Multithreading in Java

• Multithreading in Java is a process of executing multiple threads

simultaneously
• threads use a shared memory area.
• They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory
• context-switching between the threads takes less time than process.
Advantages of Java Multithreading
• 1) It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you
can perform multiple operations at the same time.
• it doesn't affect other threads if an exception occurs in a single thread.

• 2) You can perform many operations together, so it saves time.

Multitasking
• Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously.
• We use multitasking to utilize the CPU.
• Multitasking can be achieved in two ways:
• Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)
• Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)
Multiprocessing Multithreading
• Each process has an address in • Threads share the same address
memory. In other words, each
process allocates a separate space.
memory area. • A thread is lightweight.
• A process is heavyweight.
• Cost of communication between • Cost of communication between
the process is high. the thread is low.
• Switching from one process to
another requires some time for
saving and loading registers,
memory maps, updating lists, etc.
What is Thread in java
• A thread is a lightweight subprocess, the smallest unit of processing. .
• Threads are independent. If there occurs exception in one thread, it
doesn't affect other threads. It uses a shared memory area.
•
Thread class
Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States)
• New
• Active
• Blocked / Waiting
• Timed Waiting
• Terminated
• New: Whenever a new thread is created, it is always in the new state.
For a thread in the new state, the code has not been run yet and thus
has not begun its execution.
• Active: When a thread invokes the start() method, it moves from the
new state to the active state. The active state contains two states
within it: one is runnable, and the other is running.
• Runnable: A thread, that is ready to run is then moved to the
runnable state.
• Running: When the thread gets the CPU, it moves from the runnable
to the running state.
• Blocked or Waiting: Whenever a thread is inactive
• For example, a thread (let's say its name is A) may want to print some data
from the printer.
• However, at the same time, the other thread (let's say its name is B) is
using the printer to print some data.
• Therefore, thread A has to wait for thread B to use the printer.
• Thus, thread A is in the blocked state.
• A thread in the blocked state is unable to perform any execution and thus
never consume any cycle of the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
• Hence, we can say that thread A remains idle until the thread scheduler
reactivates thread A, which is in the waiting or blocked state.
• Timed Waiting: Sometimes, waiting for leads to starvation.
• For example, a thread (its name is A) has entered the critical section
of a code and is not willing to leave that critical section. In such a
scenario, another thread (its name is B) has to wait forever, which
leads to starvation.
• To avoid such scenario, a timed waiting state is given to thread B.
Thus, thread lies in the waiting state for a specific span of time, and
not forever.
• A real example of timed waiting is when we invoke the sleep()
method on a specific thread. The sleep() method puts the thread in
the timed wait state.
• Terminated: A thread reaches the termination state because of the
following reasons:
• When a thread has finished its job, then it exists or terminates
normally.
• Abnormal termination: It occurs when some unusual events such as
an unhandled exception or segmentation fault.
• A terminated thread means the thread is no more in the system.
• In other words, the thread is dead, and there is no way one can
respawn (active after kill) the dead thread.
Java Threads | How to create a thread in Java
• There are two ways to create a thread:
• By extending Thread class
• By implementing Runnable interface.
1) Java Thread Example by extending Thread
class
2) Java Thread Example by implementing
Runnable interface
Running Threads
Running Threads
Exercise
• Differences between "extending" and "implementing" Threads?
Concurrency Problems
• Because threads run at the same time as other parts of the program,
there is no way to know in which order the code will run.
• When the threads and main program are reading and writing the
same variables, the values are unpredictable.
• The problems that result from this are called concurrency problems.
one possible solution
• is to use the isAlive() method of the thread to check
whether the thread has finished running before using
any attributes that the thread can change.