 4. backstage 5. slides
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. b
B. 1. PowerPoint 2010 is a presentation software that allows you to
create dynamic slide presentations that may include animation,
narration, images, videos and more. In this lesson you will learn how to
use and modify the Ribbon and the Quick Access Toolbar, in addition
to learning how to create new presentations and open existing files.
2. The Quick Access Toolbar lets you access common commands no
matter which tab you are on in the Ribbon. By default, it shows the
Save, Undo and Repeat commands. You can add other commands to
make it more convenient for you.
3. Slides Tab : The Slides tab allows you to view and work with the
slides in your presentation. You can add, delete, duplicate, and
rearrange slides in the Slides tab. You can also add sections to the
Slides tab to organize and divide your slides.
Outline Tab : The Outline tab conveniently displays the text content of
each slide. You can edit your text directly from the outline view.
4. Slide Views : It is important that you be able to access the different
slide views and use them for various tasks. The slide view commands
are located on the bottom right of the PowerPoint window in Normal
View.
Adjust your slide view by choosing one of the following :

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Normal view is selected by default and shows the Slide and Outline
·
tabs alongwith displaying the current slide.
Slide Sorter view displays smaller versions of all of the slides in the
·
presentation.
Reading view displays only the slides with buttons at the bottom of
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the screen for navigation.
Slide Show will play your slides as an actual presentation.
·
5. Backstage view gives you various options for saving, opening a file,
printing, or sharing your document. It is similar to the Office Button
Menu from PowerPoint 2010 or the File Menu from earlier versions of
PowerPoint. However, instead of just a menu it is a full-page view,
which makes it easier to work with.
6. Slides contain placeholders, which are areas on the slide that are
enclosed by dotted borders. Some placeholders have placeholder text
or text that you can replace.
Placeholders are arranged in different layouts that can be applied to
existing slides, or chosen when you insert a new slide. A slide layout
arranges your content using different types of placeholders, depending on
what kind of information you might want to include in your presentation.
5. MS-POWERPOINT 2010 — COMMON TASKS IN
POWERPOINT
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Animations 2. Exciting 3. animate 4. Emphasis 5. Motion Paths
6. Animation group
B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. a
B. 1. Transitions are motion effects that, when in Slide Show View, add
movement to your slides as you advance from one slide to another.
There are many transitions to choose from; each one allows you to
control the speed and even add sound.
2. There are three categories of unique transitions to choose from, all
of which can be found on the transitions tab :

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Subtle (slight transitions)
·
Exciting (strong transitions)
·
Dynamic Content (strong transitions that affect only the content,
·
such as text or images)
3. In PowerPoint you can animate text and objects such as clip art,
shapes, and pictures. Animation or movement, on the slide can be used
to draw the audience's attention to specific content or to make the slide
easier to read.
PowerPoint offers a variety of animations you can use to enhance your
presentation. Animations can be used to make text or objects appear on
a slide, exit a slide, or emphasize the text or objects already on a slide.
You can even use motion paths to create a customized animation.
4. Entrance : These control how the object enters the slide. For
example, with the Bounce animation, the object will “fall” onto the
slide and then bounce several times.
5. Emphasis : These animations occur while the object is on the slide,
often triggered by a mouse click. For example, you can set an object to
Spin when you click the mouse.
6. PowerPoint allows you to insert a video directly into your
presentation. You can even edit the video within PowerPoint and
customize its appearance with a Video Style. Adding video to your
presentation can help emphasize certain points and provide an example.
Once you add a video, you can edit it and format its appearance.
To insert a video from a file on your computer :
a. From the insert tab, click the Video drop-down arrow and select
Video from File.
b. Locate and select the desired video file, then click Insert.
c. The video will be added to the slide.
7. PowerPoint offers a variety of animations you can use to enhance
your presentation. Animations can be used to make text or objects
appear on a slide, exit a slide, or emphasize the text or objects already
on a slide. You can even use motion paths to create a customized
animation.

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6. PROGRAMMING CONCEPT (ALGORITHM AND FLOW
CHARTS)
Formative Assessment
A. 1. parallelogram 2. algorithm 3. Loop, starting, ending 4. rectangle
B. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. d
B. 1. An algorithm is a solution to a problem. We solve many problems
every day without even thinking about it, for example making breakfast,
travelling to the workplace, etc. But the solution to such problems
requires little intellectual effort and is relatively unimportant.
Let's say that you have a friend arriving at the railway station, and your
friend needs to get from the railway station to your house. Here are the
ways (algorithms) that you might give your friend for getting to your
home.
The taxi/auto-rickshaw algorithm :
Go to the taxi/auto-rickshaw stand.
·
Get in a taxi/auto-rickshaw.
·
Give the driver my address.
·
2. A flow chart is a type of diagram (graphical or symbolic) that
represents an algorithm or process. Each step in the process is
represented by a different symbol and contains a short description of
the process step.
3. In a flow chart, a loop is a sequence of instructions that is
continually repeated until a certain condition is reached.
4. Symbol Name Function
Process Indicates any type of internal
operation inside the Processor or
Memory.
Input/Output Used for any Input / Output (I/O)
operation. Indicates that the
computer is to obtain data or
output results.

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 Decision Used to ask a question that can
be answered in a binary format
(Yes/No, True/False).
Connector Allows the flow chart to be
drawn without intersecting lines
or without a reverse flow.
Predefined Process Used to invoke a subroutine or
an interrupt program.
Terminal Indicates the starting or ending of
the program, process or interrupt
program.
Flow Lines Shows direction of flow.
5. Computer performs various types of functions in different areas, e.g.,
playing games, solving sums, booking tickets, making drawings,
presentations, etc with help of algorithm.
6. An algorithm is a solution to a problem. We solve many problems
every day without even thinking about it, for example making
breakfast, travelling to the workplace, etc. But the solution to such
problems requires little intellectual effort and is relatively unimportant.
Three reasons for using algorithms are — Efficiency, Abstraction and
Reusability.
Efficiency : Efficient algorithms must be used to solve such problems
considering the time and cost factor involved in each algorithm.
Abstraction : Once we see a more complicated problem in a simpler
light, we can think of the simpler problem as just an abstraction of the
more complicated one.
Reusability : Algorithms are often reusable in many different situations.
7. Advantages of Using Flow Charts : The advantages of flow charts are
as follows :
Communication : Flow charts are better way of communicating the
logic of a system to all concerned.
Effective Analysis : With the help of flow chart, problem can be
analysed in more effective way.

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Proper Documentation : Program flow charts serve as a good program
documentation, which are needed for various purposes.
Efficient Coding : The flow charts act as a guide or blueprint during the
systems analysis and program development phase.
Proper Debugging : The flow chart helps in debugging process.
Efficient Program Maintenance : The maintenance of operating
program becomes easy with the help of flow chart. It helps the
programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that part.
Limitations of Using Flow charts : Although a flow chart is a very
useful tool, there are a few limitations in using flow charts which are
listed below :
Complex Logic : Sometimes, the program logic is quite complicated. In
that case, flow chart becomes complex and clumsy.
Alterations and Modifications : If alterations are required the flowchart
may require redrawing completely.
Reproduction : As the flow chart symbols cannot be typed,
reproduction of flowchart becomes a problem.
8. Do Yourself
9. Do Yourself
10. Do Yourself
7. INTRODUCTION TO QBASIC
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code 2. Constant
3. Syntax Rules 4. Numeric variables 5. Numeric constant
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
Summative Assessment
A. 1. c 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. c
B. 1. BASIC stands for Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code. It was invented in 1963, at Dartmouth College, by the
mathematicians John George Kemeny and Tom Kurtzas.
BASIC is an interpreter which means it reads every line, translates it
and lets the computer execute it before reading another. Each
instruction starts with a line number.
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2. a. It is a user friendly language.
b. It is widely known and accepted programming language.
c. It is operated in an 'English-like' commands
d. It is very powerful and popular high level programming language.
e. It runs on all micro-computers.
f. It provides enough steps for coding a sample programmes.
g. It solves practical mathematical equations.
3. Every programming language has a set of rules that have to be
followed while writing a program, following are some rules of QBASIC
language :
a. All QBasic programs are made up of series of statements, which are
executed in the order in which they are written.
b. Every statement should have atleast one QBasic command word.
The words that BASIC recognizes are called keywords.
c. All the command words have to be written using some standard
rules, which are called “Syntax Rules”. Syntax is the grammar of
writing the statement in a language. Syntax Errors are generated
when improper syntax is detected.
4. Constant : Data whose value does not change or remains fixed.
There are two types of constants :
Numeric Constant : Numbers, negative or positive used for
·
mathematical calculations. e.g., 10, 20, 0 which also cannot be
enclose in double quotes.
Alphanumeric Constant/String : Numbers or alphabets written
·
within double quotes (inverted commas “ “). e.g., “Computer”,
“Operating System”.
Variables : When you think, you keep words or numbers in your mind.
This allows you to speak and to make calculations.
5. PRINT : Command PRINT displays text or numbers on the screen.
The program line looks like this : PRINT
“My name is Nick.”
Type the bolded text into QBasic and press F5 to run the program.On
the screen you'll see :
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If you put the PRINT alone, without any text, it will just put an empty
line.
PRINT can also put numbers on the screen.
PRINT 57 will show the number 57. This command is useful for
displaying the result of mathematical calculations. But for calculations,
as well as for other things in the program, you need to use constant and
variables.
INPUT : INPUT is a command that allows you or anybody else who runs
the program to enter the information (text or number) when the program
is already running. This command waits for the user to enter the
information and then assigns this information to a variable. Since there
are two types of variables, the INPUT command may look like this :
INPUT a (for a number), or INPUT a$ (for a string).
Example (Type this program into QBasic and run it by pressing F5)
6. Operators are symbols that indicate the type of mathematical
operations QBASIC has to perform on the data or values of the variable.
In QBASIC there are four types/branches of operators used on coded
program namely : Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and String operators.
7. Relational Operators : These operators are used to perform
comparison on two values of the same type statements.
Logical Operators : These operators combine two or more relational
expression to evaluate a single value as true (non-zero answer) or false
(zero answer).
8. EXCEL 2010- GETTING STARTED WITH EXCEL
Formative Assessment
A. 1. spreadsheet 2. Quick access 3. ribbon 4. workbooks 5. Columns
6. cell address
B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. d
B. 1. Excel is a spreadsheet program that allows you to store, organize
and analyze information. In this lesson, you will learn your way around
the Excel 2010 environment, including the new Backstage view, which
replaces the Microsoft Button menu from Excel 2007.
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2. The Quick Access Toolbar lets you access common commands no
matter which tab you are on. By default, it shows the Save, Undo, and
Repeat commands. You can add other commands to make it more
convenient for you.
3. In the Formula Bar, you can enter or edit data, a formula, or a
function that will appear in a specific cell. In the image below, cell C1
is selected and 1984 is entered into the formula bar. Note how the data
appears in both the formula bar and in cell C1.
4. A Column is a group of cells that runs from the top of the page to
the bottom. In Excel, columns are identified by letters.
5. The ribbon contains all of the commands you will need in order to
do common tasks. It has multiple tabs, each with several groups of
commands and you can add your own tabs that contain your favourite
commands. Some groups have an arrow in the bottom-right corner that
you can click to see even more options.
6. Excel files are called workbooks. Each workbook holds one or more
worksheets (also known as “spreadsheets”). Three worksheets appear
by default when you open an Excel workbook. You can rename, add
and delete worksheets.
7. Backstage view gives you various options for saving, opening a file,
printing or sharing your document. It is similar to the Office Button
Menu from Excel 2007 or the File menu from earlier versions of Excel.
However, instead of just a menu, it is a full-page view, which makes it
easier to work with.
9. INTERNET SURFING
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Internet 2. Social networking 3. Electronic commerce 4. a. Google
Search b. Yahoo! Search c. MSN/Windows Live Search d. AOL Search
e. Ask.com Search 5. exclude 6. username, e-mail provider's domain
7. Spam
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F
Summative Assessment
A. 1. a 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. c
B. 1. The World Wide Web (WWW or W3) is a system of interlinked
hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser,

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one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos and
other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
2. Social networking is possible in person, especially in the workplace,
universities, etc. This is because most high schools, colleges or
workplaces, the Internet is filled with millions of individuals who are
looking to meet other people, to gather and share first-hand
information. Once you are granted access to a social networking
website you can begin to socialize. This socialization may include
reading the profile pages of other members and possibly even
contacting them.
3. Online chat may refer to any kind of communication over the
Internet that offers an instant transmission of text-based messages from
sender to receiver; hence the delay for visual access to the sent
message shall not hamper the flow of communications in any of the
directions. Online chat may address as well point-to-point
communications as well as multicast communications from one sender
to many receivers.
4. Videoconferencing is a system that enables people in different parts
of the world to have a meeting by watching and listening to each other
using video screens. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is
a type of groupware.
5. Electronic commerce uses the World Wide Web atleast at one point
in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range
of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices social media and
telephones as well.
6. A search engine is an information retrieval system designed to help
find information stored on a computer systems accessed through the
means such as the World Wide Web. The search engine allows you to
make a query usually with a word or phrase and retrieves a list of items
that best match the criteria you have requested.
7. E-mail is the exchange of computer stored messages by
telecommunications. However, you can also send non-text files, such
as graphic images and sound files, as attachments sent in binary
streams. E-mail can also be exchanged between online service users
and in networks other than the Internet, both public and private. E-mail
can be distributed to lists of people as well as to individuals.

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Advantages of E-mail : 1. Speed : The message can reach any part of
the world within seconds, thus making the process much faster than
ordinary post. The difference in the speed is so vast that the ordinary
post is now referred to as snail mail.
2. Cost : The cost of sending and receiving mail is virtually nothing.
You just have to pay for the time for which you are connected to the
Internet.
3. Contents : Apart from the written text you can send images and
various types of files as attachment with your mail.
4. Eco-friendly : It is a step towards a paperless office, thus eliminating
the use of paper which will lead to reduction in the cutting of trees.
5. Broadcasting : A single mail can be sent to multiple recipients at a
time. This process is termed as Broadcasting.
Limitations of E-mail : 1. Resources Required : To send and receive an
e-mail, you must have a computer and an Internet connection.
2. Source of virus : Some mischievous people use this medium to
spread virus over the Internet.
3. Devoid of Emotions : Since the message is written using keyboard,
the feel of personal touch and sentiments associated with the
handwritten letter are missing. The e-mail looks devoid of emotions.
8. Gmail (Google Mail) is a free e-mail service provided by Google. In
Gmail you can send and receive e-mails, block spam, create an address
book and perform other basic email tasks. But it also has some more
unique features that help to make it one of the most popular e-mail
services on the Web.
Gmail Features : Gmail offers a lot of useful features to make your
email experience as smooth as possible, including :
Spam Filtering : Spam is another name for junk e-mail. Gmail uses
·
advanced technologies to keep spam out of your inbox.
Conversation View : An e-mail “conversation” occurs any time you
·
send e-mails back and fourth with another person, about a specific
topic or event.
Built-in Chat : Instead of sending an e-mail, you can send someone
·
an instant message or use the voice and video chat feature.
Call Phone : This feature is similar to voice chat, except it allows
·
you to dial an actual phone number to call any phone in the world.
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 –7
1. COMPUTER LANGUAGES
Formative Assessment
A. 1. machine language 2. Assembly 3. Third generation 4. BASIC
5. COBOL 6. FORTAN
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. d 6. c 7. d
B. 1. The term low level means closeness to the way in which machine
understands. The low level languages are :
Machine Language : The first generation of computer languages
consisted of machine language, which required the programmer to
write all program instructions in the 0s and 1s of binary code and to
specify storage locations for every instruction and item of data used.
Assembly Language : Assembly language is the next level of
programming language up from machine language and is considered a
“second generation” language. Like machine language, assembly
language is designed for a specific machine and specific
microprocessors. It is the first step to improve programming structure.
2. Programming in machine language was very slow and difficult in
processing. As computer hardware improved and processing speed and
memory size increased, programming languages became progressively
easier for humans to understand and use. But Assembly language
programming is simpler and less time consuming than machine level
programming, it is easier to locate and correct errors in assembly
language than in machine language programs. It is also machine
dependent. Programmers must have knowledge of the machine on
which the program will run.
3. Low level language requires extensive knowledge of the hardware
since it is machine dependent. Third generation languages specify
instructions as brief statements that are more like natural languages like
English, easy to understand statements to solve any problem than
assembly language. All are less efficient in the use of computer
resources than earlier languages, they are easier to write and

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understand and have made it possible to create software for business
and scientific problems. Important third generation languages include
FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC and C.
4. BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) : BASIC
is easy to use but does few computer processing tasks well, even
though it does them all. Different versions of BASIC exist. It was mainly
used in micro-computers in earlier days.
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) : COBOL was
developed in the early 1960s by a committee representing both
government and industry. COBOL was designed with business
administration in mind, for processing large data files with
alphanumeric characters (mixed alphabetic and numeric data) and for
performing repetitive tasks such as payroll. It is poor at complex,
mathematical calculations. Also, there are many versions of COBOL,
and not all are compatible with each other.
FORTRAN (Formula Translation) : FORTRAN was one of the most
popular languages among scientific community. It was developed in
1956 to provide an easy way of writing scientific and engineering
applications. FORTRAN is especially useful in processing numeric data.
Some business applications can be written in FORTRAN and
contemporary versions provide sophisticated structures for controlling
program logic.
C and C++ : C and C++ is a powerful and efficient language
developed at AT&T's Bell Labs in the early 1970s. It combines machine
portability with tight control and efficient use of computer resources,
and it can work on a variety of different computers. It is used primarily
by professional programmers to create operating systems and
application software, especially for PCs.
5. The software (set of programs) that reads a program written in high
level language and translates it into an equivalent program in machine
language is called as Compiler.
The software (set of programs) that reads a program written in assembly
language and translates it into an equivalent program in machine
language is called as Assembler.

19 E-connect- 7
2. MS EXCEL 2010 FORMULA
Formative Assessment
A. 1. formula 2. operation 3. relative, absolute 4. Complex formulas
5. Relative references 6. cell
B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b
1. When a formula contains a cell address, it is called a cell reference.
Creating a formula with cell references is useful because you can
update data in your worksheet without having to rewrite the values in
the formula.
2. A formula is an equation that performs a calculation. Like a
calculator, Excel can execute formulas that add, subtract, multiply, and
divide. One of the most useful features of Excel is its ability to
calculate, using a cell address to represent, the value in a cell. This is
called using a cell reference. In order to maximize the capabilities of
Excel, it is important to understand how to create simple formulas and
use cell references.
3. The key thing to remember when writing formulas for Excel is that
all formulas must begin with an equals sign (=). This is because the cell
contains, or is equal to, the formula and its value.
4. Excel is a spreadsheet application that can help you calculate and
analyze numerical information for household budgets, company
finances, inventory, and more. To do this, you need to understand
complex formulas.
Simple formulas have one mathematical operation, such as 5+5.
Complex formulas have more than one mathematical operation, such
as 5+5-2.
5. Excel calculates formulas based on the following order of operations:
a. Operations enclosed in parentheses.
b. Exponential calculations (to the power of).
c. Multiplication and division, whichever comes first.
d. Addition and subtraction, whichever comes first.

20 E-connect- 7
6. Excel will interpret cell references as either relative or absolute. By
default, cell references are relative references. When copied or filled,
they change based on the relative position of rows and columns. If you
copy a formula (=A1+B1) into row 2, the formula will change to
become (=A2+B2). Absolute references, on the other hand, do not
change when they are copied or filled and are used when you want the
values to stay the same.
3. EXCEL 2010- WORKING WITH CHARTS
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Charts 2. Line 3. horizontal 4. 3D landscape 5. Pie charts
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. F
Summative Assessment
A. 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. c
B. 1. Charts are used to display series of numeric data in a graphical
format to make it easier to understand large quantities of data and the
relationship between different series of data. Charts allow your
audience to see the meaning behind the numbers and they make
showing comparisons and trends a lot easier.
2. A chart has many elements. Some of these elements are displayed
by default, others can be added as needed. You can change the display
of the chart elements by moving them to other locations in the chart,
resizing them or by changing the format. You can also remove chart
elements that you do not want to display :
a. The chart area is the entire chart and all its elements.
b. The plot area is the area of the chart bounded by the axes.
c. The data points are individual values plotted in a chart represented
by bars, columns, lines, or pies.
d. The horizontal (category) and vertical (value) axis along which the
data is plotted in the chart.
e. The legend identifies the patterns or colours that are assigned to the
data series or categories in the chart.
f. A chart and axis title are descriptive text written for the axis or chart.
g. A data label provides additional information about a data marker
that you can use to identify the details of a data point in a data series.
21 E-connect- 7
3. Column charts use vertical bars to represent data. They can work
with many different types of data, but they' remost frequently used for
comparing information.
4. Pie charts make it easy to compare proportions. Each value is shown
as a slice of the pie, so it's easy to see which values make up the
percentage of a whole. Area charts are similar to line charts, except the
areas under the lines are filled in.
5. Surface charts allow you to display data across a 3D landscape.
They work best with large data sets, allowing you to see a variety of
information at the same time.
6. Once you insert a chart, a set of Chart Tools arranged into three tabs
will appear on the Ribbon. These are only visible when the chart is
selected. You can use these three tabs to modify your chart.
7. The legend identifies the patterns or colours that are assigned to the
data series or categories in the chart.
4. ADVANCED PROGRAMMING WITH QBASIC
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Looping 2. While, Until 3. LOOPING 4. loop 5. DO... LOOP
B. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
Summative Assessment
A. 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. c
B. 1. This loop is used when you know exactly how many times a
statement should be executed, while running a program. It executes the
statement again and again until it reaches the specific number which is
declared by a variable in the FOR loop. It is a control statement which
repeats a number of statements inside the loop.
2. a. This loop is executed as long as the specified condition is true.
Syntax : DO WHILE (condition specified is true) statements to be
executed LOOP
Example : A = 1
DO WHILE A < 4
PRINT A
A=A+1
LOOP
22 E-connect- 7
Here, the loop is executed until A is less than 4.
b. It is quite similar to DO WHILE .... LOOP but the difference is that
the DO UNTIL....
LOOP is executed until the condition is false.
Syntax : DO UNTIL (condition specified is false) statements to be
executed Loop
Example : A = 1
DO UNTIL A > 5
PRINT A
A = A +1
LOOP
Here, the loop is executed until A> 5 is false or less than or equal to 5.
3. A loop is a set of statements or commands that are repeated more
than once in a program. It enables you to not to write the same
statements or commands again and again. While making a program in
MS-QBASIC, sometimes a situation arises when you want to repeat a
set of statements or commands for a number of times during the run
time of a program. Therefore, this can be done with the use of loops.
Looping are of following types : FOR ... NEXT loop and DO... loop.
For loop carries a variable which assigns a value for starting and ending
with increment/decrement operator to execute the statement.
Do….loop is used when you doesn't know how many times a
statement should be executed.
The execution of a statement is always depend upon a condition.
4. For loop carries a variable which assigns a value for starting and
ending with increment /decrement operator to execute the statement.
5. For exiting from a loop, EXIT for statement in the FOR .... NEXT loop
and EXIT Do Statement in the DO WHILE.... Loop or the DO UNTIL ...
LOOP is used.
5. INTRODUCTION TO ADOBE FLASH
Formative Assessment
A. 1. multimedia, software 2. Stage 3. geometric 4. straightforward
5. Brush 6. Lasso
23 E-connect- 7
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F
Summative Assessment
A. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. d
B. 1. Adobe Flash (formerly called Macro Media Flash and Shockwave
Flash) is a multimedia and software platform used for creating vector
graphics, animation, games and Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) that
can be viewed, played and executed in Adobe Flash Player. Flash is
frequently used to add streamed video or audio players, advertisement
and interactive multimedia content to web pages, although usage of
Flash on web sites is declining.
2. Menu Bar : Lists the options such as File, Edit, View, Insert and
Help. These options include commands to access most of the features
of the Flash program.
Timeline : Located in the document window, displays and contains the
layer and frames that make up an animation and organize the objects
that are part of the document.
Tools Panel : Contains the Flash tools; the toolbar includes tools for
drawing and painting lines and shapes, selecting objects, changing the
views of the Stage and choosing colours.
Stage : This is where your creation will come to life and be displayed
for you to edit.
Panels : Contain controls for viewing and changing the properties of
objects.
Property Inspector : Provides easy access to the most common
attributes of the currently selected tool or object.
3. Drawing with the Oval tool (O) creates a perfectly smooth oval. You
draw ovals by clicking and then dragging diagonally from one 'corner'
of the oval to the other. Dragging more vertically creates a taller oval,
whereas dragging more horizontally creates a wider oval.
The Rectangle tool (R) creates perfect rectangles, which means that all
four sides are parallel, regardless of the length or width of the shape.
Draw rectangles by clicking to place a starting corner and then
dragging toward the opposite corner of your shape until you have the
size and shape that you want.

24 E-connect- 7
4. The Poly Star tool is so named because it is a multipurpose tool that
can make a whole variety of different polygons and stars. There is no
shortcut key for the Poly Star tool.
5. The Selection (arrow) tool (V) is used most commonly to select and
move items or multiple items on the stage. It is also used to reshape
lines and shapes. The Sub select tool is most useful for moving and
editing anchor points created with the Pen tool and adjusting tangents
on curves.
You can also use the Selection tool to select, move and edit other Flash
graphic elements, including groups, symbols, buttons and text.
6. The Lasso tool is used to make free form selections and to group
select odd or irregular-shaped areas of your drawing. After areas are
selected, they can be moved, scaled, rotated or reshaped as a single
unit. You can also use the Lasso tool to split shapes or select portions of
a line or a shape. The Lasso tool works best if you drag a loop around
the area you want to select.
6. MORE ABOUT ADOBE FLASH
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Button, Graphic 2. Reusing 3. “Paste in Place” 4. Paste in Center,
Paste in Place, Paste Special 5. key frames
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. b
B. 1. Symbols are an important concept to understand.
There are three types of symbols : Movie clip, Button and Graphic. It is
best to create symbols for everything that you put on the stage so that it
is easy to manage and manipulate. All symbols will appear in the library.
2. Layers are used to determine which elements should appear in the
foreground and background. Using separate layers for separate symbols
placed on the stage will allow you to manipulate each one differently.
You can lock layers and hide layers by clicking on the little dots below
the eye and lock icons next to the concerned layer.
3. Rectangle shape tool is used for drawing rectangular figures.
4. Oval shape tool is used for drawing circular and oval shaped figures.
25 E-connect- 7
5. You can resize and rotate objects using the Free Transform Tool.
Make the bars between the railway track now. Reuse the line symbol
again for this :
Select the copy of the “line” symbol on the stage.
·
Select the “Free Transform” Tool.
·
You will see 2 nodes at the end of the line symbol.
·
Roll the mouse near one of the nodes.
·
The cursor will change to either a horizontal line with an arrow on
·
both ends, an anticlockwise incomplete circle with an arrow at one
end or a slanting double sided arrow.
6. You can resize and rotate objects using the Free Transform Tool.
Make the bars between the railway track now. Reuse the line symbol
again for this.
Select the copy of the “line” symbol on the stage.
·
Select the “Free Transform” Tool.
·
You will see 2 nodes at the end of the line symbol.
·
Roll the mouse near one of the nodes.
·
The cursor will change to either a horizontal line with an arrow on
·
both ends, an anticlockwise incomplete circle with an arrow at one
end or a slanting double sided arrow.
7. The Timeline in Adobe Flash Professional organizes and controls a
document's content over time in layers and frames.
A keyframe is a frame in Adobe Flash Professional where a new symbol
instance appears in the Timeline.
Frames in tab are motion frames. You have to change an object's state
from frame 1 to whatever you want it to go to, create a motion tween
and it play's frame-by-frame. Basically, a frame is like a movie in real
life. Each frame makes the movie.
8. Motion Tweens are a very useful feature. Basically, we specify the
positions of the symbol in the key frames and flash creates the
animation between the two key frames. This gives us a smooth
animation.

26 E-connect- 7
7. ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS3
Formative Assessment
A. 1. image editing 2. Eyedropper tool 3. Rectangular 4. Magic Wand
tool 5. Cropping 6. Brush tool
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. a
B. 1. Adobe Photoshop CS3 is a popular image editing software that
provides a work environment with Adobe Illustrator, Adobe In Design,
Adobe Image Ready and other products in the Adobe Creative Suite. In
this lesson you will learn how to get started, how to use the interface
and how to modify images with basic Photoshop tools.
2. Menu Bar : If you look at the top of the screen you will see the
Menu bar which contains all the main functions of Photoshop, such as
File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, View, Window and Help.
Tool Bar : Most of the major tools are located in the Tool bar for easy
access.
The Image : The image will appear in its own window once you open a
file.
Image Name : The name of any image that you open will be at the top
of the image window as shown above.
Palettes : Palettes contain functions that help you monitor and modify
images. By default, palettes are stacked together in groups. These are
the palettes that are usually visible :
Navigator, Color, Histogram, Layer. If none of the palettes are visible,
go to Window in the Menu bar and choose palettes you need to work
with.
3. Photoshop use the foreground colour to paint, fill and stroke
selections and the background colour to make gradient fills and fill in
the erased areas of an image. The foreground and back ground colours
are also used by some special effects filters.
You can designate a new foreground or background colour using the
Eyedropper tool, the colour palette, the Swatches palette, or the Adobe
Color Picker.

27 E-connect- 7
4. The Marquee Tools let you select rectangles, ellipses, and 1-pixel
rows and columns and the Lasso tool is useful for drawing freeform
segments of a selection border
5. The Magic Wand tool lets you select a consistently coloured area
(for example, a red flower) without having to trace its outline. You
specify the colour range, or tolerance, for the Magic Wand tool's
selection, based on similarity to the pixel you click.
6. Tolerance determines the similarity or difference of the pixels
selected. Enter a value in pixels, ranging from 0 to 255. A low value
selects the few colours very similar to the pixel you click. A higher
value selects a broader range of colours.
7. Cropping is the process of removing portions of an image to create
focus or strengthen the composition. You can crop an image using the
Crop tool and the Crop command. You can also trim pixels using the
Crop And Straighten and the Trim commands.
8. Photoshop provides several tools for painting and editing image
colour. The Brush tool and the Pencil tool work like traditional drawing
tools by applying colour with brush strokes. The Gradient tool, Fill
command and Paint Bucket tool apply colour to large areas.
The drawing tools (the Pen and Shape tools) let you create and edit
shapes. The drawing tools provide an easy way to create buttons,
navigation bars and other items.
8. MORE ABOUT PHOTOSHOP
Formative Assessment
A. 1. retouch 2. Healing Brush 3. Patch tool 4. Clone Stamp 5. Blur
6. Filters
B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. F
Summative Assessment
A. 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. d 5. c 6. b
B. 1. The retouch features in Photoshop let you alter your images to
accomplish a variety of tasks to improve a composition, correct
distortions or flaws, creatively manipulate picture elements, add or
remove items, sharpen or blur, or merge multiple images.
2. The Healing Brush tool lets you correct imperfections, causing them
to disappear into the surrounding image. Like the cloning tools, you
28 E-connect- 7
use the Healing Brush tool to paint with sampled pixels from an image
or pattern. However, the Healing Brush tool also matches the texture,
lighting, transparency, and shading of the sampled pixels to the pixels
being healed.
3. The Patch tool lets you repair a selected area with pixels from
another area or a pattern. Like the Healing Brush tool, the Patch tool
matches the texture, lighting, and shading of the sampled pixels to the
source pixels. You can also use the Patch tool to clone isolated areas of
an image.
4. The Clone Stamp tool paints one part of an image over another part
of the same image or over another part of any open document that has
the same colour mode. You can also paint part of one layer over
another layer.
5. The Sharpen tool increases contrast along edges to increase apparent
sharpness. The more you paint over an area with the tool, the sharpen
effect increases.
6. Used to lighten or darken areas of the image, the Dodge tool and
the Burn tool are based on a traditional photographer's technique for
regulating exposure on specific areas of a print.
Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print (dodging)
or increase the exposure to darken areas on a print (burning). The more
you paint over an area with the Dodge or Burn tool, the lighter or
darker it becomes.
7. Layers are the building blocks of many image creation work flows.
You may not need to work with layers if you are doing simple image
adjustments, but layers help you work efficiently and are essential to
most non-destructive image editing.
8. You can use filters to clean up or retouch your photos, apply special
art effects that give your image the appearance of a sketch or
impressionistic painting or create unique transformations using
distortions and lighting effects. The filters provided by Adobe appear in
the Filter menu.
9. COMMUNICATION USING INTERNET
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Electronic commerce 2. Firewall 3. spy-bot 4. computer virus
5. Time bombs 6. incremental backup method
29 E-connect- 7
B. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. d 6. b
1. Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, E-
commerce or e-comm, refers to the buying and selling of products or
services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other
computer networks. E-commerce is specially designed and has some
extra features.
There are three modes of E-commerce available at present. These are :
Business-to-Business
·
Business-to-Customer
·
Digital Middleman
·
2. User Authentication : There are several techniques that can identify
and verify someone seeking access to an e-commerce system. These
include :
A user name and password combination, where the password can
·
vary in length and include numbers and characters.
A digital certificate that enables authentication through the use of an
·
individual's unique signing key.
A person's fingerprint or eye scan or face feature recognition,
·
referred to as a biometric.
3. Hacker is a term used for a computer enthusiast, i.e., a person who
enjoys learning programming languages and computer systems and can
often be considered an expert on the subject.
Cracker is a term used to refer to an individual who gains unauthorized
access a computer system for the purpose of stealing and corrupting
data.
4. Computer viruses move from one computer to other by attaching
themselves to files or boot records of disks and diskettes. A virus infects
the file by putting a piece of code in the selected program file. When a
program that is infected with a virus is executed, the virus immediately
takes command, finding and infecting other programs and files.
5. Run an antivirus program to detect and remove spy ware atleast
once a week and every time you have been doing a lot of web surfing.
30 E-connect- 7
It will scan your hard drives and registry and give you a list of malware
on your system. You can then quarantine or remove these programs.
6. Data loss can occur as a result of file corruption, fire, theft, hard disk
crash, etc. If you regularly make backup copies of files on your hard
disk and keep them at a separate place, you can get the lost data back if
anything happens to the original files on your computer.
7. Any file of folder containing important information should be kept
as backup. The following are some storage devices that can be used to
back up your files: external hard drive. CD/ DVD and USB Flash drive.
8. Files can be backed up by simply copying and pasting them or by
using the built-in backup utility in Windows. To use the backup utility
in Windows, do the following.
a. Click Start>Programs >Accessories >System Tools >Backup.
b. Backup dialog box will appear. Select the option Create a new
backup job and click OK .
c. Backup Wizard window appears. You can either back up everything
on your computer or specific drives, folders and files. Select the
correct option, click Next and follow the instructions.

31 E-connect- 7
 –8
1. NETWORK CONCEPT
Formative Assessment
A. 1. workstation 2. A server 3. Modem 4. LAN 5. WAN 6. gateway
7. Repeater 8. mesh topology 9. Bluetooth 10. pairs of solid copper
twisted wires
B. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. c 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. d 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. d
B. 1. A network is a group of computers connected together to share
the resources like file, printer, services, etc. A network contains users
(also known as clients), running operating systems like Windows XP,
and store their files on a server. The server computer has memory, disk
space and more processing power than client computers.
2. Bus Topology : It consists of a main cable with a terminator at each
end. When a computer sends out a signal, the signal travels the cable
length in both directions from the sending computer.
When the signal reaches the end of the cable length, it bounces back
and returns in the direction it came from.
Mesh Topology : In mesh topology, every network device is connected
to other network devices. It is costly because of the extra cables needed
and it is very complex and difficult to manage. Every node has a
connection to every other node in the network.
Ring Topology : All computers are connected via a cable that circles in
a ring. It has no start and end point. Signals travel in one direction on a
ring while they are passed from one computer to the next, with each
computer regenerating the signal so that it may travel the distance
required.
Star Topology : Each node (like workstations, printers, laptops, servers,
etc.) connected directly to a central network hub/switch. All devices are
connected to a central hub. Nodes communicate across the network by
passing data through the hub.
32 E-connect- 8
3. All devices are connected to a central hub. Nodes communicate
across the network by passing data through the hub.
4. LAN (Local Area Network) : A network that connects computers
and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school,
computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of
buildings.
WAN (Wide Area Network) : It covers a large geographical area such
as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances, using a
communication channel that combines many types of media such as
telephone lines, cables, and air waves.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) : It covers a larger area than a LAN.
For example, a network that connects two offices in a city, a
neighbourhood area, etc.
CAN (Campus Area Network) : A network made up of an
interconnection of LANs within a limited geographical area. In the case
of a university campus-based campus network, the network is likely to
link a variety of campus buildings including, academic colleges or
departments, university library, and student residence halls.
PAN (Personal Area Network) : It is used for communication among
computer and different information technological devices close to one
person.
Examples are : Personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones,
PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles.
5. Another important advantage of networking is the ability to share
hardware. For example, a printer can be shared among the users in a
network so that there's no need to have individual printers for each and
every computer in the company. This will significantly reduce the cost
of purchasing hardware.
6. Coaxial Cable : A coaxial cable is a copper wire, similar to that used
for TV cables. It provides better protection from interference by
providing a metallic shield. It provides a barrier to electromagnetic
radiation, both incoming and outgoing.
There are two types of coaxial cabling :

33 E-connect- 8
Thinnet : It is a flexible coaxial cable about ¼ inch thick used for
·
short-distance.

Thicknet : It is ½ inch thick and supports data transfer over longer

·
distances.
Twisted pair : Twisted pair cable is the most common type of cabling
used in today’s LAN networks. A pair of wires forms a circuit that can
transmit data.

It is light weight, easy to install, inexpensive and support many

·
different types of networks.

It also supports the speed of 100 mbps.

·

It is made up of pairs of solid copper twisted wires along each other.

·
Optical Fibres : Optical fibres use light to transmit data. A transmitter at
one end uses a Light Emitting Diode (LED) or laser to send light down
the fibre which are detected at the other end by a light sensitive
transistor.
7. Fibre optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal
cables. An optical fibre offers low power loss. Optical fibres are
difficult to tap. Cables are expensive to install but last longer than
copper cables.
8. Bluetooth is an open wireless technology for exchanging data over
short distances from fixed and mobile devices.
9. Electromagnetic radiation beyond the frequency range of radio and
television can be used to transport information. Microwave
transmission is usually point-to-point using directional antennae with a
clear path between transmitter and receiver.
10. These packages counter most virus threats if regularly updated and
correctly maintained.
2. INTRODUCTION TO MS-ACCESS
Formative Assessment
A. 1. database 2. summaries 3. Table 4. Report 5. Word processed

34 E-connect- 8
B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
Summative Assessment
A. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b
B. 1. A database is a computer program for storing information in an
easily retrievable form. It is used mainly to store text and numbers (for
example, the library register, which includes the author, title, class and
number for each book).
2. A database allows you to select information quickly and easily (for
example, a list of the books written by a particular author on a certain
subject). Finally, it may allow you to produce printed summaries
(reports) of the information selected.
3. When setting up your own database, it is important to plan its use in
advance. Among the things which you should consider are :

What information you will need to store?

·

What information you want to get out?

·

Who the data is intended for and how other users will use it?
·
4. Microsoft Access is a relational database management system which
allows you to link together data stored in more than one table. Access
is designed to help an organization such as a company or an institution
or a school or school district or even an individual teacher collect,
organize, manage, and access data in such a way that it can be easily
accessed and made available to users in a variety of useful ways.
5. A Table is the fundamental object in a relational database and tables
use rows and columns to present the data, rather like a spread sheet.
A Form gives the user another way of looking at the data in the
database. Whereas a Table allows the user to view many records at
once, a Form displays the contents of just one record at a time.
A Report is used to present a selected set of information from a
database in a format that is neatly laid out and is thus easier for the user
to mentally digest. A Query makes a request to the database, asking it
to find some specific data that are stored in the database.
6. Every field in a table has properties. These properties define the
35 E-connect- 8
field's characteristics and behavior. The most important property for a
field is its data type. A field's data type determines what kind of data it
can store. For example, a field whose data type is Text can store data
that consists of either text or numerical characters, but a field whose
data type is Number can store only numerical data.
7. The Primary Key is to enable easy manipulation of the data across
multiple tables.
8. A Form gives the user another way of looking at the data in the
database. Whereas a Table allows the user to view many records at
once, a Form displays the contents of just one record at a time.
9. When you view the data as a table in an Access data base, you are
in what Access calls a Data sheet View.
3. INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL BASIC
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Visual Basic 2. Events 3. sub programs 4. Toolbox 5. computer
screen
B. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. d
B. 1. Visual Basic is a high level programming language evolved from
the earlier DOS version called BASIC. The program codes in Visual
Basic resemble the English language. Visual Basic is a Visual and events
driven Programming Language. Visual Basic enables you to design the
interface by dragging and resizing the objects as well as changing their
colours, just like any windows-based programs.
2. VISUAL BASIC is a high level programming language evolved from
the earlier DOS version called BASIC. BASIC stands for Beginners' All
Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. The program codes in Visual Basic
resemble the English language. Different software companies produce
different versions of BA SIC, such as Microsoft QBASIC, QUICKBASIC,
GWBASIC, and IBM BASICA and so on.
3. Label, frame, check box, Combo Box, H Scroll Bar, Timer, Dir List

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Box, Shape, Image, OLE, Picture Box, Text Box, Command Button,
Option Button, List Box, V Scroll Bar, Drive List Box, File List Box,
Line, Data
4. Generally, there are three basic steps in building a VB application.
The steps are as follows :
Step 1 : Design the interface.
Step 2 : Set the properties of the controls (Objects).
Step 3 : Write the events' procedures.
5. Source code is a list of objects in Visual Basic.
C. 1. Form is the container for all the controls that make up the user
interface.
2. Project window displays the files that are created in application.
3. The Toolbox displays icons for controls and other items that you can
add to Visual Studio projects.
4. Code window is used to write, display, and edit Visual Basic Code.
D. Do your self.
4. VISUAL BASIC CONTROL STRUCTURE
Formative Assessment
A. 1. text box 2. command button 3. List Box 4. Option Box 5. Picture
Box 6. Directory List Box
B. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. d 5. c 6. c
B. 1. The text box is the standard control that is used to receive input
from the user as well as to display the output. It can handle string (text)
and numeric data but not images or pictures.
The label is a very useful control for Visual Basic, as it is not only used
to provide instructions and guides to the users, it can also be used to
display outputs. One of its most important property is Caption. Using
the syntax label. Caption, it can display text and numeric data. You can

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change its caption in the properties window and also at runtime.
2. The Command Button is a very important control as it is used to
execute commands. It displays an illusion that the button is pressed
when the user clicks on it. The most common event associated with the
command button is the Click event.
3. The function of the List Box is to present a list of items where the
user can click and select items from the list. In order to add items to the
list, we can use the Add Item Method.
The function of the Combo Box is also to present a list of items where
the user can click and select the items from the list. However, the user
needs to click on the small arrow head on the right of the combo box
to see the items which are presented in a drop down list. In order to
add items to the list, you can also use the Add Item Method.
4. The Check Box control lets the user select or unselect an option.
When the Check Box is checked, its value is set to 1 and when it is
unchecked, the value is set to 0. You can include the statements
Check1.Value=1 to mark the Check Box and Check1.Value=0 to 45
unmark the Check Box, and use them to initiate certain actions while
the Option Box control lets the user selects one of the choices.
However, two or more Option Boxes must work together because as
one of the Option Boxes is selected, the other Option Boxes will be
unselected. In fact, only one Option Box can be selected at one time.
5. We've seen that both option buttons and check boxes work as a
group. Frames provide a way of grouping related controls on a form. To
group controls in a frame, you first draw the frame. Then, the
associated controls must be drawn in the frame. This allows you to
move the frame and controls together. And, once a control is drawn
within a frame, it can be copied and pasted to create a control array
within that frame.
6. The Picture Box is one of the controls that are used to handle
graphics. You can load a picture during the designing phase by clicking
on the picture item in the properties window and select the picture
from the selected folder. You can also load the picture at runtime using
the Load Picture Method.
The Image Box is another control that handles images and pictures. It

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functions almost identically to the picture box. However, there is one
major difference, the image in an Image. Box is stretchable, which
means it can be resized. This feature is not available in the Picture Box.
Similar to the Picture Box, the Load Picture Method can also be used.
7. The Drive List Box is used to display a list of drives available in your
computer. When you place this control into the form and run the
program, you will be able to select different drives from your computer.
The Directory List Box is used to display the list of directories or folders
in a selected drive. When you place this control into the form and run
the program, you will be able to select different directories from a
selected drive in your computer.
5. HTML-I
Formative Assessment
A. 1. WordPad 2. <HEAD> TAG 3. <HEAD> TAG 4. <BODY>
TAG 5. Web Browser 6. Background 7. <BR> 8. Horizontal ruler
9. Strike 10. SUP
B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. B
B. 1. HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) language is used for
creating and designing web pages.
2. A tag is an inbuilt coded HTML command that conveys a special
meaning which defines the structure and appearances of a web page.
Container Tag : A tag having a starting as well as an ending tag is
called container tag. The end tag is similar to start tag except a forward
slash “/” which is used after “<” sign.
Example :<B> BOLD </B>Starting tag Ending tag.
Empty tag : A tag, which does not require an ending tag. It has only a
starting tag.
Example :<HR>, <BR>, etc.
3. Container Tag : A tag having a starting as well as an ending tag is

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called Container Tag. The end tag is similar to start tag except a forward.
Empty Tag : A tag, which does not require an ending tag. It has only a
starting tag.
4. Text Editor such as Notepad (Usually found on windows under All
programs– Accessories menu), WordPad, etc., which are used to type
the code of HTML language, for creating HTML document.
Web Browser is a software program which is used to access the web
pages created in HTML language, e.g., Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Netscape Navigator, etc., for viewing the document created in HTML
language.
5. Every single page created in HTML language must contain some
standard HTML tags. These are four tags which define the basic
structure of a web page, which are as follows :
<HTML> ...... </HTML>
<HEAD> .... (/HEAD>
<TITLE> .... (/ TITLE)
<BODY> ....</BODY>
6. Align specify the placement/alignment of the text, e.g., left, right and
centre. It is used to start a new paragraph in a web page. Width
specifies the length of the line.
7. <BR> shifts the text to next line while <P> starts a new
paragraph.
8. Bgcolor : It is used to specify background colour of a web page.
<BODY bgcolor = “yellow”>
Text : It is used to specify text colour of a web page <BODY text =
Blue>
Background : It is used to specify the path of the picture to be
displayed in background in a web page.
<Body background = “c:/My folder/rose. Jpg”>
Left Margin : It is used to specify space from left margin of a browser
window.
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<BODY left margin = 20>
Top Margin : It is used to specify space from top margin of a browser
window.
<BODY top margin = 20>
9. It displays the text in larger and bolder font than the normal body
text. Headings are of six levels : <H1>, <H2>, <H3>, <H4>,
<H5>, <H6>.<H1> is the largest and <H6> is the smallest
heading in size. It has just one attribute, align.
10. B (Bold) : It is used to display the text in bold face. SYNTAX :<B>
... </B>
I (Italic) : It is used to display the text in an italic type face. SYNTAX
:<I> ... </I>
U (Underline) : It is used to underline the text. SYNTAX :<U> ...
</U>
Strike : It is used to display the text with a line drawn through it.
SYNTAX : <STRIKE> ... </STRIKE>
Sub : It is used to display a character slightly below the base line and in
the smallest font.
SYNTAX : <SUB> ... </SUB>
SUP : It is used to display a character slightly up the base line and in
the smallest font.
SYNTAX : <SUP> ... </SUP>
6. HTML-II
Formative Assessment
A. 1. <IMG> 2. alt. 3. less 4. <A> 5. Tag 6. Linking Documents
7. Anchors 8. <LINK>
B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. F
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. d
B. 1. In HTML, images are defined with the <IMG> tag. The <IMG>

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tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only and it has no
closing tag. To display an image on a web page, you need to use the
SRC attribute. SRC stands for “source”.
The syntax of defining an image: <IMG SRC=”URL”>
Insert Image - The <img> Element
2. The alt attribute is used to define an “alternative text” for an image.
The value of the alt attribute is an author defined text: <imgsrc =
“boat.gif ” alt = “picture of big boat”>
3. Connection between a hypertext or graphical element (button,
drawing, image), and one or more such items in the same or different
electronic document.
4. A link is specified using the <A> element. This element is called
anchor tag as well.
Anything between the opening <A> tag and the closing </A> tag
becomes part of the link and a user can click that part to reach to the
linked document.
5. HREF : Specifies the URL of the target of a hyperlink. Its value is any
valid document URL, absolute or relative, including a fragment
identifier or a Java Script code fragment.
6. Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking
on words, phrases, and images.
7. To align an image in the centre with respect to the margins, enclose
the<IMG> tag inside the <CENTER> tag as: <CENTER><IMG src
= “monument. gif” </CENTER>
8. Linking between web pages improved your Search Engine
Optimisation (SEO) and therefore boosts your website's place on search
engines.
7. HTML-III
Formative Assessment
A. 1. <ol> 2. unordered or unnumbered 3. numbers and bullets
4. <DT> 5. <p> tag 6. <SUP>7.<table> 8. <tr> 9. <head>

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10. <th>
B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. H 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. a
B. 1. Three, Unordered HTML List, Ordered HTML List, HTML
Description List.
2. An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special
order or sequence. The most common unordered list you will find on
the web is a collection of hyperlinks to other documents.
3. The typical browser formats the contents of an ordered list just like
an unordered list, except that the items are numbered instead of
bulleted. The numbering starts at one and is incremented by one for
each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.
4. You can use TYPE attribute to specify the type of numbers you like.
By default it is a generic number. Following are the other possible
ways:

<ol type="I"> - Upper Case Numerals.

·

<ol type="i"> - Lower Case Numerals.

·

<ol type="a"> - Lower Case Letters.

·

<ol type="A"> - Upper Case Letters.

·
5. You can use type attribute to specify the type of numbers you like.
You can use start attribute to specify the beginning of any index. By
default it is a first number or character. In the following example index
starts from 5.
6. Tables are very useful to arrange in HTML and they are used very
frequently by almost all web developers.
You will create a table in HTML/XHTML by using <table> tag.
7. <tr> Tag : This tag is used to create a row in the table. The <tr>
is a container tag and needs to be closed with the </tr> tag.
8. <th> Tag : This tag is used within the <tr> tag and creates a
header cell of the table. It is also a container tag and needs to be closed
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with the</th> tag. It encloses the data that is there in a header cell.
9. You can set table background using the following two ways :

Using bg Color Attribute : You can set background colour for whole
·
table or just for one cell.

Using Background Attribute : You can set background image for

·
whole table or just for one cell.
10. The caption tags will serve as a title or explanation and show up at
the top of the table. It is a container tag and has one attribute called
ALIGN. The ALIGN has two values: TOP or BOTTOM. By default, text
is also aligned to centre (horizontally). By TOP and BOTTOM, we are
referring to the entire table; the caption will default to the table if not
otherwise specified.
8. INTRODUCTION TO JAVA
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Objects 2. Data abstraction 3. Data hiding 4. Inheritance
5. Polymorphism 6. byte code
B. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. a
B. 1. Java is a high level third generation programming language, like
C, FORTRAN, Smalltalk, Perl and many others. You can use Java to
write computer applications that play games, store data or do any of the
thousands of other things computer software can do. Compared to
other programming languages, Java is most similar to C.
2. Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object
Oriented Programming (LOOP) is a methodology or paradigm to design
a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software
development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

Object
·

Class
·

Inheritance
·
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Polymorphism
·

Abstraction
·

Encapsulation
·
3. Data abstraction refers to the act of representing important
description without including the background details or explanations.
Data Encapsulation means wrapping of data and functions into a single
unit (i.e., class). It is most useful feature of class. The data is not easy to
get to the outside world and only those functions which are enclosed in
the class can access it.
4. Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class can get the
properties of objects of another class. Inheritance means one class of
objects inherits the data and behaviours from another class.
That means we can include additional characteristics to an existing
class without modification. This is possible deriving a new class from
existing one.
5. Java comes together with compiler and interpreter. Java compiler
translates Java code to byte code instructions and Java Interpreter
generates machine code that can be directly executed by machine that
is running the Java program.
6. Java programs can be easily moved from one computer system to
another and anywhere. This is the reason why Java has become a
trendy language for programming on Internet which interconnects
different kinds of systems worldwide. Java certifies portability in two
ways.
First, Java compiler generates the byte code and that can be executed
on any machine. Second, size of primitive data types are machine
independent.
7. Same job is done by Java Compiler to run a Java program, but the
difference is that Java compiler converts the source code into
Intermediate code called byte code.
8. As we know all programming language compilers convert the
source code to machine code.
Same job is done by Java Compiler to run a Java program, but the
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difference is that Java compiler converts the source code into
Intermediate code called byte code. This machine is called the Java
Virtual machine and it exists only inside the computer memory.
Following figure shows the process of compilation
9. Java Object Framework acts as the intermediary between the user
programs and the virtual machine which in turn acts as the
intermediary between the operating system and the Java Object
Framework.
9. INTERNET & FUTURE TRENDS
Formative Assessment
A. 1. Browser 2. HTML 3. web server 4. TCP/IP 5. Robot 6. Artificial
Intelligence
B. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T
Summative Assessment
A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. c
B. 1. Download : To copy data from a remote computer to a local
computer.

Upload : To send data from a local computer to a remote computer.

·
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) : The coding language used to
create documents for use on the World Wide Web. There are three
letter suffixes used in coding that help to identify the type location one
is viewing.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol) : The set of rules for exchanging
files (text, graphic images, sound, video and other multimedia files) on
the World Wide Web.
TCP/IP : TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the
basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also
be used as a communication protocol in a private network (intranet or
extranet).
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) : The Internet address. The prefix of a
URL indicates which area of the Internet will be accessed. URLs look
differently depending on the Internet resource you are seeking.
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2. Robotics means the science or study of the technology associated
with the design, fabrication, theory and application of robots.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer or other
machine to perform those activities that are normally thought to require
intelligence. It is also referred to as the branch of computer science
concerned with the development of machines having this ability.
4. 3G is shorthand for “3rd generation,” and refers to a networking
standard in cell phone technology that is capable of providing high
speed data service to mobile devices. As 3G wireless networks became
more widespread, you could connect to and use the Internet at
practical speeds, which surpassed those of the previous generation of
mobile phone technology (called 1X).
4G stands for “4th generation” mobile data protocol. Using a 4G smart
phone on Verizon's 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) network means you
can download files from the Internet up to 10 times faster than with
3G. With 4G LTE, using the web from your phone becomes as
pleasurable as using it from your home computer.
5. Kirobo is Japan's first robot astronaut, developed byUniversity of
Tokyo and Tomotaka Takahashi. Atwin to Kirobo, named Mirata, was
created with the same characteristics. Mirata will stay on Earth as a
backup crew member. The word “kirobo” itself is a portmanteau of
“kiboo” which means “hope” in Japanese, and the word “robo”, used
as a generic short word for any robot.
6. Skype is for doing things together, whenever you're apart. Skype's
text, voice and video make it simple to share experiences with the
people that matter to you, wherever they are. You can use Skype on
whatever works best for you on your phone or computer or a TV with
Skype on it. You can even try out group video, with the latest version of
Skype.
Google Glass is a type of wearable technology with an Optical Head
Mounted display (OHMD). It was developed by Google with the
mission of producing a mass-market ubiquitous computer. Google
Glass displays information in a smart phone-like handsfree format.
7. One of the most widely used mobile OS these days is ANDROID.
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Android is a software bunch comprising not only operating system but
also middleware and key applications.
Android Inc was founded in Palo Alto of California, US by Andy Rubin,
Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White in 2003. Later Android Inc was
acquired by Google in 2005. After original release there have been
number of updates in the original version of Android.
8. In a massive escalation of the supercomputing arms race, China has
built Tianhe-2, a supercomputer capable of 33.86 petaflops — almost
twice as fast as the US Department of Energy's Titan and topping the
official Top 500 list of supercomputers by some margin. Tianhe-2 will
be almost four times faster than any other supercomputer in the world.
This is the first Indian supercomputer that has crossed 500 teraflops in
computing power in the country. C-DAC Pune had launching Param
Yuva II, the fastest supercomputer in India and 62nd fastest in the
world. The supercomputer is expected to be of great help to the
weather forecasting, seismic data analysis and scientific data
processing.

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