Exponential functions

Chapter 4
Graphing Exponential Function
Lesson 15
Learning
Objective:
At the end of the lesson, you are
expected to

❖Represent an exponential function

through its table of values, graph
and equation
❖Find the domain, range, intercepts,
zeroes and asymptotes of
exponential function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙
where 𝒃 > 𝟎 and 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏.
❖Graph the exponential function
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙 where 𝒃 > 𝟎 and 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏.
Introduction!
The graph of an exponential function is necessary
tool in describing its behavior and characteristics –
its intercepts, asymptotes and zeroes. A graph can
also provide insights as to real-life situations that
can be modeled by exponential functions.
 Graphing Exponential Function
𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃 where 𝑏 > 1
𝑥
EXAMPLE 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2
Solution:
Step 1. Construct a table of values of ordered pairs
for the given function.
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥)
 Graphing Exponential Function
𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃 where 𝑏 > 1
𝑥
EXAMPLE 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2
Solution:
Step 1. Construct a table of values of ordered pairs
for the given function.
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 8
16 8 4 2
 Graphing Exponential Function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙 where 𝑏 > 1
Step 2. Plot the points found in
the table and connect them
using a smooth curve.
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 8
16 8 4 2
Based on your observation, answer
the following questions:
1. What is the domain?
2. What is the range?
3. What happens to the function as
𝑥 increases without bound?
4. What happens to the function as
the value of 𝑥 decreases without
bound?
5. What is the horizontal asymptote?
6. What is the vertical asymptote?
7. What type of function is this?
8. What is the 𝑥 −intercept?
9. What is the 𝑦 −intercept?
The function is defined for all
values of 𝑥, is strictly
increasing, and attains only
positive 𝑦 −values. As 𝑥
decreases without bound,
the function approaches to 0.
That is, the line 𝑦 = 0 is a
horizontal asymptote.
Graphing Exponential Function
𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃 where 0 < 𝑏 < 1
EXAMPLE 2. Plot and sketch the
1 𝑥
graph of 𝑔 𝑥 = .
2

𝒙 -3 -2 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑

𝒚 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125

Based on your observation, answer
the following questions:
1. What is the domain?
2. What is the range?
3. What happens to the function as
𝑥 increases without bound?
4. What happens to the function as
the value of 𝑥 decreases without
bound?
5. What is the horizontal asymptote?
6. What is the vertical asymptote?
7. What type of function is this?
8. What is the 𝑥 −intercept?
9. What is the 𝑦 −intercept?
The function is defined for all
values of 𝑥, is strictly
decreasing, and attains only
positive 𝑦 −values. As 𝑥
increases without bound, the
function approaches to 0.
That is, the line 𝑦 = 0 is a
horizontal asymptote.
In general, depending on whether 𝒃 > 𝟏 or 0 < 𝑏 < 1,
the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 has the following behavior:

The function is defined for all values of 𝑥, The function is defined for all values of 𝑥, is
is strictly increasing, and attains only strictly decreasing, and attains only positive
positive 𝑦 −values. As 𝑥 decreases without 𝑦 −values. As 𝑥 increases without bound,
bound, the function approaches to 0. That the function approaches to 0. That is, the line
is, the line 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote. 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
Let’s Try!
𝒙
1. Graph 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑 and identify the domain,
range, 𝑥 − intercept, 𝑦 −intercept, horizontal
asymptote and vertical asymptote.

𝒙 -2 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐

𝒚
Domain ℝ or
(−∞, +∞)
Range {𝒚 ∈ ℝ|𝒚 > 𝟎}
or (𝟎, +∞)
x-intercept/s none

y-intercept (𝟎, 𝟏)

Vertical none
Asymptote
Horizontal 𝒚=𝟎
Asymptote
 Let’s Try!
−𝒙
2. Graph 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑 and identify the domain,
range, 𝑥 − intercept, 𝑦 −intercept, horizontal
asymptote and vertical asymptote.

𝒙 -3 -2 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑

𝒚 27 9 3 1 1/3 1/9 1/27

Domain ℝ or
(−∞, +∞)
Range {𝒚 ∈ ℝ|𝒚 > 𝟎}
or (𝟎, +∞)
x-intercept/s
none

y-intercept
(𝟎, 𝟏)

Vertical none
Asymptote
Horizontal
𝒚=𝟎
Asymptote
Generalization:
What is the behavior of the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 when
•𝑏>1

•0<𝑏<1
Generalization:
What are the properties of the graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙 , where 𝒃 > 𝟎 and
𝒃 ≠ 𝟏?
 Properties of Exponential
Functions
The following properties of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙 , where 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1, can be
observed from the graph:

a. The domain is the set ℝ.

b. The range is the set 0, +∞
c. It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies Both Vertical and Horizontal Line Test.
d. The 𝑦 −intercept is (0,1). There is no 𝑥 −intercept.
e. The horizontal asymptote is the line 𝑦 = 0 (or the 𝑥 −axis). There is no
vertical asymptote
QUIZ: (Assessment #1)
Get a clean sheet of paper. Answer the
Quiz with complete solution. Take clear
picture and upload or attach it in your
google classroom.
QUIZ: Graph the following and and
identify the domain, range, 𝑥−
intercept, 𝑦−intercept, horizontal
asymptote and vertical
asymptote.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 𝑥

2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 5 −𝑥
Exponential
Functions
Chapter 4
Graphing Transformation of
Exponential Function
Lesson 16
Learning
Objective:
At the end of the lesson, you are
expected to

❖Represent the transformation of

exponential function through its
table of values, graph and equation
❖Find the domain, range, intercepts,
zeroes and asymptotes of the
transformation of exponential
function
❖Graph the transformation of
exponential function
 Properties of Exponential
Functions
The following properties of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙 , where 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1, can be
observed from the graph:

a. The domain is the set ℝ.

b. The range is the set 0, +∞
c. It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies Both Vertical and Horizontal Line Test.
d. The 𝑦 −intercept is (0,1). There is no 𝑥 −intercept.
e. The horizontal asymptote is the line 𝑦 = 0 (or the 𝑥 −axis). There is no
vertical asymptote
 𝒙−𝒄
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 +𝒅
RECALL!

▪ The value of 𝒃, where 𝒃 > 𝟏 or 𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏,

determines whether the graph is increasing
or decreasing.
 Reflecting Graphs
EXAMPLE 1: Use the graph of function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 to sketch the
𝑥 −𝑥
graphs of the functions 𝑦 = −2 and 𝑦 = 2 .
Solution: Construct a table of values for the 3 functions.
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝑦 = −2𝑥

𝑦 = 2−𝑥
 Reflecting Graphs
EXAMPLE 1: Use the graph of function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 to sketch the
𝑥 −𝑥
graphs of the functions 𝑦 = −2 and 𝑦 = 2 .
Solution: Construct a table of values for the 3 functions.
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝑦 = −2𝑥

𝑦 = 2−𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑥
 𝑥 is the negative
• The 𝑦 −coordinate of each point on the graph of 𝑦 = −2
𝑥 . Thus, the graph of 𝑦 = −2 𝑥
corresponding 𝑦 −coordinate of the graph of 𝑦 = 2
is the reflection of the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 about the 𝑥 −axis.

• The value of 𝑦 = 2 −𝑥 at 𝑥 is the same as that of 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 at −𝑥. Thus, the graph of

𝑦 = 2−𝑥 is the reflection of the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 about the 𝑦 −axis.
 Reflecting Graphs
REFLECTION
▪ The graph of 𝒚 = −𝒇(𝒙) is the reflection about the
𝒙 −axis of the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 .

▪ The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇(−𝒙) is the reflection about the

𝒚 −axis of the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 .
 𝒙−𝒄
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 +𝒅
EXAMPLE 2: Use the graph of function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 to sketch the
𝑥 𝑥
graphs of the functions 𝑦 = 3(2 ) and 𝑦 = 0.4(2 ).
Solution: Construct a table of values for the 3 functions.
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝑦 = 3(2𝑥 )

𝑦 = 0.4(2𝑥 )
Observations

a. The domain for all the graphs is

−∞, +∞ .
b. The range of all the graphs is
(0, +∞).
c. The 𝑦 −intercepts were
multiplied correspondingly. The
𝑦 −intercept of 𝑦 = 3 2𝑥 is 3,
and the 𝑦 −intercept of 𝑦 =
0.4 2𝑥 is 0.4.
d. All the graphs have the same
horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = 0.
Vertical Stretching or Shrinking
▪ Let 𝒂 > 𝟎 be a constant. The graph of
𝒚 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒇(𝒙) can be obtained by
multiplying the 𝒚 −coordinate of each
point on the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) by 𝒂.
The effect is a vertical stretching if 𝒂 >
𝟏, or a vertical shrinking if 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏 of
the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 .
 𝒙−𝒄
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 +𝒅
▪ The value of |𝒂| determines the stretch or
shrinking of the graph. Further, if 𝒂 is
negative, there is a reflection of the graph
about the 𝒙 −axis.
 𝒙−𝒄
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 +𝒅
EXAMPLE 3: Use the graph of function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 to sketch the
𝑥 𝑥
graphs of the functions 𝑦 = 2 − 3 and 𝑦 = 2 + 1
Solution: Construct a table of values for the 3 functions.
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
Observations

a. The domain for all the graphs is

−∞, +∞ .
b. The range of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥3 is (−3, +∞)
and the range of 𝑦 = 2 + 1 is
(1, +∞)
c. The 𝑦 −intercepts and horizontal
asymptotes were vertically translated
from the 𝑦 −intercept 𝑥
and horizontal
asymptote of 𝑦 = 2 .
d. The horizontal asymptote of 𝑦 = 2𝑥
is 𝑦 = 0. Shift this 3 units down to
𝑥
gt
of horizontal asymptote of 𝑦 = 2 −
3 which is 𝑦 = −3 and 1 unit up to
get
𝑥
the horizontal asymptote of 𝑦 =
2 + 1 which is 𝑦 = 1.
Vertical Shifts
▪ Let 𝒅 a real number. The graph of
𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒅 is a vertical shift of
𝒅 units up, if 𝒅 > 𝟎, or a vertical
shift of 𝒅 units down if 𝒅 < 𝟎 of the
graph 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 .
 𝒙−𝒄
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 +𝒅
▪ The vertical shift is 𝒅 units up if 𝒅 > 𝟎, or 𝒅
units down if 𝒅 < 𝟎.
 𝒙−𝒄
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 +𝒅
EXAMPLE 4: Use the graph of function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 to sketch the
𝑥−2 𝑥+4
graphs of the functions 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = 2 .
Solution: Construct a table of values for the 3 functions.
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑥−2

𝑦 = 2𝑥+4
Observations

a. The domain for all the graphs is

−∞, +∞ .
b. The range of all the graphs is 0, +∞
c. The 𝑦 −intercepts changed. To find
them, substitute 𝑥 = 0 in the
function. Thus, the 𝑦 −intercept of
𝑥−2 0−2 −2 1
𝑦=2 is 2 = 2 = or 0.25
4 𝑥+4
and the 𝑦 −intercept of 𝑦 = 2 is
20+4 = 24 = 16.
d. Translating the graph horizontally
does not change the horizontal
asymptote. Thus, the horizontal
asymptotes of all graphs is 𝑦 = 0.
Horizontal Shifts
▪ Let 𝒄 be a real number. The graph of
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒄) is a horizontal shift of
𝒄 units to the right if 𝒄 > 𝟎, or a
horizontal shift of 𝒄 units to the left
if 𝒄 < 𝟎 of the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 .
 𝒙−𝒄
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 +𝒅

▪ The horizontal shift is 𝒄 units to the right if

𝒄 > 𝟎, or 𝒄 units to the left if 𝒄 < 𝟎.
 𝒙−𝒄
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 +𝒅
GENERALIZATION:
▪ The value of 𝒃, where 𝒃 > 𝟏 or 𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏, determines
whether the graph is increasing or decreasing.
▪ The value of 𝒂 determines the stretch (if a> 𝟏) or shrinking
(if 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏) of the graph. Further, if 𝒂 is negative, there
is a reflection of the graph about the 𝒙 −axis.
▪ The vertical shift is 𝒅 units up if 𝒅 > 𝟎, or 𝒅 units down if
𝒅 < 𝟎.
▪ The horizontal shift is 𝒄 units to the right if 𝒄 > 𝟎, or 𝒄 units
to the left if 𝒄 < 𝟎.
 𝒙−𝒄
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 +𝒅
SOME EXAMPLES:
1. What function is translated 𝟒 units vertically
downwards and shifts 𝟐 units horizontally to
the right from the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 ?𝒙
𝑥−2
𝑓 𝑥 =3 −4
2. What function is translated 𝟐 units vertically
upward and shifts 𝟑 units horizontally to the
𝒙
left from the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓 ?
𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥+3 + 2
 𝒙−𝒄
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 +𝒅
SOME EXAMPLES:
𝒙
3. If the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐 to be transformed into
𝒙
function of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 – 𝟑, what will happen to
the function?
𝑥
The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 3 is translated 3 units vertically
𝑥
downwards from the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 .