Java OOPs Concepts

1. Object-Oriented Programming

2. Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language

3. Difference between Object-oriented and Object-based programming language.

In this page, we will learn about the basics of OOPs. Object-Oriented Programming is a paradigm that
provides many concepts, such as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism, etc.

Simula is considered the first object-oriented programming language. The programming paradigm
where everything is represented as an object is known as a truly object-oriented programming
language.

Smalltalk is considered the first truly object-oriented programming language.

The popular object-oriented languages are Java, C#, PHP, Python, C++, etc.

The main aim of object-oriented programming is to implement real-world entities, for example,
object, classes, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, etc.

OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer, watch, etc. Object-Oriented
Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It
simplifies software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

o Object

o Class

o Inheritance

o Polymorphism

o Abstraction

o Encapsulation

Apart from these concepts, there are some other terms which are used in Object-Oriented design:

o Coupling

o Cohesion

o Association

o Aggregation

o Composition
Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example, a chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or logical.

An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object contains an address and takes up some
space in memory. Objects can communicate without knowing the details of each other's data or
code. The only necessary thing is the type of message accepted and the type of response returned by
the objects.

Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name, breed, etc. as well as behaviors like
wagging the tail, barking, eating, etc.

Advertisement

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an individual object. Class
doesn't consume any space.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is known as
inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

Polymorphism

If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For example: to convince the
customer differently, to draw something, for example, shape, triangle, rectangle, etc.

In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks meow, dog barks woof, etc.

Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example phone call, we
don't know the internal processing.

Advertisement

In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as encapsulation. For
example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class because all the
data members are private here.

Advertisement

Coupling

Coupling refers to the knowledge or information or dependency of another class. It arises when
classes are aware of each other. If a class has the details information of another class, there is strong
coupling. In Java, we use private, protected, and public modifiers to display the visibility level of a
class, method, and field. You can use interfaces for the weaker coupling because there is no concrete
implementation.

Cohesion

Cohesion refers to the level of a component which performs a single well-defined task. A single well-
defined task is done by a highly cohesive method. The weakly cohesive method will split the task into
separate parts. The java.io package is a highly cohesive package because it has I/O related classes
and interface. However, the java.util package is a weakly cohesive package because it has unrelated
classes and interfaces.

Association

Advertisement

Association represents the relationship between the objects. Here, one object can be associated with
one object or many objects. There can be four types of association between the objects:

o One to One

o One to Many

o Many to One, and

o Many to Many

Let's understand the relationship with real-time examples. For example, One country can have one
prime minister (one to one), and a prime minister can have many ministers (one to many). Also,
many MP's can have one prime minister (many to one), and many ministers can have many
departments (many to many).

Association can be undirectional or bidirectional.

Aggregation

Aggregation is a way to achieve Association. Aggregation represents the relationship where one
object contains other objects as a part of its state. It represents the weak relationship between
objects. It is also termed as a has-a relationship in Java. Like, inheritance represents the is-
a relationship. It is another way to reuse objects.

Composition

The composition is also a way to achieve Association. The composition represents the relationship
where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. There is a strong relationship between
the containing object and the dependent object. It is the state where containing objects do not have
an independent existence. If you delete the parent object, all the child objects will be deleted
automatically.

Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language

1) OOPs makes development and maintenance easier, whereas, in a procedure-oriented

programming language, it is not easy to manage if code grows as project size increases.

2) OOPs provides data hiding, whereas, in a procedure-oriented programming language, global data
can be accessed from anywhere.

Figure: Data Representation in Procedure-Oriented Programming

Figure: Data Representation in Object-Oriented Programming

3) OOPs provides the ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We can provide the
solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented Programming language.

What is the difference between an object-oriented programming language and object-based

programming language?

Object-based programming language follows all the features of OOPs except Inheritance. JavaScript
and VBScript are examples of object-based programming languages.

Do You Know?

o Can we overload the main method?

o A Java Constructor returns a value but, what?

o Can we create a program without main method?

o What are the six ways to use this keyword?

o Why is multiple inheritance not supported in Java?

o Why use aggregation?

o Can we override the static method?

o What is the covariant return type?

o What are the three usages of Java super keyword?

 o Why use instance initializer block?

o What is the usage of a blank final variable?

o What is a marker or tagged interface?

o What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch?

o What is the difference between static and dynamic binding?

o How downcasting is possible in Java?

o What is the purpose of a private constructor?

o What is object cloning?

What will we learn in OOPs Concepts?

o Advantage of OOPs

o Naming Convention

o Object and class

o Method overloading

o Constructor

o static keyword

o this keyword with six usage

o Inheritance

o Aggregation

o Method Overriding

o Covariant Return Type

o super keyword

o Instance Initializer block

o final keyword

o Abstract class

o Interface

o Runtime Polymorphism

o Static and Dynamic Binding

 o Downcasting with instanceof operator

o Package

o Access Modifiers

o Encapsulation

o Object Cloning

1) What is Java?

Java is the high-level, object-oriented, robust, secure programming language, platform-independent,

high performance, Multithreaded, and portable programming language. It was developed by James
Gosling in June 1991. It can also be known as the platform as it provides its own JRE and API.

2) What are the differences between C++ and Java?

The differences between C++ and Java are given in the following table.

Comparison Index C++ Java

Platform-independent C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

Java is mainly used for application

C++ is mainly used for system programming. It is widely used in
Mainly used for
programming. window, web-based, enterprise and
mobile applications.

Java was designed and created as an

interpreter for printing systems but
C++ was designed for systems and
later extended as a support network
Design Goal applications programming. It was an
computing. It was designed with a goal
extension of C programming language.
of being easy to use and accessible to
a broader audience.

Java doesn't support the goto

Goto C++ supports the goto statement.
statement.

Java doesn't support multiple

Multiple inheritance C++ supports multiple inheritance. inheritance through class. It can be
achieved by interfaces in java.
 Java doesn't support operator
Operator Overloading C++ supports operator overloading.
overloading.

Java supports pointer internally.

C++ supports pointers. You can write However, you can't write the pointer
Pointers
pointer program in C++. program in java. It means java has
restricted pointer support in Java.

Java uses compiler and interpreter

both. Java source code is converted
C++ uses compiler only. C++ is compiled
into bytecode at compilation time. The
and run using the compiler which converts
Compiler and Interpreter interpreter executes this bytecode at
source code into machine code so, C++ is
runtime and produces output. Java is
platform dependent.
interpreted that is why it is platform
independent.

Call by Value and Call by C++ supports both call by value and call by Java supports call by value only. There
reference reference. is no call by reference in java.

Java doesn't support structures and

Structure and Union C++ supports structures and unions.
unions.

C++ doesn't have built-in support for

Thread Support threads. It relies on third-party libraries Java has built-in thread support.
for thread support.

Java supports documentation

C++ doesn't support documentation
Documentation comment comment (/** ... */) to create
comment.
documentation for java source code.

Java has no virtual keyword. We can

C++ supports virtual keyword so that we
override all non-static methods by
Virtual Keyword can decide whether or not override a
default. In other words, non-static
function.
methods are virtual by default.

Java supports unsigned right shift >>>

unsigned right shift >>> C++ doesn't support >>> operator. operator that fills zero at the top for
the negative numbers. For positive
numbers, it works same like >>
 operator.

Java uses a single inheritance tree

always because all classes are the child
Inheritance Tree C++ creates a new inheritance tree always. of Object class in java. The object class
is the root of the inheritance tree in
java.

Java is not so interactive with

Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware.
hardware.

Java is also an object-

oriented language. However,
C++ is an object-oriented language.
everything (except fundamental types)
Object-oriented However, in C language, single root
is an object in Java. It is a single root
hierarchy is not possible.
hierarchy as everything gets derived
from java.lang.Object.

3) List the features of Java Programming language.

There are the following features in Java Programming Language.

o Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes easier to write
the program in it.

o Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to maintain our
code as the combination of different type of objects that incorporates both data and
behavior.

o Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the Java

program on every machine. Java program (.java) is converted to bytecode (.class) which can
be easily run on every machine.

o Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is different

from other programming languages like C and C++ which needs a platform to be executed.
 Java comes with its platform on which its code is executed. Java doesn't depend upon the
operating system to be executed.

o Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also provides the
concept of ByteCode and Exception handling which makes it more secured.

o Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory management. The
concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception handling, etc. make it more robust.

o Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the architecture.

In C, the size of data types may vary according to the architecture (32 bit or 64 bit) which
doesn't exist in Java.

o Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler for the
program execution.

o High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages
because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower than a compiled
language (e.g., C++).

o Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining
multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't occupy memory
for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are important for multi-media,
Web applications, etc.

o Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications

in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This feature of Java makes
us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.
 o Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means classes
are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages, i.e., C and C++.

4) What do you understand by Java virtual machine?

Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the Java program. JVM
acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method present in the Java code. JVM is the
specification which must be implemented in the computer system. The Java code is compiled by JVM
to be a Bytecode which is machine independent and close to the native code.

5) What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

JVM

JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine; it is an abstract machine which provides the runtime
environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It is a specification which specifies the working
of Java Virtual Machine. Its implementation has been provided by Oracle and other companies. Its
implementation is known as JRE.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform dependent). It is a
runtime instance which is created when we run the Java class. There are three notions of the JVM:
specification, implementation, and instance.

JRE

JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM. The Java Runtime
Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java applications. It is used to
provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It contains a
set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.

JDK

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development environment which is used
to develop Java applications and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development tools. JDK
is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms released by Oracle Corporation:

o Standard Edition Java Platform

o Enterprise Edition Java Platform

o Micro Edition Java Platform

More Details.

6) How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?

Many types:

1. Class(Method) Area: Class Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant
pool, field, method data, and the code for methods.

2. Heap: It is the runtime data area in which the memory is allocated to the objects

3. Stack: Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in
method invocation and return. Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time
as the thread. A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed
when its method invocation completes.

4. Program Counter Register: PC (program counter) register contains the address of the Java
virtual machine instruction currently being executed.

5. Native Method Stack: It contains all the native methods used in the application.

More Details.

7) What is JIT compiler?

Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts of the bytecode
that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of time needed for
compilation. Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual
machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

8) What is the platform?

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a piece of software is executed. There
are two types of platforms, software-based and hardware-based. Java provides the software-based
platform.

9) What are the main differences between the Java platform and other platforms?

There are the following differences between the Java platform and other platforms.

o Java is the software-based platform whereas other platforms may be the hardware platforms
or software-based platforms.
 o Java is executed on the top of other hardware platforms whereas other platforms can only
have the hardware components.

10) What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?

The bytecode. Java compiler converts the Java programs into the class file (Byte Code) which is the
intermediate language between source code and machine code. This bytecode is not platform
specific and can be executed on any computer.

11) What is classloader?

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we run the java
program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-in classloaders in Java.

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the superclass of Extension
classloader. It loads the rt.jar file which contains all class files of Java Standard Edition like
java.lang package classes, java.net package classes, java.util package classes, java.io package
classes, java.sql package classes, etc.

2. Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Bootstrap and parent classloader of
System classloader. It loads the jar files located inside $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext directory.

3. System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension classloader. It

loads the class files from the classpath. By default, the classpath is set to the current
directory. You can change the classpath using "-cp" or "-classpath" switch. It is also known as
Application classloader.

12) Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?

Yes, Java allows to save our java file by .java only, we need to compile it by javac .java and run
by java classname Let's take a simple example:

1. //save by .java only

2. class A{

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. System.out.println("Hello java");

5. }

6. }

7. //compile by javac .java

 8. //run by java A

compile it by javac .java

run it by java A

13) Is delete, next, main, exit or null keyword in java?

No.

14) If I don't provide any arguments on the command line, then what will the value stored in the
String array passed into the main() method, empty or NULL?

It is empty, but not null.

15) What if I write static public void instead of public static void?

The program compiles and runs correctly because the order of specifiers doesn't matter in Java.

16) What is the default value of the local variables?

The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object references.

Advertisement

17) What are the various access specifiers in Java?

In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access scope of the method,
class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers given below.

o Public The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be accessed by any
class or method.

o Protected Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by the sub-class of
this class, or within the same class.

o Default Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the classes, methods,
and variables are of default scope.

o Private The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be accessed within the
class only.
18) What is the purpose of static methods and variables?

The methods or variables defined as static are shared among all the objects of the class. The static is
the part of the class and not of the object. The static variables are stored in the class area, and we do
not need to create the object to access such variables. Therefore, static is used in the case, where we
need to define variables or methods which are common to all the objects of the class.

For example, In the class simulating the collection of the students in a college, the name of the
college is the common attribute to all the students. Therefore, the college name will be defined
as static.

19) What are the advantages of Packages in Java?

There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.

o Packages avoid the name clashes.

o The Package provides easier access control.

o We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and used by the package.

o It is easier to locate the related classes.

20) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test

2. {

3. public static void main (String args[])

4. {

5. System.out.println(10 + 20 + "Javatpoint");

6. System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 + 20);

7. }

8. }

The output of the above code will be

30Javatpoint

Javatpoint1020

Explanation
In the first case, 10 and 20 are treated as numbers and added to be 30. Now, their sum 30 is treated
as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint. Therefore, the output will
be 30Javatpoint.

In the second case, the string Javatpoint is concatenated with 10 to be the string Javatpoint10 which
will then be concatenated with 20 to be Javatpoint1020.

21) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test

2. {

3. public static void main (String args[])

4. {

5. System.out.println(10 * 20 + "Javatpoint");

6. System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 * 20);

7. }

8. }

The output of the above code will be

200Javatpoint

Javatpoint200

Explanation

In the first case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first and then the result 200 is treated as
the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint to produce the output 200Javatpoint.

In the second case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first to be 200 because the precedence
of the multiplication is higher than addition. The result 200 will be treated as the string and
concatenated with the string Javatpointto produce the output as Javatpoint200.

22) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test

2. {

3. public static void main (String args[])

4. {
 5. for(int i=0; 0; i++)

6. {

7. System.out.println("Hello Javatpoint");

8. }

9. }

10. }

The above code will give the compile-time error because the for loop demands a boolean value in
the second part and we are providing an integer value, i.e., 0.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Initial OOPs Interview Questions

There is given more than 50 OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming and System) interview questions.
However, they have been categorized in many sections such as constructor interview questions,
static interview questions, Inheritance Interview questions, Abstraction interview question,
Polymorphism interview questions, etc. for better understanding.

23) What is object-oriented paradigm?

It is a programming paradigm based on objects having data and methods defined in the class to
which it belongs. Object-oriented paradigm aims to incorporate the advantages of modularity and
reusability. Objects are the instances of classes which interacts with one another to design
applications and programs. There are the following features of the object-oriented paradigm.

o Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.

o Focus on data with methods to operate upon the object's data

o Includes the concept like Encapsulation and abstraction which hides the complexities from
the user and show only functionality.

o Implements the real-time approach like inheritance, abstraction, etc.

o The examples of the object-oriented paradigm are C++, Simula, Smalltalk, Python, C#, etc.

24) What is an object?

The Object is the real-time entity having some state and behavior. In Java, Object is an instance of the
class having the instance variables as the state of the object and the methods as the behavior of the
object. The object of a class can be created by using the new keyword.
25) What is the difference between an object-oriented programming language and object-based
programming language?

There are the following basic differences between the object-oriented language and object-based
language.

o Object-oriented languages follow all the concepts of OOPs whereas, the object-based
language doesn't follow all the concepts of OOPs like inheritance and polymorphism.

o Object-oriented languages do not have the inbuilt objects whereas Object-based languages
have the inbuilt objects, for example, JavaScript has window object.

o Examples of object-oriented programming are Java, C#, Smalltalk, etc. whereas the examples
of object-based languages are JavaScript, VBScript, etc.

26) What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance variable?

All object references are initialized to null in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Constructor Interview Questions

27) What is the constructor?

The constructor can be defined as the special type of method that is used to initialize the state of an
object. It is invoked when the class is instantiated, and the memory is allocated for the object. Every
time, an object is created using the new keyword, the default constructor of the class is called. The
name of the constructor must be similar to the class name. The constructor must not have an explicit
return type.

More Details.

28) How many types of constructors are used in Java?

Based on the parameters passed in the constructors, there are two types of constructors in Java.

o Default Constructor: default constructor is the one which does not accept any value. The
default constructor is mainly used to initialize the instance variable with the default values. It
can also be used for performing some useful task on object creation. A default constructor is
invoked implicitly by the compiler if there is no constructor defined in the class.
 o Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor is the one which can initialize
the instance variables with the given values. In other words, we can say that the constructors
which can accept the arguments are called parameterized constructors.

29) What is the purpose of a default constructor?

The purpose of the default constructor is to assign the default value to the objects. The java compiler
creates a default constructor implicitly if there is no constructor in the class.

1. class Student3{

2. int id;

3. String name;

4.

5. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}

6.

7. public static void main(String args[]){

8. Student3 s1=new Student3();

9. Student3 s2=new Student3();

10. s1.display();

11. s2.display();

12. }
 13. }

Test it Now

Output:

0 null

0 null

Explanation: In the above class, you are not creating any constructor, so compiler provides you a
default constructor. Here 0 and null values are provided by default constructor.

More Details.

30) Does constructor return any value?

Ans: yes, The constructor implicitly returns the current instance of the class (You can't use an explicit
return type with the constructor). More Details.

31)Is constructor inherited?

No, The constructor is not inherited.

32) Can you make a constructor final?

No, the constructor can't be final.

33) Can we overload the constructors?

Yes, the constructors can be overloaded by changing the number of arguments accepted by the
constructor or by changing the data type of the parameters. Consider the following example.
1. class Test

2. {

3. int i;

4. public Test(int k)

5. {

6. i=k;

7. }

8. public Test(int k, int m)

9. {

10. System.out.println("Hi I am assigning the value max(k, m) to i");

11. if(k>m)

12. {

13. i=k;

14. }

15. else

16. {

17. i=m;

18. }

19. }

20. }

21. public class Main

22. {

23. public static void main (String args[])

24. {

25. Test test1 = new Test(10);

26. Test test2 = new Test(12, 15);

27. System.out.println(test1.i);
 28. System.out.println(test2.i);

29. }

30. }

31.

In the above program, The constructor Test is overloaded with another constructor. In the first call to
the constructor, The constructor with one argument is called, and i will be initialized with the value
10. However, In the second call to the constructor, The constructor with the 2 arguments is called,
and i will be initialized with the value 15.

34) What do you understand by copy constructor in Java?

There is no copy constructor in java. However, we can copy the values from one object to another
like copy constructor in C++.

There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:

o By constructor

o By assigning the values of one object into another

o By clone() method of Object class

In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using java constructor.

1. //Java program to initialize the values from one object to another

2. class Student6{

3. int id;

4. String name;

5. //constructor to initialize integer and string

6. Student6(int i,String n){

7. id = i;

8. name = n;

9. }

10. //constructor to initialize another object

11. Student6(Student6 s){

12. id = s.id;
 13. name =s.name;

14. }

15. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}

16.

17. public static void main(String args[]){

18. Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");

19. Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);

20. s1.display();

21. s2.display();

22. }

23. }

Test it Now

Output:

111 Karan

111 Karan

35) What are the differences between the constructors and methods?

There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given below.

Java Constructor Java Method

A method is used to expose the behavior of an

A constructor is used to initialize the state of an object.
object.

A constructor must not have a return type. A method must have a return type.

The constructor is invoked implicitly. The method is invoked explicitly.

The Java compiler provides a default constructor if you don't The method is not provided by the compiler in any
have any constructor in a class. case.
 The method name may or may not be same as
The constructor name must be same as the class name.
class name.

36) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test

2. {

3. Test(int a, int b)

4. {

5. System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);

6. }

7. Test(int a, float b)

8. {

9. System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);

 10. }

11. public static void main (String args[])

12. {

13. byte a = 10;

14. byte b = 15;

15. Test test = new Test(a,b);

16. }

17. }

The output of the following program is:

a = 10 b = 15

Here, the data type of the variables a and b, i.e., byte gets promoted to int, and the first
parameterized constructor with the two integer parameters is called.

37) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test

2. {

3. int i;

4. }

5. public class Main

6. {

7. public static void main (String args[])

8. {

9. Test test = new Test();

10. System.out.println(test.i);

11. }

12. }

The output of the program is 0 because the variable i is initialized to 0 internally. As we know that a
default constructor is invoked implicitly if there is no constructor in the class, the variable i is
initialized to 0 since there is no constructor in the class.
38) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test

2. {

3. int test_a, test_b;

4. Test(int a, int b)

5. {

6. test_a = a;

7. test_b = b;

8. }

9. public static void main (String args[])

10. {

11. Test test = new Test();

12. System.out.println(test.test_a+" "+test.test_b);

13. }

14. }

There is a compiler error in the program because there is a call to the default constructor in the main
method which is not present in the class. However, there is only one parameterized constructor in
the class Test. Therefore, no default constructor is invoked by the constructor implicitly.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: static keyword Interview Questions

39) What is the static variable?

The static variable is used to refer to the common property of all objects (that is not unique for each
object), e.g., The company name of employees, college name of students, etc. Static variable gets
memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading. Using a static variable makes your
program more memory efficient (it saves memory). Static variable belongs to the class rather than
the object.

1. //Program of static variable

2.
 3. class Student8{

4. int rollno;

5. String name;

6. static String college ="ITS";

7.

8. Student8(int r,String n){

9. rollno = r;

10. name = n;

11. }

12. void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}

13.

14. public static void main(String args[]){

15. Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan");

16. Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");

17.

18. s1.display();

19. s2.display();

20. }

21. }

Test it Now

Output:111 Karan ITS

222 Aryan ITS

More Details.

40) What is the static method?

• A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.

• There is no need to create the object to call the static methods.

• A static method can access and change the value of the static variable.

More Details.

41) What are the restrictions that are applied to the Java static methods?

Two main restrictions are applied to the static methods.

o The static method can not use non-static data member or call the non-static method directly.

o this and super cannot be used in static context as they are non-static.

42) Why is the main method static?

Because the object is not required to call the static method. If we make the main method non-static,
JVM will have to create its object first and then call main() method which will lead to the extra
memory allocation. More Details.

43) Can we override the static methods?

No, we can't override static methods.

44) What is the static block?

Static block is used to initialize the static data member. It is executed before the main method, at the
time of classloading.

1. class A2{

2. static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. System.out.println("Hello main");

5. }

6. }

Test it Now

Output: static block is invoked

Hello main

More Details.

45) Can we execute a program without main() method?

Ans) No, It was possible before JDK 1.7 using the static block. Since JDK 1.7, it is not possible. More
Details.

46) What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?

Program compiles. However, at runtime, It throws an error "NoSuchMethodError."

47) What is the difference between static (class) method and instance method?
static or class method instance method

1)A method that is declared as static is known as the A method that is not declared as static is known as
static method. the instance method.

2)We don't need to create the objects to call the static

The object is required to call the instance methods.
methods.

3)Non-static (instance) members cannot be accessed

Static and non-static variables both can be accessed
in the static context (static method, static block, and
in instance methods.
static nested class) directly.

4)For example: public static int cube(int n){ return

For example: public void msg(){...}.
n*n*n;}

48) Can we make constructors static?

As we know that the static context (method, block, or variable) belongs to the class, not the object.
Since Constructors are invoked only when the object is created, there is no sense to make the
constructors static. However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show the compiler error.

49) Can we make the abstract methods static in Java?

In Java, if we make the abstract methods static, It will become the part of the class, and we can
directly call it which is unnecessary. Calling an undefined method is completely useless therefore it is
not allowed.

50) Can we declare the static variables and methods in an abstract class?

Yes, we can declare static variables and methods in an abstract method. As we know that there is no
requirement to make the object to access the static context, therefore, we can access the static
context declared inside the abstract class by using the name of the abstract class. Consider the
following example.

1. abstract class Test

2. {

3. static int i = 102;

 4. static void TestMethod()

5. {

6. System.out.println("hi !! I am good !!");

7. }

8. }

9. public class TestClass extends Test

10. {

11. public static void main (String args[])

12. {

13. Test.TestMethod();

14. System.out.println("i = "+Test.i);

15. }

16. }

Output

hi !! I am good !!

i = 102

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Inheritance Interview Questions

51) What is this keyword in java?

The this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object. There are the various uses
of this keyword in Java. It can be used to refer to current class properties such as instance methods,
variable, constructors, etc. It can also be passed as an argument into the methods or constructors. It
can also be returned from the method as the current class instance.
More Details.

52) What are the main uses of this keyword?

There are the following uses of this keyword.

o this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.

o this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)

o this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.

o this can be passed as an argument in the method call.

o this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.

o this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

53) Can we assign the reference to this variable?

No, this cannot be assigned to any value because it always points to the current class object and this
is the final reference in Java. However, if we try to do so, the compiler error will be shown. Consider
the following example.

1. public class Test

2. {

3. public Test()

4. {

5. this = null;

6. System.out.println("Test class constructor called");

7. }

8. public static void main (String args[])

 9. {

10. Test t = new Test();

11. }

12. }

Output

Test.java:5: error: cannot assign a value to final variable this

this = null;

1 error

54) Can this keyword be used to refer static members?

Yes, It is possible to use this keyword to refer static members because this is just a reference variable
which refers to the current class object. However, as we know that, it is unnecessary to access static
variables through objects, therefore, it is not the best practice to use this to refer static members.
Consider the following example.

1. public class Test

2. {

3. static int i = 10;

4. public Test ()

5. {

6. System.out.println(this.i);

7. }

8. public static void main (String args[])

9. {

10. Test t = new Test();

11. }

12. }

Output

10
55) How can constructor chaining be done using this keyword?

Constructor chaining enables us to call one constructor from another constructor of the class with
respect to the current class object. We can use this keyword to perform constructor chaining within
the same class. Consider the following example which illustrates how can we use this keyword to
achieve constructor chaining.

1. public class Employee

2. {

3. int id,age;

4. String name, address;

5. public Employee (int age)

6. {

7. this.age = age;

8. }

9. public Employee(int id, int age)

10. {

11. this(age);

12. this.id = id;

13. }

14. public Employee(int id, int age, String name, String address)

15. {

16. this(id, age);

17. this.name = name;

18. this.address = address;

19. }

20. public static void main (String args[])

21. {

22. Employee emp = new Employee(105, 22, "Vikas", "Delhi");

 23. System.out.println("ID: "+emp.id+" Name:"+emp.name+" age:"+emp.age+" address: "+e
mp.address);

24. }

25.

26. }

Output

ID: 105 Name:Vikas age:22 address: Delhi

56) What are the advantages of passing this into a method instead of the current class object itself?

As we know, that this refers to the current class object, therefore, it must be similar to the current
class object. However, there can be two main advantages of passing this into a method instead of the
current class object.

o this is a final variable. Therefore, this cannot be assigned to any new value whereas the
current class object might not be final and can be changed.

o this can be used in the synchronized block.

57) What is the Inheritance?

Inheritance is a mechanism by which one object acquires all the properties and behavior of another
object of another class. It is used for Code Reusability and Method Overriding. The idea behind
inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing classes. When you
inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the parent class. Moreover, you
can add new methods and fields in your current class also. Inheritance represents the IS-A
relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship.

There are five types of inheritance in Java.

o Single-level inheritance

o Multi-level inheritance

o Multiple Inheritance

o Hierarchical Inheritance

o Hybrid Inheritance

Multiple inheritance is not supported in Java through class.

More Details.
58) Why is Inheritance used in Java?

There are various advantages of using inheritance in Java that is given below.

o Inheritance provides code reusability. The derived class does not need to redefine the
method of base class unless it needs to provide the specific implementation of the method.

o Runtime polymorphism cannot be achieved without using inheritance.

o We can simulate the inheritance of classes with the real-time objects which makes OOPs
more realistic.

o Inheritance provides data hiding. The base class can hide some data from the derived class
by making it private.

o Method overriding cannot be achieved without inheritance. By method overriding, we can

give a specific implementation of some basic method contained by the base class.

59) Which class is the superclass for all the classes?

The object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java.

60) Why is multiple inheritance not supported in java?

To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is not supported in java.
Consider a scenario where A, B, and C are three classes. The C class inherits A and B classes. If A and
B classes have the same method and you call it from child class object, there will be ambiguity to call
the method of A or B class.

Since the compile-time errors are better than runtime errors, Java renders compile-time error if you
inherit 2 classes. So whether you have the same method or different, there will be a compile time
error.

1. class A{

2. void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}

3. }

4. class B{

5. void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");}

6. }

7. class C extends A,B{//suppose if it were

 8.

9. Public Static void main(String args[]){

10. C obj=new C();

11. obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked?

12. }

13. }

Test it Now

Compile Time Error

61) What is aggregation?

Aggregation can be defined as the relationship between two classes where the aggregate class
contains a reference to the class it owns. Aggregation is best described as a has-a relationship. For
example, The aggregate class Employee having various fields such as age, name, and salary also
contains an object of Address class having various fields such as Address-Line 1, City, State, and pin-
code. In other words, we can say that Employee (class) has an object of Address class. Consider the
following example.

Address.java

1. public class Address {

2. String city,state,country;

3.

4. public Address(String city, String state, String country) {

5. this.city = city;

6. this.state = state;

7. this.country = country;

8. }

9.

10. }

Employee.java

1. public class Emp {

2. int id;

3. String name;

4. Address address;

5.

6. public Emp(int id, String name,Address address) {

7. this.id = id;

8. this.name = name;

9. this.address=address;

10. }

11.

12. void display(){

13. System.out.println(id+" "+name);

14. System.out.println(address.city+" "+address.state+" "+address.country);

15. }

16.

17. public static void main(String[] args) {

18. Address address1=new Address("gzb","UP","india");

19. Address address2=new Address("gno","UP","india");

20.

21. Emp e=new Emp(111,"varun",address1);

22. Emp e2=new Emp(112,"arun",address2);

23.

24. e.display();

25. e2.display();

26.

27. }

28. }
Output

111 varun

gzb UP india

112 arun

gno UP india

62) What is composition?

Holding the reference of a class within some other class is known as composition. When an object
contains the other object, if the contained object cannot exist without the existence of container
object, then it is called composition. In other words, we can say that composition is the particular
case of aggregation which represents a stronger relationship between two objects. Example: A class
contains students. A student cannot exist without a class. There exists composition between class
and students.

63) What is the difference between aggregation and composition?

Aggregation represents the weak relationship whereas composition represents the strong
relationship. For example, the bike has an indicator (aggregation), but the bike has an engine
(composition).

64) Why does Java not support pointers?

The pointer is a variable that refers to the memory address. They are not used in Java because they
are unsafe(unsecured) and complex to understand.

65) What is super in java?

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable that is used to refer to the immediate parent class
object. Whenever you create the instance of the subclass, an instance of the parent class is created
implicitly which is referred by super reference variable. The super() is called in the class constructor
implicitly by the compiler if there is no super or this.

1. class Animal{

2. Animal(){System.out.println("animal is created");}

3. }

4. class Dog extends Animal{

 5. Dog(){

6. System.out.println("dog is created");

7. }

8. }

9. class TestSuper4{

10. public static void main(String args[]){

11. Dog d=new Dog();

12. }

13. }

Test it Now

Output:

animal is created

dog is created

More Details.

66) How can constructor chaining be done by using the super keyword?

1. class Person

2. {

3. String name,address;

4. int age;

5. public Person(int age, String name, String address)

6. {

7. this.age = age;

8. this.name = name;

9. this.address = address;

10. }

11. }
 12. class Employee extends Person

13. {

14. float salary;

15. public Employee(int age, String name, String address, float salary)

16. {

17. super(age,name,address);

18. this.salary = salary;

19. }

20. }

21. public class Test

22. {

23. public static void main (String args[])

24. {

25. Employee e = new Employee(22, "Mukesh", "Delhi", 90000);

26. System.out.println("Name: "+e.name+" Salary: "+e.salary+" Age: "+e.age+" Address: "+e.

address);

27. }

28. }

Output

Name: Mukesh Salary: 90000.0 Age: 22 Address: Delhi

67) What are the main uses of the super keyword?

There are the following uses of super keyword.

o super can be used to refer to the immediate parent class instance variable.

o super can be used to invoke the immediate parent class method.

o super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

68) What are the differences between this and super keyword?
There are the following differences between this and super keyword.

o The super keyword always points to the parent class contexts whereas this keyword always
points to the current class context.

o The super keyword is primarily used for initializing the base class variables within the derived
class constructor whereas this keyword primarily used to differentiate between local and
instance variables when passed in the class constructor.

o The super and this must be the first statement inside constructor otherwise the compiler will
throw an error.

69) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Person

2. {

3. public Person()

4. {

5. System.out.println("Person class constructor called");

6. }

7. }

8. public class Employee extends Person

9. {

10. public Employee()

11. {

12. System.out.println("Employee class constructor called");

13. }

14. public static void main (String args[])

15. {

16. Employee e = new Employee();

17. }

18. }

Output
Person class constructor called

Employee class constructor called

Explanation

The super() is implicitly invoked by the compiler if no super() or this() is included explicitly within the
derived class constructor. Therefore, in this case, The Person class constructor is called first and then
the Employee class constructor is called.

70) Can you use this() and super() both in a constructor?

No, because this() and super() must be the first statement in the class constructor.

Example:

1. public class Test{

2. Test()

3. {

4. super();

5. this();

6. System.out.println("Test class object is created");

7. }

8. public static void main(String []args){

9. Test t = new Test();

10. }

11. }

Output:

Test.java:5: error: call to this must be first statement in constructor

71)What is object cloning?

The object cloning is used to create the exact copy of an object. The clone() method of the Object
class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be implemented by the class
whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface, clone() method
generates CloneNotSupportedException.
 1. protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException

2.

More Details.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overloading Interview Questions

72) What is method overloading?

Method overloading is the polymorphism technique which allows us to create multiple methods with
the same name but different signature. We can achieve method overloading in two ways.

o By Changing the number of arguments

o By Changing the data type of arguments

Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Method overloading is performed to
figure out the program quickly.

More Details.

73) Why is method overloading not possible by changing the return type in java?

In Java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the program due to avoid
the ambiguity.

1. class Adder{

2. static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}

3. static double add(int a,int b){return a+b;}

4. }

5. class TestOverloading3{

6. public static void main(String[] args){

7. System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));//ambiguity

8. }}

Test it Now

Output:

Compile Time Error: method add(int, int) is already defined in class Adder
More Details.

74) Can we overload the methods by making them static?

No, We cannot overload the methods by just applying the static keyword to them(number of
parameters and types are the same). Consider the following example.

1. public class Animal

2. {

3. void consume(int a)

4. {

5. System.out.println(a+" consumed!!");

6. }

7. static void consume(int a)

8. {

9. System.out.println("consumed static "+a);

10. }

11. public static void main (String args[])

12. {

13. Animal a = new Animal();

14. a.consume(10);

15. Animal.consume(20);

16. }

17. }

Output

Animal.java:7: error: method consume(int) is already defined in class Animal

static void consume(int a)

Animal.java:15: error: non-static method consume(int) cannot be referenced from a static context

Animal.consume(20);
^

2 errors

75) Can we overload the main() method?

Yes, we can have any number of main methods in a Java program by using method overloading.

More Details.

76) What is method overloading with type promotion?

By Type promotion is method overloading, we mean that one data type can be promoted to another
implicitly if no exact matching is found.

As displayed in the above diagram, the byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float or double. The
short datatype can be promoted to int, long, float or double. The char datatype can be promoted to
int, long, float or double and so on. Consider the following example.

1. class OverloadingCalculation1{

2. void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println(a+b);}

 3. void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}

4.

5. public static void main(String args[]){

6. OverloadingCalculation1 obj=new OverloadingCalculation1();

7. obj.sum(20,20);//now second int literal will be promoted to long

8. obj.sum(20,20,20);

9. }

10. }

Test it Now

Output

40

60

77) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class OverloadingCalculation3{

2. void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println("a method invoked");}

3. void sum(long a,int b){System.out.println("b method invoked");}

4.

5. public static void main(String args[]){

6. OverloadingCalculation3 obj=new OverloadingCalculation3();

7. obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity

8. }

9. }

Output

OverloadingCalculation3.java:7: error: reference to sum is ambiguous

obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity

^
both method sum(int,long) in OverloadingCalculation3

and method sum(long,int) in OverloadingCalculation3 match

1 error

Explanation

There are two methods defined with the same name, i.e., sum. The first method accepts the integer
and long type whereas the second method accepts long and the integer type. The parameter passed
that are a = 20, b = 20. We can not tell that which method will be called as there is no clear
differentiation mentioned between integer literal and long literal. This is the case of ambiguity.
Therefore, the compiler will throw an error.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overriding Interview Questions

78) What is method overriding:

If a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its parent
class, it is known as Method Overriding. It is used for runtime polymorphism and to implement the
interface methods.

Rules for Method overriding

o The method must have the same name as in the parent class.

o The method must have the same signature as in the parent class.

o Two classes must have an IS-A relationship between them.

More Details.

79) Can we override the static method?

No, you can't override the static method because they are the part of the class, not the object.

80) Why can we not override static method?

It is because the static method is the part of the class, and it is bound with class whereas instance
method is bound with the object, and static gets memory in class area, and instance gets memory in
a heap.

81) Can we override the overloaded method?

Yes.

82) Difference between method Overloading and Overriding.

Method Overloading Method Overriding

1) Method overloading increases the readability of the Method overriding provides the specific implementation
program. the method that is already provided by its superclass.

Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A

2) Method overloading occurs within the class.
relationship between them.

3) In this case, the parameters must be different. In this case, the parameters must be the same.

83) Can we override the private methods?

No, we cannot override the private methods because the scope of private methods is limited to the
class and we cannot access them outside of the class.

84) Can we change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass?

Yes, we can change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass. However, we must notice
that we cannot decrease the accessibility of the method. The following point must be taken care of
while changing the accessibility of the method.

o The private can be changed to protected, public, or default.

o The protected can be changed to public or default.

o The default can be changed to public.

o The public will always remain public.

85) Can we modify the throws clause of the superclass method while overriding it in the subclass?

Yes, we can modify the throws clause of the superclass method while overriding it in the subclass.
However, there are some rules which are to be followed while overriding in case of exception
handling.
 o If the superclass method does not declare an exception, subclass overridden method cannot
declare the checked exception, but it can declare the unchecked exception.

o If the superclass method declares an exception, subclass overridden method can declare
same, subclass exception or no exception but cannot declare parent exception.

86) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base

2. {

3. void method(int a)

4. {

5. System.out.println("Base class method called with integer a = "+a);

6. }

7.

8. void method(double d)

9. {

10. System.out.println("Base class method called with double d ="+d);

11. }

12. }

13.

14. class Derived extends Base

15. {

16. @Override

17. void method(double d)

18. {

19. System.out.println("Derived class method called with double d ="+d);

20. }

21. }

22.
 23. public class Main

24. {

25. public static void main(String[] args)

26. {

27. new Derived().method(10);

28. }

29. }

Output

Base class method called with integer a = 10

Explanation

The method() is overloaded in class Base whereas it is derived in class Derived with the double type
as the parameter. In the method call, the integer is passed.

87) Can you have virtual functions in Java?

Yes, all functions in Java are virtual by default.

88) What is covariant return type?

Now, since java5, it is possible to override any method by changing the return type if the return type
of the subclass overriding method is subclass type. It is known as covariant return type. The covariant
return type specifies that the return type may vary in the same direction as the subclass.

1. class A{

2. A get(){return this;}

3. }

4.

5. class B1 extends A{

6. B1 get(){return this;}

7. void message(){System.out.println("welcome to covariant return type");}

8.

9. public static void main(String args[]){

10. new B1().get().message();

 11. }

12. }

Test it Now

Output: welcome to covariant return type

More Details.

89) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base

2. {

3. public void baseMethod()

4. {

5. System.out.println("BaseMethod called ...");

6. }

7. }

8. class Derived extends Base

9. {

10. public void baseMethod()

11. {

12. System.out.println("Derived method called ...");

13. }

14. }

15. public class Test

16. {

17. public static void main (String args[])

18. {

19. Base b = new Derived();

20. b.baseMethod();
 21. }

22. }

Output

Derived method called ...

Explanation

The method of Base class, i.e., baseMethod() is overridden in Derived class. In Test class, the
reference variable b (of type Base class) refers to the instance of the Derived class. Here, Runtime
polymorphism is achieved between class Base and Derived. At compile time, the presence of method
baseMethod checked in Base class, If it presence then the program compiled otherwise the compiler
error will be shown. In this case, baseMethod is present in Base class; therefore, it is compiled
successfully. However, at runtime, It checks whether the baseMethod has been overridden by
Derived class, if so then the Derived class method is called otherwise Base class method is called. In
this case, the Derived class overrides the baseMethod; therefore, the Derived class method is called.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: final keyword Interview Questions

90) What is the final variable?

In Java, the final variable is used to restrict the user from updating it. If we initialize the final variable,
we can't change its value. In other words, we can say that the final variable once assigned to a value,
can never be changed after that. The final variable which is not assigned to any value can only be
assigned through the class constructor.

1. class Bike9{
 2. final int speedlimit=90;//final variable

3. void run(){

4. speedlimit=400;

5. }

6. public static void main(String args[]){

7. Bike9 obj=new Bike9();

8. obj.run();

9. }

10. }//end of class

Test it Now

Output:Compile Time Error

More Details.

91) What is the final method?

If we change any method to a final method, we can't override it. More Details.

1. class Bike{

2. final void run(){System.out.println("running");}

3. }

4.

5. class Honda extends Bike{

6. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}

7.

8. public static void main(String args[]){

9. Honda honda= new Honda();

10. honda.run();

11. }

12. }
Test it Now

Output:Compile Time Error

92) What is the final class?

If we make any class final, we can't inherit it into any of the subclasses.

1. final class Bike{}

2.

3. class Honda1 extends Bike{

4. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}

5.

6. public static void main(String args[]){

7. Honda1 honda= new Honda1();

8. honda.run();

9. }

10. }

Test it Now

Output:Compile Time Error

More Details.

93) What is the final blank variable?

A final variable, not initialized at the time of declaration, is known as the final blank variable. We
can't initialize the final blank variable directly. Instead, we have to initialize it by using the class
constructor. It is useful in the case when the user has some data which must not be changed by
others, for example, PAN Number. Consider the following example:

1. class Student{

2. int id;

3. String name;

4. final String PAN_CARD_NUMBER;

5. ...
 6. }

More Details.

94) Can we initialize the final blank variable?

Yes, if it is not static, we can initialize it in the constructor. If it is static blank final variable, it can be
initialized only in the static block. More Details.

95) Can you declare the main method as final?

Yes, We can declare the main method as public static final void main(String[] args){}.

96) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Main {

2. public static void main(String args[]){

3. final int i;

4. i = 20;

5. System.out.println(i);

6. }

7. }

Output

20

Explanation

Since i is the blank final variable. It can be initialized only once. We have initialized it to 20. Therefore,
20 will be printed.

97) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base

2. {

3. protected final void getInfo()

 4. {

5. System.out.println("method of Base class");

6. }

7. }

8.

9. public class Derived extends Base

10. {

11. protected final void getInfo()

12. {

13. System.out.println("method of Derived class");

14. }

15. public static void main(String[] args)

16. {

17. Base obj = new Base();

18. obj.getInfo();

19. }

20. }

Output

Derived.java:11: error: getInfo() in Derived cannot override getInfo() in Base

protected final void getInfo()

overridden method is final

1 error

Explanation

The getDetails() method is final; therefore it can not be overridden in the subclass.

98) Can we declare a constructor as final?

 The constructor can never be declared as final because it is never inherited. Constructors are not
ordinary methods; therefore, there is no sense to declare constructors as final. However, if you try to
do so, The compiler will throw an error.

99) Can we declare an interface as final?

No, we cannot declare an interface as final because the interface must be implemented by some
class to provide its definition. Therefore, there is no sense to make an interface final. However, if you
try to do so, the compiler will show an error.

100) What is the difference between the final method and abstract method?

The main difference between the final method and abstract method is that the abstract method
cannot be final as we need to override them in the subclass to give its definition.

101) What is the difference between compile-time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism?

There are the following differences between compile-time polymorphism and runtime
polymorphism.

SN compile-time polymorphism Runtime polymorphism

In compile-time polymorphism, call to a method is resolved at In runtime polymorphism, call to an

1
compile-time. overridden method is resolved at runtime.

It is also known as dynamic binding, late

It is also known as static binding, early binding, or
2 binding, overriding, or dynamic method
overloading.
dispatch.

Overriding is a way to achieve runtime

polymorphism in which, we can redefine
Overloading is a way to achieve compile-time polymorphism
some particular method or variable in the
3 in which, we can define multiple methods or constructors
derived class. By using overriding, we can
with different signatures.
give some specific implementation to the
base class properties in the derived class.

It provides slower execution as compare to

It provides fast execution because the type of an object is
4 compile-time because the type of an object
determined at compile-time.
is determined at run-time.
 Run-time polymorphism provides more
Compile-time polymorphism provides less flexibility because
5 flexibility because all the things are
all the things are resolved at compile-time.
resolved at runtime.

102) What is Runtime Polymorphism?

Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden

method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an overridden method is
called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called
is based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.

1. class Bike{

2. void run(){System.out.println("running");}

3. }

4. class Splendor extends Bike{

5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km");}

6. public static void main(String args[]){

7. Bike b = new Splendor();//upcasting

8. b.run();

9. }

10. }

Test it Now

Output:

running safely with 60km.

In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The
determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference
variable.

More details.

103) Can you achieve Runtime Polymorphism by data members?

No, because method overriding is used to achieve runtime polymorphism and data members cannot
be overridden. We can override the member functions but not the data members. Consider the
example given below.

1. class Bike{

2. int speedlimit=90;

3. }

4. class Honda3 extends Bike{

5. int speedlimit=150;

6. public static void main(String args[]){

7. Bike obj=new Honda3();

8. System.out.println(obj.speedlimit);//90

9. }

Test it Now

Output:

90

More details.

104) What is the difference between static binding and dynamic binding?

In case of the static binding, the type of the object is determined at compile-time whereas, in the
dynamic binding, the type of the object is determined at runtime.

Static Binding

1. class Dog{

2. private void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}

3.

4. public static void main(String args[]){

5. Dog d1=new Dog();

6. d1.eat();

7. }

8. }
Dynamic Binding

1. class Animal{

2. void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}

3. }

4.

5. class Dog extends Animal{

6. void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}

7.

8. public static void main(String args[]){

9. Animal a=new Dog();

10. a.eat();

11. }

12. }

More details.

105) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class BaseTest

2. {

3. void print()

4. {

5. System.out.println("BaseTest:print() called");

6. }

7. }

8. public class Test extends BaseTest

9. {

10. void print()

11. {
 12. System.out.println("Test:print() called");

13. }

14. public static void main (String args[])

15. {

16. BaseTest b = new Test();

17. b.print();

18. }

19. }

Output

Test:print() called

Explanation

It is an example of Dynamic method dispatch. The type of reference variable b is determined at

runtime. At compile-time, it is checked whether that method is present in the Base class. In this case,
it is overridden in the child class, therefore, at runtime the derived class method is called.

106) What is Java instanceOf operator?

The instanceof in Java is also known as type comparison operator because it compares the instance
with type. It returns either true or false. If we apply the instanceof operator with any variable that
has a null value, it returns false. Consider the following example.

1. class Simple1{

2. public static void main(String args[]){

3. Simple1 s=new Simple1();

4. System.out.println(s instanceof Simple1);//true

5. }

6. }

Test it Now

Output

true
An object of subclass type is also a type of parent class. For example, if Dog extends Animal then
object of Dog can be referred by either Dog or Animal class.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Abstraction Interview Questions

107) What is the abstraction?

Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the
user. It displays just the essential things to the user and hides the internal information, for example,
sending SMS where you type the text and send the message. You don't know the internal processing
about the message delivery. Abstraction enables you to focus on what the object does instead of
how it does it. Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.

In Java, there are two ways to achieve the abstraction.

Advertisement

o Abstract Class

o Interface

More details.

108) What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?

Abstraction hides the implementation details whereas encapsulation wraps code and data into a
single unit.

More details.

109) What is the abstract class?

A class that is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It needs to be extended and its
method implemented. It cannot be instantiated. It can have abstract methods, non-abstract
methods, constructors, and static methods. It can also have the final methods which will force the
subclass not to change the body of the method. Consider the following example.

1. abstract class Bike{

2. abstract void run();

3. }

4. class Honda4 extends Bike{

 5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}

6. public static void main(String args[]){

7. Bike obj = new Honda4();

8. obj.run();

9. }

10. }

Test it Now

Output

Advertisement

running safely

More details.

110) Can there be an abstract method without an abstract class?

No, if there is an abstract method in a class, that class must be abstract.

111) Is the following program written correctly? If yes then what will be the output of the program?

1. abstract class Calculate

2. {

3. abstract int multiply(int a, int b);

4. }

5.

6. public class Main

7. {

8. public static void main(String[] args)

9. {

10. int result = new Calculate()

11. {
 12. @Override

13. int multiply(int a, int b)

14. {

15. return a*b;

16. }

17. }.multiply(12,32);

18. System.out.println("result = "+result);

19. }

20. }

Yes, the program is written correctly. The Main class provides the definition of abstract method
multiply declared in abstract class Calculation. The output of the program will be:

Output

384

112) Can you use abstract and final both with a method?

No, because we need to override the abstract method to provide its implementation, whereas we
can't override the final method.

113) Is it possible to instantiate the abstract class?

No, the abstract class can never be instantiated even if it contains a constructor and all of its
methods are implemented.

114) What is the interface?

The interface is a blueprint for a class that has static constants and abstract methods. It can be used
to achieve full abstraction and multiple inheritance. It is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There
can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body. It is used to achieve abstraction
and multiple inheritance in Java. In other words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract
methods and variables. Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship. It cannot be instantiated
just like the abstract class. However, we need to implement it to define its methods. Since Java 8, we
can have the default, static, and private methods in an interface.

More details.
 115) Can you declare an interface method static?

No, because methods of an interface are abstract by default, and we can not use static and abstract
together.

116) Can the Interface be final?

No, because an interface needs to be implemented by the other class and if it is final, it can't be
implemented by any class.

117) What is a marker interface?

A Marker interface can be defined as the interface which has no data member and member
functions. For example, Serializable, Cloneable are marker interfaces. The marker interface can be
declared as follows.

1. public interface Serializable{

2. }

118) What are the differences between abstract class and interface?

Abstract class Interface

An abstract class can have a method body (non-abstract

The interface has only abstract methods.
methods).

An abstract class can have instance variables. An interface cannot have instance variables.

An abstract class can have the constructor. The interface cannot have the constructor.

An abstract class can have static methods. The interface cannot have static methods.

You can extend one abstract class. You can implement multiple interfaces.

The abstract class can provide the implementation of The Interface can't provide the implementation of
the interface. the abstract class.
The abstract keyword is used to declare an abstract The interface keyword is used to declare an
class. interface.

An abstract class can extend another Java class and

An interface can extend another Java interface only.
implement multiple Java interfaces.

An abstract class can be extended using An interface class can be implemented using
keyword extends keyword implements

A Java abstract class can have class members like

Members of a Java interface are public by default.
private, protected, etc.

Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

119) Can we define private and protected modifiers for the members in interfaces?

No, they are implicitly public.

120) When can an object reference be cast to an interface reference?

An object reference can be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the
referenced interface.

121) How to make a read-only class in Java?

A class can be made read-only by making all of the fields private. The read-only class will have only
getter methods which return the private property of the class to the main method. We cannot
modify this property because there is no setter method available in the class. Consider the following
example.

1. //A Java class which has only getter methods.

2. public class Student{

3. //private data member

4. private String college="AKG";

 5. //getter method for college

6. public String getCollege(){

7. return college;

8. }

9. }

122) How to make a write-only class in Java?

A class can be made write-only by making all of the fields private. The write-only class will have only
setter methods which set the value passed from the main method to the private fields. We cannot
read the properties of the class because there is no getter method in this class. Consider the
following example.

1. //A Java class which has only setter methods.

2. public class Student{

3. //private data member

4. private String college;

5. //getter method for college

6. public void setCollege(String college){

7. this.college=college;

8. }

9. }

123) What are the advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

There are the following advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

o By providing only the setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only or write-
only. In other words, you can skip the getter or setter methods.

o It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id which
should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the setter method. You can
write the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter methods.

o It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to access the
data through the private data members.
 o The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.

o The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters. So, it is easy
and fast to create an encapsulated class in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Package Interview Questions

124) What is the package?

A package is a group of similar type of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. It provides access
protection and removes naming collision. The packages in Java can be categorized into two forms,
inbuilt package, and user-defined package. There are many built-in packages such as Java, lang, awt,
javax, swing, net, io, util, sql, etc. Consider the following example to create a package in Java.

1. //save as Simple.java

2. package mypack;

3. public class Simple{

4. public static void main(String args[]){

5. System.out.println("Welcome to package");

6. }

7. }
More details.

125) What are the advantages of defining packages in Java?

By defining packages, we can avoid the name conflicts between the same class names defined in
different packages. Packages also enable the developer to organize the similar classes more
effectively. For example, one can clearly understand that the classes present in java.io package are
used to perform io related operations.

126) How to create packages in Java?

If you are using the programming IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, MyEclipse, etc. click on file->new-
>project and eclipse will ask you to enter the name of the package. It will create the project package
containing various directories such as src, etc. If you are using an editor like notepad for java
programming, use the following steps to create the package.

o Define a package package_name. Create the class with the name class_name and save this
file with your_class_name.java.

o Now compile the file by running the following command on the terminal.

o javac -d . your_class_name.java
The above command creates the package with the name package_name in the present working
directory.

o Now, run the class file by using the absolute class file name, like following.

o java package_name.class_name

127) How can we access some class in another class in Java?

There are two ways to access a class in another class.

o By using the fully qualified name: To access a class in a different package, either we must
use the fully qualified name of that class, or we must import the package containing that
class.

o By using the relative path, We can use the path of the class that is related to the package
that contains our class. It can be the same or subpackage.

128) Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why?

No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.

129) Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package twice at runtime?

One can import the same package or the same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM
complains about it. However, the JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how many
times you import the same class.

130) What is the static import?

By static import, we can access the static members of a class directly, and there is no to qualify it
with the class name.

More details.

Java: Exception Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of exception handling interview questions with answers. If you know any
exception handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.

131) How many types of exception can occur in a Java program?

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is considered as
the unchecked exception. According to Oracle, there are three types of exceptions:

o Checked Exception: Checked exceptions are the one which are checked at compile-time. For
example, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException, etc.

o Unchecked Exception: Unchecked exceptions are the one which are handled at runtime
because they can not be checked at compile-time. For example, ArithmaticException,
NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc.

o Error: Error cause the program to exit since they are not recoverable. For Example,
OutOfMemoryError, AssertionError, etc.

132) What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling is a mechanism that is used to handle runtime errors. It is used primarily to
handle checked exceptions. Exception handling maintains the normal flow of the program. There are
mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, the error is considered as the
unchecked exception.

More details.

133) Explain the hierarchy of Java Exception classes?

The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is inherited by two
subclasses: Exception and Error. A hierarchy of Java Exception classes are given below:
Advertisement

134) What is the difference between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?

1) Checked Exception
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked
exceptions, e.g., IOException, SQLException, etc. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception

The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions, e.g.,
ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-
time.

More details.

135) What is the base class for Error and Exception?

The Throwable class is the base class for Error and Exception.

136) Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?

It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed by
either a catch block OR a finally block. So whatever exceptions are likely to be thrown should be
declared in the throws clause of the method. Consider the following example.

1. public class Main{

2. public static void main(String []args){

3. try{

4. int a = 1;

5. System.out.println(a/0);

6. }

7. finally

8. {

9. System.out.println("rest of the code...");

10. }

11. }

12. }

13.

Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero

rest of the code...

137) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class ExceptionHandlingExample {

2. public static void main(String args[])

3. {

4. try

5. {

6. int a = 1/0;

7. System.out.println("a = "+a);

8. }

9. catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}

10. catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}

11. }

12. }

Output

ExceptionHandlingExample.java:10: error: exception ArithmeticException has already been caught

catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}

1 error

Explanation

ArithmaticException is the subclass of Exception. Therefore, it can not be used after Exception. Since
Exception is the base class for all the exceptions, therefore, it must be used at last to handle the
exception. No class can be used after this.

138) What is finally block?

The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of the program. It is executed whether an
exception is handled or not. In other words, we can say that finally block is the block which is always
executed. Finally block follows try or catch block. If you don't handle the exception, before
terminating the program, JVM runs finally block, (if any). The finally block is mainly used to place the
cleanup code such as closing a file or closing a connection. Here, we must know that for each try
block there can be zero or more catch blocks, but only one finally block. The finally block will not be
executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the
process to abort).

More details.

139) Can finally block be used without a catch?

Yes, According to the definition of finally block, it must be followed by a try or catch block, therefore,
we can use try block instead of catch. More details.

140) Is there any case when finally will not be executed?

Finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal
error that causes the process to abort).More details.

141) What is the difference between throw and throws?

throw keyword throws keyword

1) The throw keyword is used to throw an exception

The throws keyword is used to declare an exception.
explicitly.

2) The checked exceptions cannot be propagated with

The checked exception can be propagated with throws
throw only.

3) The throw keyword is followed by an instance. The throws keyword is followed by class.

4) The throw keyword is used within the method. The throws keyword is used with the method signature.

You can declare multiple exceptions, e.g., public void

5) You cannot throw multiple exceptions.
method()throws IOException, SQLException.

More details.

142) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Main{

2. public static void main(String []args){

3. try

4. {

5. throw 90;

6. }

7. catch(int e){

8. System.out.println("Caught the exception "+e);

9. }

10.
 11. }

12. }

Output

Main.java:6: error: incompatible types: int cannot be converted to Throwable

throw 90;

Main.java:8: error: unexpected type

catch(int e){

required: class

found: int

2 errors

Explanation

In Java, the throwable objects can only be thrown. If we try to throw an integer object, The compiler
will show an error since we can not throw basic data type from a block of code.

143) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Calculation extends Exception

2. {

3. public Calculation()

4. {

5. System.out.println("Calculation class is instantiated");

6. }

7. public void add(int a, int b)

8. {

9. System.out.println("The sum is "+(a+b));

10. }

11. }
 12. public class Main{

13. public static void main(String []args){

14. try

15. {

16. throw new Calculation();

17. }

18. catch(Calculation c){

19. c.add(10,20);

20. }

21. }

22. }

Output

Calculation class is instantiated

The sum is 30

Explanation

The object of Calculation is thrown from the try block which is caught in the catch block. The add() of
Calculation class is called with the integer values 10 and 20 by using the object of this class.
Therefore there sum 30 is printed. The object of the Main class can only be thrown in the case when
the type of the object is throwable. To do so, we need to extend the throwable class.

144) Can an exception be rethrown?

Yes.

145) Can subclass overriding method declare an exception if parent class method doesn't throw an
exception?

Yes but only unchecked exception not checked.

More details.

146) What is exception propagation?

An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops down the call
stack to the previous method, If not caught there, the exception again drops down to the previous
method, and so on until they are caught or until they reach the very bottom of the call stack. This
procedure is called exception propagation. By default, checked exceptions are not propagated.

1. class TestExceptionPropagation1{

2. void m(){

3. int data=50/0;

4. }

5. void n(){

6. m();

7. }

8. void p(){

9. try{

10. n();

11. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");}

12. }

13. public static void main(String args[]){

14. TestExceptionPropagation1 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation1();

15. obj.p();

16. System.out.println("normal flow...");

17. }

18. }

Test it Now

Output:

exception handled

normal flow...
More details.

147) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Main

2. {

3. void a()

4. {

5. try{

6. System.out.println("a(): Main called");

7. b();

8. }catch(Exception e)

9. {

10. System.out.println("Exception is caught");

11. }

12. }

13. void b() throws Exception

14. {
 15. try{

16. System.out.println("b(): Main called");

17. c();

18. }catch(Exception e){

19. throw new Exception();

20. }

21. finally

22. {

23. System.out.println("finally block is called");

24. }

25. }

26. void c() throws Exception

27. {

28. throw new Exception();

29. }

30.

31. public static void main (String args[])

32. {

33. Main m = new Main();

34. m.a();

35. }

36. }

Output

a(): Main called

b(): Main called

finally block is called

Exception is caught
Explanation

In the main method, a() of Main is called which prints a message and call b(). The method b() prints
some message and then call c(). The method c() throws an exception which is handled by the catch
block of method b. However, It propagates this exception by using throw Exception() to be handled
by the method a(). As we know, finally block is always executed therefore the finally block in the
method b() is executed first and prints a message. At last, the exception is handled by the catch block
of the method a().

148) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Calculation

2. {

3. int a;

4. public Calculation(int a)

5. {

6. this.a = a;

7. }

8. public int add()

9. {

10. a = a+10;

11. try

12. {

13. a = a+10;

14. try

15. {

16. a = a*10;

17. throw new Exception();

18. }catch(Exception e){

19. a = a - 10;

20. }
 21. }catch(Exception e)

22. {

23. a = a - 10;

24. }

25. return a;

26. }

27.

28. public static void main (String args[])

29. {

30. Calculation c = new Calculation(10);

31. int result = c.add();

32. System.out.println("result = "+result);

33. }

34. }

Output

result = 290

Explanation

The instance variable a of class Calculation is initialized to 10 using the class constructor which is
called while instantiating the class. The add method is called which returns an integer value result. In
add() method, a is incremented by 10 to be 20. Then, in the first try block, 10 is again incremented by
10 to be 30. In the second try block, a is multiplied by 10 to be 300. The second try block throws the
exception which is caught by the catch block associated with this try block. The catch block again
alters the value of a by decrementing it by 10 to make it 290. Thus the add() method returns 290
which is assigned to result. However, the catch block associated with the outermost try block will
never be executed since there is no exception which can be handled by this catch block.

Java: String Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and pointed answers. If you
know any string handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.

149) What is String Pool?

String pool is the space reserved in the heap memory that can be used to store the strings. The main
advantage of using the String pool is whenever we create a string literal; the JVM checks the "string
constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is
returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the
pool. Therefore, it saves the memory by avoiding the duplicacy.

150) What is the meaning of immutable regarding String?

The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. In Java, String is immutable, i.e.,
once string object has been created, its value can't be changed. Consider the following example for
better understanding.

1. class Testimmutablestring{

2. public static void main(String args[]){

3. String s="Sachin";

4. s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end

 5. System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects

6. }

7. }

Test it Now

Output:

Sachin

More details.

151) Why are the objects immutable in java?

Because Java uses the concept of the string literal. Suppose there are five reference variables, all
refer to one object "sachin". If one reference variable changes the value of the object, it will be
affected by all the reference variables. That is why string objects are immutable in java.

More details.
152) How many ways can we create the string object?

1) String Literal

Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

1. String s="welcome";

Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string
already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the string doesn't exist in
the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. String objects are stored in a special
memory area known as the string constant pool For example:

1. String s1="Welcome";

2. String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance

2) By new keyword

1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap memory, and the literal
"Welcome" will be placed in the constant string pool. The variable s will refer to the object in a heap
(non-pool).

153) How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s1="Welcome";

2. String s2="Welcome";

3. String s3="Welcome";

Only one object will be created using the above code because strings in Java are immutable.

More details.

154) Why java uses the concept of the string literal?

To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already in the
string constant pool).

More details.

155) How many objects will be created in the following code?

 1. String s = new String("Welcome");

Two objects, one in string constant pool and other in non-pool(heap).

More details.

156) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test

2.

3. public static void main (String args[])

4. {

5. String a = new String("Sharma is a good player");

6. String b = "Sharma is a good player";

7. if(a == b)

8. {

9. System.out.println("a == b");

10. }

11. if(a.equals(b))

12. {

13. System.out.println("a equals b");

14. }

15. }

Output

a equals b

Explanation

The operator == also check whether the references of the two string objects are equal or not.
Although both of the strings contain the same content, their references are not equal because both
are created by different ways(Constructor and String literal) therefore, a == b is unequal. On the
other hand, the equal() method always check for the content. Since their content is equal hence, a
equals b is printed.
157) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test

2. {

3. public static void main (String args[])

4. {

5. String s1 = "Sharma is a good player";

6. String s2 = new String("Sharma is a good player");

7. s2 = s2.intern();

8. System.out.println(s1 ==s2);

9. }

10. }

Output

true

Explanation

The intern method returns the String object reference from the string pool. In this case, s1 is created
by using string literal whereas, s2 is created by using the String pool. However, s2 is changed to the
reference of s1, and the operator == returns true.

158) What are the differences between String and StringBuffer?

The differences between the String and StringBuffer is given in the table below.

No. String StringBuffer

1) The String class is immutable. The StringBuffer class is mutable.

The String is slow and consumes more

memory when you concat too many The StringBuffer is fast and consum
2)
strings because every time it creates a less memory when you cancat strin
new instance.

3) The String class overrides the equals()

The StringBuffer class doesn't overr
method of Object class. So you can
 compare the contents of two strings the equals() method of Object class
by equals() method.

159) What are the differences between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?

The differences between the StringBuffer and StringBuilder is given below.

No. StringBuffer StringBuilder

StringBuffer is synchronized, i.e., StringBuilder is non-synchronized,i.

thread safe. It means two threads not thread safe. It means two threa
1)
can't call the methods of StringBuffer can call the methods of StringBuild
simultaneously. simultaneously.

StringBuffer is less efficient than StringBuilder is more efficient than

2)
StringBuilder. StringBuffer.

160) How can we create an immutable class in Java?

We can create an immutable class by defining a final class having all of its members as final. Consider
the following example.

1. public final class Employee{

2. final String pancardNumber;

3.

4. public Employee(String pancardNumber){

5. this.pancardNumber=pancardNumber;

6. }

7.

8. public String getPancardNumber(){

9. return pancardNumber;

10. }

11.

12. }
More details.

161) What is the purpose of toString() method in Java?

The toString() method returns the string representation of an object. If you print any object, java
compiler internally invokes the toString() method on the object. So overriding the toString() method,
returns the desired output, it can be the state of an object, etc. depending upon your
implementation. By overriding the toString() method of the Object class, we can return the values of
the object, so we don't need to write much code. Consider the following example.

1. class Student{

2. int rollno;

3. String name;

4. String city;

5.

6. Student(int rollno, String name, String city){

7. this.rollno=rollno;

8. this.name=name;

9. this.city=city;

10. }

11.

12. public String toString(){//overriding the toString() method

13. return rollno+" "+name+" "+city;

14. }

15. public static void main(String args[]){

16. Student s1=new Student(101,"Raj","lucknow");

17. Student s2=new Student(102,"Vijay","ghaziabad");

18.

19. System.out.println(s1);//compiler writes here s1.toString()

20. System.out.println(s2);//compiler writes here s2.toString()

21. }
 22. }

Output:

101 Raj lucknow

102 Vijay ghaziabad

More details.

162) Why CharArray() is preferred over String to store the password?

String stays in the string pool until the garbage is collected. If we store the password into a string, it
stays in the memory for a longer period, and anyone having the memory-dump can extract the
password as clear text. On the other hand, Using CharArray allows us to set it to blank whenever we
are done with the password. It avoids the security threat with the string by enabling us to control the
memory.

163) Write a Java program to count the number of words present in a string?

Program:

1. public class Test

2. {

3. public static void main (String args[])

4. {

5. String s = "Sharma is a good player and he is so punctual";

6. String words[] = s.split(" ");

7. System.out.println("The Number of words present in the string are : "+words.length);

8. }

9. }

Output

The Number of words present in the string are : 10

164) Name some classes present in java.util.regex package.

There are the following classes and interfaces present in java.util.regex package.
 o MatchResult Interface

o Matcher class

o Pattern class

o PatternSyntaxException class

165) How the metacharacters are different from the ordinary characters?

Metacharacters have the special meaning to the regular expression engine. The metacharacters are
^, $, ., *, +, etc. The regular expression engine does not consider them as the regular characters. To
enable the regular expression engine treating the metacharacters as ordinary characters, we need to
escape the metacharacters with the backslash.

166) Write a regular expression to validate a password. A password must start with an alphabet and
followed by alphanumeric characters; Its length must be in between 8 to 20.

The regular expression for the above criteria will be: ^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]{8,19} where ^ represents
the start of the regex, [a-zA-Z] represents that the first character must be an alphabet, [a-zA-Z0-9]
represents the alphanumeric character, {8,19} represents that the length of the password must be in
between 8 and 20.

167) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. import java.util.regex.*;

2. class RegexExample2{

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "as")); //line 4

5. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mk")); //line 5

6. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mst")); //line 6

7. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "amms")); //line 7

8. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("..s", "mas")); //line 8

9. }}

Output

true

false

false

false

true

Explanation

line 4 prints true since the second character of string is s, line 5 prints false since the second
character is not s, line 6 prints false since there are more than 3 characters in the string, line 7 prints
false since there are more than 2 characters in the string, and it contains more than 2 characters as
well, line 8 prints true since the third character of the string is s.

Core Java: Nested classes and Interfaces Interview Questions

168) What are the advantages of Java inner classes?

There are two types of advantages of Java inner classes.

 o Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is it can access all the members
(data members and methods) of the outer class including private.

o Nested classes are used to develop a more readable and maintainable code because it
logically groups classes and interfaces in one place only.

o Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.

169) What is a nested class?

The nested class can be defined as the class which is defined inside another class or interface. We
use the nested class to logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it can be more
readable and maintainable. A nested class can access all the data members of the outer class
including private data members and methods. The syntax of the nested class is defined below.

1. class Java_Outer_class{

2. //code

3. class Java_Nested_class{

4. //code

5. }

6. }

7.

There are two types of nested classes, static nested class, and non-static nested class. The non-static
nested class can also be called as inner-class

More details.

170) What are the disadvantages of using inner classes?

There are the following main disadvantages of using inner classes.

o Inner classes increase the total number of classes used by the developer and therefore
increases the workload of JVM since it has to perform some routine operations for those
extra classes which result in slower performance.

o IDEs provide less support to the inner classes as compare to the top level classes and
therefore it annoys the developers while working with inner classes.

171) What are the types of inner classes (non-static nested class) used in Java?
There are mainly three types of inner classes used in Java.

Type Description

Member Inner Class A class created within class and outside method.

A class created for implementing an interface or extendi

Anonymous Inner Class
class. Its name is decided by the java compiler.

Local Inner Class A class created within the method.

172) Is there any difference between nested classes and inner classes?

Yes, inner classes are non-static nested classes. In other words, we can say that inner classes are the
part of nested classes.

More details.

173) Can we access the non-final local variable, inside the local inner class?

No, the local variable must be constant if you want to access it in the local inner class.

More details.

174) How many class files are created on compiling the OuterClass in the following program?

1. public class Person {

2. String name, age, address;

3. class Employee{

4. float salary=10000;

5. }

6. class BusinessMen{

7. final String gstin="�4433drt3$";

8. }

9. public static void main (String args[])

 10. {

11. Person p = new Person();

12. }

13. }

3 class-files will be created named as Person.class, Person$BusinessMen.class, and

Person$Employee.class.

175) What are anonymous inner classes?

Anonymous inner classes are the classes that are automatically declared and instantiated within an
expression. We cannot apply different access modifiers to them. Anonymous class cannot be static,
and cannot define any static fields, method, or class. In other words, we can say that it a class
without the name and can have only one object that is created by its definition. Consider the
following example.

1. abstract class Person{

2. abstract void eat();

3. }

4. class TestAnonymousInner{

5. public static void main(String args[]){

6. Person p=new Person(){

7. void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}

8. };

9. p.eat();

10. }

11. }

Test it Now

Output:

nice fruits

Consider the following example for the working of the anonymous class using interface.

1. interface Eatable{
 2. void eat();

3. }

4. class TestAnnonymousInner1{

5. public static void main(String args[]){

6. Eatable e=new Eatable(){

7. public void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}

8. };

9. e.eat();

10. }

11. }

Test it Now

Output:

nice fruits

176) What is the nested interface?

An Interface that is declared inside the interface or class is known as the nested interface. It is static
by default. The nested interfaces are used to group related interfaces so that they can be easy to
maintain. The external interface or class must refer to the nested interface. It can't be accessed
directly. The nested interface must be public if it is declared inside the interface but it can have any
access modifier if declared within the class. The syntax of the nested interface is given as follows.

1. interface interface_name{

2. ...

3. interface nested_interface_name{

4. ...

5. }

6. }

7.

More details.
177) Can a class have an interface?

Yes, an interface can be defined within the class. It is called a nested interface.

More details.

178) Can an Interface have a class?

Yes, they are static implicitly.

More details.

Garbage Collection Interview Questions

179) What is Garbage Collection?

Garbage collection is a process of reclaiming the unused runtime objects. It is performed for memory
management. In other words, we can say that It is the process of removing unused objects from the
memory to free up space and make this space available for Java Virtual Machine. Due to garbage
collection java gives 0 as output to a variable whose value is not set, i.e., the variable has been
defined but not initialized. For this purpose, we were using free() function in the C language and
delete() in C++. In Java, it is performed automatically. So, java provides better memory management.

More details.

180) What is gc()?

The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector for cleanup processing. This method is found
in System and Runtime classes. This function explicitly makes the Java Virtual Machine free up the
space occupied by the unused objects so that it can be utilized or reused. Consider the following
example for the better understanding of how the gc() method invoke the garbage collector.

1. public class TestGarbage1{

2. public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage collected");}

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();

5. TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();

6. s1=null;

7. s2=null;

8. System.gc();
 9. }

10. }

Test it Now

object is garbage collected

object is garbage collected

181) How is garbage collection controlled?

Garbage collection is managed by JVM. It is performed when there is not enough space in the
memory and memory is running low. We can externally call the System.gc() for the garbage
collection. However, it depends upon the JVM whether to perform it or not.

182) How can an object be unreferenced?

There are many ways:

o By nulling the reference

o By assigning a reference to another

o By anonymous object etc.

1) By nulling a reference:

1. Employee e=new Employee();

2. e=null;

2) By assigning a reference to another:

1. Employee e1=new Employee();

2. Employee e2=new Employee();

3. e1=e2;//now the first object referred by e1 is available for garbage collection

3) By anonymous object:

1. new Employee();

183) What is the purpose of the finalize() method?

The finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected. It is used to perform
cleanup processing. The Garbage collector of JVM collects only those objects that are created by new
keyword. So if you have created an object without new, you can use the finalize method to perform
cleanup processing (destroying remaining objects). The cleanup processing is the process to free up
all the resources, network which was previously used and no longer needed. It is essential to
remember that it is not a reserved keyword, finalize method is present in the object class hence it is
available in every class as object class is the superclass of every class in java. Here, we must note that
neither finalization nor garbage collection is guaranteed. Consider the following example.

1. public class FinalizeTest {

2. int j=12;

3. void add()

4. {

5. j=j+12;

6. System.out.println("J="+j);

7. }

8. public void finalize()

9. {

10. System.out.println("Object is garbage collected");

11. }

12. public static void main(String[] args) {

13. new FinalizeTest().add();

14. System.gc();

15. new FinalizeTest().add();

16. }

17. }

18.

184) Can an unreferenced object be referenced again?

Yes,

185) What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread?

Daemon thread.
186) What is the difference between final, finally and finalize?

No. final finally finalize

Final is used to apply

restrictions on class,
method, and variable. The Finally is used to place Finalize is used to perform
final class can't be important code, it will be clean up processing just
1)
inherited, final method executed whether an before an object is garba
can't be overridden, and exception is handled or not. collected.
final variable value can't be
changed.

2) Final is a keyword. Finally is a block. Finalize is a method.

187) What is the purpose of the Runtime class?

Java Runtime class is used to interact with a java runtime environment. Java Runtime class provides
methods to execute a process, invoke GC, get total and free memory, etc. There is only one instance
of java.lang.Runtime class is available for one java application. The Runtime.getRuntime() method
returns the singleton instance of Runtime class.

188) How will you invoke any external process in Java?

By Runtime.getRuntime().exec(?) method. Consider the following example.

1. public class Runtime1{

2. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{

3. Runtime.getRuntime().exec("notepad");//will open a new notepad

4. }

5. }

I/O Interview Questions

189) Give the hierarchy of InputStream and OutputStream classes.

OutputStream Hierarchy
InputStream Hierarchy

190) What do you understand by an IO stream?

The stream is a sequence of data that flows from source to destination. It is composed of bytes. In
Java, three streams are created for us automatically.

o System.out: standard output stream

o System.in: standard input stream

o System.err: standard error stream

191) What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the
InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?

The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream class

hierarchy is byte-oriented. The ByteStream classes are used to perform input-output of 8-bit bytes
whereas the CharacterStream classes are used to perform the input/output for the 16-bit Unicode
system. There are many classes in the ByteStream class hierarchy, but the most frequently used
classes are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. The most frequently used classes
CharacterStream class hierarchy is FileReader and FileWriter.

192) What are the super most classes for all the streams?

All the stream classes can be divided into two types of classes that are ByteStream classes and
CharacterStream Classes. The ByteStream classes are further divided into InputStream classes and
OutputStream classes. CharacterStream classes are also divided into Reader classes and Writer
classes. The SuperMost classes for all the InputStream classes is java.io.InputStream and for all the
output stream classes is java.io.OutPutStream. Similarly, for all the reader classes, the super-most
class is java.io.Reader, and for all the writer classes, it is java.io.Writer.

193) What are the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream?

Java FileOutputStream is an output stream used for writing data to a file. If you have some primitive
values to write into a file, use FileOutputStream class. You can write byte-oriented as well as
character-oriented data through the FileOutputStream class. However, for character-oriented data, it
is preferred to use FileWriter than FileOutputStream. Consider the following example of writing a
byte into a file.

1. import java.io.FileOutputStream;

2. public class FileOutputStreamExample {

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. try{

5. FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D:\\testout.txt");

6. fout.write(65);

7. fout.close();

8. System.out.println("success...");

9. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}

10. }

11. }

Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a file. It is used for reading byte-oriented data
(streams of raw bytes) such as image data, audio, video, etc. You can also read character-stream
data. However, for reading streams of characters, it is recommended to use FileReader class.
Consider the following example for reading bytes from a file.

1. import java.io.FileInputStream;
 2. public class DataStreamExample {

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. try{

5. FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("D:\\testout.txt");

6. int i=fin.read();

7. System.out.print((char)i);

8.

9. fin.close();

10. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}

11. }

12. }

13.

194) What is the purpose of using BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream classes?

Java BufferedOutputStream class is used for buffering an output stream. It internally uses a buffer to
store data. It adds more efficiency than to write data directly into a stream. So, it makes the
performance fast. Whereas, Java BufferedInputStream class is used to read information from the
stream. It internally uses the buffer mechanism to make the performance fast.

195) How to set the Permissions to a file in Java?

In Java, FilePermission class is used to alter the permissions set on a file. Java FilePermission class
contains the permission related to a directory or file. All the permissions are related to the path. The
path can be of two types:

o D:\\IO\\-: It indicates that the permission is associated with all subdirectories and files
recursively.

o D:\\IO\\*: It indicates that the permission is associated with all directory and files within this
directory excluding subdirectories.

Let's see the simple example in which permission of a directory path is granted with read permission
and a file of this directory is granted for write permission.

1. package com.javatpoint;

2. import java.io.*;
 3. import java.security.PermissionCollection;

4. public class FilePermissionExample{

5. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

6. String srg = "D:\\IO Package\\java.txt";

7. FilePermission file1 = new FilePermission("D:\\IO Package\\-", "read");

8. PermissionCollection permission = file1.newPermissionCollection();

9. permission.add(file1);

10. FilePermission file2 = new FilePermission(srg, "write");

11. permission.add(file2);

12. if(permission.implies(new FilePermission(srg, "read,write"))) {

13. System.out.println("Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg );

14. }else {

15. System.out.println("No Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg); }

16. }

17. }

Output

Read, Write permission is granted for the path D:\IO Package\java.txt

196) What are FilterStreams?

FilterStream classes are used to add additional functionalities to the other stream classes.
FilterStream classes act like an interface which read the data from a stream, filters it, and pass the
filtered data to the caller. The FilterStream classes provide extra functionalities like adding line
numbers to the destination file, etc.

197) What is an I/O filter?

An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data
in some way as it is passed from one stream to another. Many Filter classes that allow a user to make
a chain using multiple input streams. It generates a combined effect on several filters.
198) In Java, How many ways you can take input from the console?

In Java, there are three ways by using which, we can take input from the console.

o Using BufferedReader class: we can take input from the console by wrapping System.in into
an InputStreamReader and passing it into the BufferedReader. It provides an efficient reading
as the input gets buffered. Consider the following example.

o import java.io.BufferedReader;

o import java.io.IOException;

o import java.io.InputStreamReader;

o public class Person

o {

o public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException

o {

o System.out.println("Enter the name of the person");

o BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.i

n));

o String name = reader.readLine();

o System.out.println(name);

o }

o }

o Using Scanner class: The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens using a delimiter
that is whitespace by default. It provides many methods to read and parse various primitive
values. Java Scanner class is widely used to parse text for string and primitive types using a
regular expression. Java Scanner class extends Object class and implements Iterator and
Closeable interfaces. Consider the following example.

o import java.util.*;

o public class ScannerClassExample2 {

o public static void main(String args[]){

o String str = "Hello/This is JavaTpoint/My name is Abhishek.";

o //Create scanner with the specified String Object

o Scanner scanner = new Scanner(str);

 o System.out.println("Boolean Result: "+scanner.hasNextBoolean());

o //Change the delimiter of this scanner

o scanner.useDelimiter("/");

o //Printing the tokenized Strings

o System.out.println("---Tokenizes String---");

o while(scanner.hasNext()){

o System.out.println(scanner.next());

o }

o //Display the new delimiter

o System.out.println("Delimiter used: " +scanner.delimiter());

o scanner.close();

o }

o }

o Using Console class: The Java Console class is used to get input from the console. It provides
methods to read texts and passwords. If you read the password using the Console class, it
will not be displayed to the user. The java.io.Console class is attached to the system console
internally. The Console class is introduced since 1.5. Consider the following example.

o import java.io.Console;

o class ReadStringTest{

o public static void main(String args[]){

o Console c=System.console();

o System.out.println("Enter your name: ");

o String n=c.readLine();

o System.out.println("Welcome "+n);

o }

o }

Serialization Interview Questions

199) What is serialization?

Serialization in Java is a mechanism of writing the state of an object into a byte stream. It is used
primarily in Hibernate, RMI, JPA, EJB and JMS technologies. It is mainly used to travel object's state
on the network (which is known as marshaling). Serializable interface is used to perform serialization.
It is helpful when you require to save the state of a program to storage such as the file. At a later
point of time, the content of this file can be restored using deserialization. It is also required to
implement RMI(Remote Method Invocation). With the help of RMI, it is possible to invoke the
method of a Java object on one machine to another machine.

More details.

200) How can you make a class serializable in Java?

A class can become serializable by implementing the Serializable interface.

201) How can you avoid serialization in child class if the base class is implementing the Serializable
interface?

It is very tricky to prevent serialization of child class if the base class is intended to implement the
Serializable interface. However, we cannot do it directly, but the serialization can be avoided by
implementing the writeObject() or readObject() methods in the subclass and throw
NotSerializableException from these methods. Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.FileInputStream;

2. import java.io.FileOutputStream;
3. import java.io.IOException;

4. import java.io.NotSerializableException;

5. import java.io.ObjectInputStream;

6. import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;

7. import java.io.Serializable;

8. class Person implements Serializable

9. {

10. String name = " ";

11. public Person(String name)

12. {

13. this.name = name;

14. }

15. }

16. class Employee extends Person

17. {

18. float salary;

19. public Employee(String name, float salary)

20. {

21. super(name);

22. this.salary = salary;

23. }

24. private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException

25. {

26. throw new NotSerializableException();

27. }

28. private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException

29. {
30. throw new NotSerializableException();

31. }

32.

33. }

34. public class Test

35. {

36. public static void main(String[] args)

37. throws Exception

38. {

39. Employee emp = new Employee("Sharma", 10000);

40.

41. System.out.println("name = " + emp.name);

42. System.out.println("salary = " + emp.salary);

43.

44. FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("abc.ser");

45. ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);

46.

47. oos.writeObject(emp);

48.

49. oos.close();

50. fos.close();

51.

52. System.out.println("Object has been serialized");

53.

54. FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("ab.txt");

55. ObjectInputStream o = new ObjectInputStream(f);

56.
 57. Employee emp1 = (Employee)o.readObject();

58.

59. o.close();

60. f.close();

61.

62. System.out.println("Object has been deserialized");

63.

64. System.out.println("name = " + emp1.name);

65. System.out.println("salary = " + emp1.salary);

66. }

67. }

202) Can a Serialized object be transferred via network?

Yes, we can transfer a serialized object via network because the serialized object is stored in the
memory in the form of bytes and can be transmitted over the network. We can also write the
serialized object to the disk or the database.

203) What is Deserialization?

Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from the serialized state. It is the reverse
operation of serialization. An ObjectInputStream deserializes objects and primitive data written using
an ObjectOutputStream.

1. import java.io.*;

2. class Depersist{

3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{

4.

5. ObjectInputStream in=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("f.txt"));

6. Student s=(Student)in.readObject();

7. System.out.println(s.id+" "+s.name);

8.
 9. in.close();

10. }

11. }

211 ravi

204) What is the transient keyword?

If you define any data member as transient, it will not be serialized. By determining transient
keyword, the value of variable need not persist when it is restored. More details.

205) What is Externalizable?

The Externalizable interface is used to write the state of an object into a byte stream in a compressed
format. It is not a marker interface.

206) What is the difference between Serializable and Externalizable interface?

No. Serializable Externalizable

The Externalizable interface contain

The Serializable interface does not
not a marker interface, It contains t
1) have any method, i.e., it is a marker
methods, i.e., writeExternal() and
interface.
readExternal().

It is used to "mark" Java classes so The Externalizable interface provide

2) that objects of these classes may get control of the serialization logic to t
the certain capability. programmer.

It is used to perform the serializatio

It is easy to implement but has the
3) and often result in better
higher performance cost.
performance.

No class constructor is called in We must call a public default

4)
serialization. constructor while using this interfac

.
Networking Interview Questions

207) Give a brief description of Java socket programming?

Java Socket programming is used for communication between the applications running on different
JRE. Java Socket programming can be connection-oriented or connectionless. Socket and
ServerSocket classes are used for connection-oriented socket programming and DatagramSocket,
and DatagramPacket classes are used for connectionless socket programming. The client in socket
programming must know two information:

o IP address of the server

o port number

208) What is Socket?

A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. It provides the
connection mechanism to connect the two computers using TCP. The Socket class can be used to
create a socket.

209) What are the steps that are followed when two computers connect through TCP?

There are the following steps that are performed when two computers connect through TCP.

o The ServerSocket object is instantiated by the server which denotes the port number to
which, the connection will be made.

o After instantiating the ServerSocket object, the server invokes accept() method of
ServerSocket class which makes server wait until the client attempts to connect to the server
on the given port.

o Meanwhile, the server is waiting, a socket is created by the client by instantiating Socket
class. The socket class constructor accepts the server port number and server name.

o The Socket class constructor attempts to connect with the server on the specified name. If
the connection is established, the client will have a socket object that can communicate with
the server.

o The accept() method invoked by the server returns a reference to the new socket on the
server that is connected with the server.

210) Write a program in Java to establish a connection between client and server?

Consider the following program where the connection between the client and server is established.
File: MyServer.java

1. import java.io.*;

2. import java.net.*;

3. public class MyServer {

4. public static void main(String[] args){

5. try{

6. ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);

7. Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection

8. DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());

9. String str=(String)dis.readUTF();

10. System.out.println("message= "+str);

11. ss.close();

12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}

13. }

14. }

File: MyClient.java

1. import java.io.*;

2. import java.net.*;

3. public class MyClient {

4. public static void main(String[] args) {

5. try{

6. Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);

7. DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());

8. dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");

9. dout.flush();

10. dout.close();

11. s.close();
 12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}

13. }

14. }

211) How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a hostname like java.sun.com?

By InetAddress.getByName("192.18.97.39").getHostName() where 192.18.97.39 is the IP address.

Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.*;

2. import java.net.*;

3. public class InetDemo{

4. public static void main(String[] args){

5. try{

6. InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("195.201.10.8");

7.

8. System.out.println("Host Name: "+ip.getHostName());

9. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}

10. }

11. }

12.

Reflection Interview Questions

212) What is the reflection?

Reflection is the process of examining or modifying the runtime behavior of a class at runtime. The
java.lang.Class class provides various methods that can be used to get metadata, examine and
change the runtime behavior of a class. The java.lang and java.lang.reflect packages provide classes
for java reflection. It is used in:

o IDE (Integrated Development Environment), e.g., Eclipse, MyEclipse, NetBeans.

o Debugger
 o Test Tools, etc.

213) What is the purpose of using java.lang.Class class?

The java.lang.Class class performs mainly two tasks:

o Provides methods to get the metadata of a class at runtime.

o Provides methods to examine and change the runtime behavior of a class.

214) What are the ways to instantiate the Class class?

There are three ways to instantiate the Class class.

o forName() method of Class class: The forName() method is used to load the class
dynamically. It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used if you know the fully
qualified name of the class. This cannot be used for primitive types.

o getClass() method of Object class: It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used if
you know the type. Moreover, it can be used with primitives.

o the .class syntax: If a type is available, but there is no instance then it is possible to obtain a
Class by appending ".class" to the name of the type. It can be used for primitive data type
also.

215) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Simple{

2. public Simple()

3. {

4. System.out.println("Constructor of Simple class is invoked");

5. }

6. void message(){System.out.println("Hello Java");}

 7. }

8.

9. class Test1{

10. public static void main(String args[]){

11. try{

12. Class c=Class.forName("Simple");

13. Simple s=(Simple)c.newInstance();

14. s.message();

15. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}

16. }

17. }

Output

Constructor of Simple class is invoked

Hello Java

Explanation

The newInstance() method of the Class class is used to invoke the constructor at runtime. In this
program, the instance of the Simple class is created.

216) What is the purpose of using javap?

The javap command disassembles a class file. The javap command displays information about the
fields, constructors and methods present in a class file.

Syntax

javap fully_class_name

217) Can you access the private method from outside the class?

Yes, by changing the runtime behavior of a class if the class is not secured.

More details.
Miscellaneous Interview Questions

218)What are wrapper classes?

Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. In other words, we
can say that wrapper classes are built-in java classes which allow the conversion of objects to
primitives and primitives to objects. The process of converting primitives to objects is called
autoboxing, and the process of converting objects to primitives is called unboxing. There are eight
wrapper classes present in java.lang package is given below.

Primitive Type Wrapper class

boolean Boolean

char Character

byte Byte

short Short

int Integer

long Long

float Float

double Double

219)What are autoboxing and unboxing? When does it occur?

The autoboxing is the process of converting primitive data type to the corresponding wrapper class
object, eg., int to Integer. The unboxing is the process of converting wrapper class object to primitive
data type. For eg., integer to int. Unboxing and autoboxing occur automatically in Java. However, we
can externally convert one into another by using the methods like valueOf() or xxxValue().

It can occur whenever a wrapper class object is expected, and primitive data type is provided or vice
versa.

o Adding primitive types into Collection like ArrayList in Java.

 o Creating an instance of parameterized classes ,e.g., ThreadLocal which expect Type.

o Java automatically converts primitive to object whenever one is required and another is
provided in the method calling.

o When a primitive type is assigned to an object type.

220) What is the output of the below Java program?

1. public class Test1

2. {

3. public static void main(String[] args) {

4. Integer i = new Integer(201);

5. Integer j = new Integer(201);

6. if(i == j)

7. {

8. System.out.println("hello");

9. }

10. else

11. {

12. System.out.println("bye");

13. }

14. }

15. }

Output

bye

Explanation

The Integer class caches integer values from -127 to 127. Therefore, the Integer objects can only be
created in the range -128 to 127. The operator == will not work for the value greater than 127;
thus bye is printed.

221) What is object cloning?

The object cloning is a way to create an exact copy of an object. The clone() method of the Object
class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be implemented by the class
whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface, clone() method
generates CloneNotSupportedException. The clone() method is defined in the Object class. The
syntax of the clone() method is as follows:

protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException

222) What are the advantages and disadvantages of object cloning?

Advantage of Object Cloning

o You don't need to write lengthy and repetitive codes. Just use an abstract class with a 4- or 5-
line long clone() method.

o It is the easiest and most efficient way of copying objects, especially if we are applying it to
an already developed or an old project. Just define a parent class, implement Cloneable in it,
provide the definition of the clone() method and the task will be done.

o Clone() is the fastest way to copy the array.

Disadvantage of Object Cloning

o To use the Object.clone() method, we have to change many syntaxes to our code, like
implementing a Cloneable interface, defining the clone() method and handling
CloneNotSupportedException, and finally, calling Object.clone(), etc.

o We have to implement the Cloneable interface while it does not have any methods in it. We
have to use it to tell the JVM that we can perform a clone() on our object.

o Object.clone() is protected, so we have to provide our own clone() and indirectly call
Object.clone() from it.

o Object.clone() does not invoke any constructor, so we do not have any control over object
construction.

o If you want to write a clone method in a child class, then all of its superclasses should define
the clone() method in them or inherit it from another parent class. Otherwise, the
super.clone() chain will fail.

o Object.clone() supports only shallow copying, but we will need to override it if we need deep
cloning.

223) What is a native method?

A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. Natives methods are
sometimes also referred to as foreign methods.
224) What is the purpose of the strictfp keyword?

Java strictfp keyword ensures that you will get the same result on every platform if you perform
operations in the floating-point variable. The precision may differ from platform to platform that is
why java programming language has provided the strictfp keyword so that you get the same result on
every platform. So, now you have better control over the floating-point arithmetic.

225) What is the purpose of the System class?

The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources such as standard input and
output. It cannot be instantiated. Facilities provided by System class are given below.

o Standard input

o Error output streams

o Standard output

o utility method to copy the portion of an array

o utilities to load files and libraries

There are the three fields of Java System class, i.e., static printstream err, static inputstream in, and
standard output stream.

226) What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?

Object cloning.

227) What is a singleton class?

Singleton class is the class which can not be instantiated more than once. To make a class singleton,
we either make its constructor private or use the static getInstance method. Consider the following
example.

1. class Singleton{

2. private static Singleton single_instance = null;

3. int i;

4. private Singleton ()

5. {
 6. i=90;

7. }

8. public static Singleton getInstance()

9. {

10. if(single_instance == null)

11. {

12. single_instance = new Singleton();

13. }

14. return single_instance;

15. }

16. }

17. public class Main

18. {

19. public static void main (String args[])

20. {

21. Singleton first = Singleton.getInstance();

22. System.out.println("First instance integer value:"+first.i);

23. first.i=first.i+90;

24. Singleton second = Singleton.getInstance();

25. System.out.println("Second instance integer value:"+second.i);

26. }

27. }

28.

228) Write a Java program that prints all the values given at command-line.

Program

1. class A{
 2. public static void main(String args[]){

3.

4. for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)

5. System.out.println(args[i]);

6.

7. }

8. }

1. compile by > javac A.java

2. run by > java A sonoo jaiswal 1 3 abc

Output

sonoo

jaiswal

abc

229) Which containers use a border layout as their default layout?

The Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.

230) Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?

The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.

231) What are peerless components?

The lightweight component of Swing is called peerless components. Spring has its libraries, so it does
not use resources from the Operating System, and hence it has lightweight components.

232) is there is any difference between a Scrollbar and a ScrollPane?

The Scrollbar is a Component whereas the ScrollPane is a Container. A ScrollPane handles its events
and performs its scrolling.

233) What is a lightweight component?

Lightweight components are the one which does not go with the native call to obtain the graphical
units. They share their parent component graphical units to render them. For example, Swing
components, and JavaFX Components.

234) What is a heavyweight component?

The portable elements provided by the operating system are called heavyweight components. AWT is
limited to the graphical classes provided by the operating system and therefore, It implements only
the minimal subset of screen elements supported by all platforms. The Operating system dependent
UI discovery tools are called heavyweight components.

235) What is an applet?

An applet is a small java program that runs inside the browser and generates dynamic content. It is
embedded in the webpage and runs on the client side. It is secured and takes less response time. It
can be executed by browsers running under many platforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac Os, etc.
However, the plugins are required at the client browser to execute the applet. The following image
shows the architecture of Applet.
When an applet is created, the following methods are invoked in order.

o init()

o start()

o paint()

When an applet is destroyed, the following functions are invoked in order.

o stop()

o destroy()

236) Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as an application?

Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.

Internationalization Interview Questions

237) What is Locale?

A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region. This object can be
used to get the locale-specific information such as country name, language, variant, etc.

1. import java.util.*;

2. public class LocaleExample {

3. public static void main(String[] args) {

4. Locale locale=Locale.getDefault();

5. //Locale locale=new Locale("fr","fr");//for the specific locale

6.

7. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayCountry());

8. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayLanguage());

9. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayName());

10. System.out.println(locale.getISO3Country());

11. System.out.println(locale.getISO3Language());

12. System.out.println(locale.getLanguage());

13. System.out.println(locale.getCountry());

14.

15. }

16. }

Output:

United States

English

English (United States)

USA

eng

en

US
238)How will you load a specific locale?

By ResourceBundle.getBundle(?) method.

Java Bean Interview Questions

239) What is a JavaBean?

JavaBean is a reusable software component written in the Java programming language, designed to
be manipulated visually by a software development environment, like JBuilder or VisualAge for Java.
t. A JavaBean encapsulates many objects into one object so that we can access this object from
multiple places. Moreover, it provides the easy maintenance. Consider the following example to
create a JavaBean class.

1. //Employee.java

2. package mypack;

3. public class Employee implements java.io.Serializable{

4. private int id;

5. private String name;

6. public Employee(){}

7. public void setId(int id){this.id=id;}

8. public int getId(){return id;}

9. public void setName(String name){this.name=name;}

10. public String getName(){return name;}

11. }

240) What is the purpose of using the Java bean?

According to Java white paper, it is a reusable software component. A bean encapsulates many
objects into one object so that we can access this object from multiple places. Moreover, it provides
the easy maintenance.

241) What do you understand by the bean persistent property?

The persistence property of Java bean comes into the act when the properties, fields, and state
information are saved to or retrieve from the storage.

RMI Interview Questions

242) What is RMI?

The RMI (Remote Method Invocation) is an API that provides a mechanism to create the distributed
application in java. The RMI allows an object to invoke methods on an object running in another
JVM. The RMI provides remote communication between the applications using two objects stub and
skeleton.

243) What is the purpose of stub and skeleton?

Stub

The stub is an object, acts as a gateway for the client side. All the outgoing requests are routed
through it. It resides at the client side and represents the remote object. When the caller invokes the
method on the stub object, it does the following tasks:

o It initiates a connection with remote Virtual Machine (JVM).

o It writes and transmits (marshals) the parameters to the remote Virtual Machine (JVM).

o It waits for the result.

o It reads (unmarshals) the return value or exception.

o It finally, returns the value to the caller.

Skeleton

The skeleton is an object, acts as a gateway for the server side object. All the incoming requests are
routed through it. When the skeleton receives the incoming request, it does the following tasks:

o It reads the parameter for the remote method.

o It invokes the method on the actual remote object.

o It writes and transmits (marshals) the result to the caller.

244) What are the steps involved to write RMI based programs?

There are 6 steps which are performed to write RMI based programs.
 o Create the remote interface.

o Provide the implementation of the remote interface.

o Compile the implementation class and create the stub and skeleton objects using the rmic
tool.

o Start the registry service by the rmiregistry tool.

o Create and start the remote application.

o Create and start the client application.

245) What is the use of HTTP-tunneling in RMI?

HTTP tunneling can be defined as the method which doesn't need any setup to work within the
firewall environment. It handles the HTTP connections through the proxy servers. However, it does
not allow outbound TCP connections.

246) What is JRMP?

JRMP (Java Remote Method Protocol) can be defined as the Java-specific, stream-based protocol
which looks up and refers to the remote objects. It requires both client and server to use Java
objects. It is wire level protocol which runs under RMI and over TCP/IP.

247) Can RMI and CORBA based applications interact?

Yes, they can. RMI is available with IIOP as the transport protocol instead of JRMP.

Core Java: Data Structure interview questions

248) How to perform Bubble Sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform Bubble sort in Java.

1. public class BubbleSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {

3. int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};

4. for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
 5. {

6. for (int j=0;j<10;j++)

7. {

8. if(a[i]<a[j])

9. {

10. int temp = a[i];

11. a[i]=a[j];

12. a[j] = temp;

13. }

14. }

15. }

16. System.out.println("Printing Sorted List ...");

17. for(int i=0;i<10;i++)

18. {

19. System.out.println(a[i]);

20. }

21. }

22. }

Output:

Printing Sorted List . . .

10

12

23

34

34
44

78

101

249) How to perform Binary Search in Java?

Consider the following program to perform the binary search in Java.

1. import java.util.*;

2. public class BinarySearch {

3. public static void main(String[] args) {

4. int[] arr = {16, 19, 20, 23, 45, 56, 78, 90, 96, 100};

5. int item, location = -1;

6. System.out.println("Enter the item which you want to search");

7. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

8. item = sc.nextInt();

9. location = binarySearch(arr,0,9,item);

10. if(location != -1)

11. System.out.println("the location of the item is "+location);

12. else

13. System.out.println("Item not found");

14. }

15. public static int binarySearch(int[] a, int beg, int end, int item)

16. {

17. int mid;

18. if(end >= beg)

19. {

20. mid = (beg + end)/2;

21. if(a[mid] == item)

 22. {

23. return mid+1;

24. }

25. else if(a[mid] < item)

26. {

27. return binarySearch(a,mid+1,end,item);

28. }

29. else

30. {

31. return binarySearch(a,beg,mid-1,item);

32. }

33. }

34. return -1;

35. }

36. }

Output:

Enter the item which you want to search

45

the location of the item is 5

250) How to perform Selection Sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform selection sort in Java.

1. public class SelectionSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {

3. int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};

4. int i,j,k,pos,temp;

5. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
6. {

7. pos = smallest(a,10,i);

8. temp = a[i];

9. a[i]=a[pos];

10. a[pos] = temp;

11. }

12. System.out.println("\nprinting sorted elements...\n");

13. for(i=0;i<10;i++)

14. {

15. System.out.println(a[i]);

16. }

17. }

18. public static int smallest(int a[], int n, int i)

19. {

20. int small,pos,j;

21. small = a[i];

22. pos = i;

23. for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)

24. {

25. if(a[j]<small)

26. {

27. small = a[j];

28. pos=j;

29. }

30. }

31. return pos;

32. }
 33. }

Output:

printing sorted elements...

10

12

23

23

34

44

78

101

251) How to perform Linear Search in Java?

Consider the following program to perform Linear search in Java.

1. import java.util.Scanner;

2.

3. public class Leniear_Search {

4. public static void main(String[] args) {

5. int[] arr = {10, 23, 15, 8, 4, 3, 25, 30, 34, 2, 19};

6. int item,flag=0;

7. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

8. System.out.println("Enter Item ?");

9. item = sc.nextInt();

10. for(int i = 0; i<10; i++)

11. {
 12. if(arr[i]==item)

13. {

14. flag = i+1;

15. break;

16. }

17. else

18. flag = 0;

19. }

20. if(flag != 0)

21. {

22. System.out.println("Item found at location" + flag);

23. }

24. else

25. System.out.println("Item not found");

26.

27. }

28. }

Output:

Enter Item ?

23

Item found at location 2

Enter Item ?

22

Item not found

252) How to perform merge sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform merge sort in Java.

1. public class MyMergeSort

2. {

3. void merge(int arr[], int beg, int mid, int end)

4. {

5.

6. int l = mid - beg + 1;

7. int r = end - mid;

8.

9. intLeftArray[] = new int [l];

10. intRightArray[] = new int [r];

11.

12. for (int i=0; i<l; ++i)

13. LeftArray[i] = arr[beg + i];

14.

15. for (int j=0; j<r; ++j)

16. RightArray[j] = arr[mid + 1+ j];

17.

18.

19. int i = 0, j = 0;

20. int k = beg;

21. while (i<l&&j<r)

22. {

23. if (LeftArray[i] <= RightArray[j])

24. {

25. arr[k] = LeftArray[i];

26. i++;

27. }
28. else

29. {

30. arr[k] = RightArray[j];

31. j++;

32. }

33. k++;

34. }

35. while (i<l)

36. {

37. arr[k] = LeftArray[i];

38. i++;

39. k++;

40. }

41.

42. while (j<r)

43. {

44. arr[k] = RightArray[j];

45. j++;

46. k++;

47. }

48. }

49.

50. void sort(int arr[], int beg, int end)

51. {

52. if (beg<end)

53. {

54. int mid = (beg+end)/2;

 55. sort(arr, beg, mid);

56. sort(arr , mid+1, end);

57. merge(arr, beg, mid, end);

58. }

59. }

60. public static void main(String args[])

61. {

62. intarr[] = {90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};

63. MyMergeSort ob = new MyMergeSort();

64. ob.sort(arr, 0, arr.length-1);

65.

66. System.out.println("\nSorted array");

67. for(int i =0; i<arr.length;i++)

68. {

69. System.out.println(arr[i]+"");

70. }

71. }

72. }

Output:

Sorted array

23

23

23

34

45

65

67
89

90

101

253) How to perform quicksort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform quicksort in Java.

1. public class QuickSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {

3. int i;

4. int[] arr={90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};

5. quickSort(arr, 0, 9);

6. System.out.println("\n The sorted array is: \n");

7. for(i=0;i<10;i++)

8. System.out.println(arr[i]);

9. }

10. public static int partition(int a[], int beg, int end)

11. {

12.

13. int left, right, temp, loc, flag;

14. loc = left = beg;

15. right = end;

16. flag = 0;

17. while(flag != 1)

18. {

19. while((a[loc] <= a[right]) && (loc!=right))

20. right--;

21. if(loc==right)
22. flag =1;

23. elseif(a[loc]>a[right])

24. {

25. temp = a[loc];

26. a[loc] = a[right];

27. a[right] = temp;

28. loc = right;

29. }

30. if(flag!=1)

31. {

32. while((a[loc] >= a[left]) && (loc!=left))

33. left++;

34. if(loc==left)

35. flag =1;

36. elseif(a[loc] <a[left])

37. {

38. temp = a[loc];

39. a[loc] = a[left];

40. a[left] = temp;

41. loc = left;

42. }

43. }

44. }

45. returnloc;

46. }

47. static void quickSort(int a[], int beg, int end)

48. {
 49.

50. int loc;

51. if(beg<end)

52. {

53. loc = partition(a, beg, end);

54. quickSort(a, beg, loc-1);

55. quickSort(a, loc+1, end);

56. }

57. }

58. }

Output:

The sorted array is:

23

23

23

34

45

65

67

89

90

101

254) Write a program in Java to create a doubly linked list containing n nodes.

Consider the following program to create a doubly linked list containing n nodes.

1. public class CountList {

2.
3. //Represent a node of the doubly linked list

4.

5. class Node{

6. int data;

7. Node previous;

8. Node next;

9.

10. public Node(int data) {

11. this.data = data;

12. }

13. }

14.

15. //Represent the head and tail of the doubly linked list

16. Node head, tail = null;

17.

18. //addNode() will add a node to the list

19. public void addNode(int data) {

20. //Create a new node

21. Node newNode = new Node(data);

22.

23. //If list is empty

24. if(head == null) {

25. //Both head and tail will point to newNode

26. head = tail = newNode;

27. //head's previous will point to null

28. head.previous = null;

29. //tail's next will point to null, as it is the last node of the list
30. tail.next = null;

31. }

32. else {

33. //newNode will be added after tail such that tail's next will point to newNode

34. tail.next = newNode;

35. //newNode's previous will point to tail

36. newNode.previous = tail;

37. //newNode will become new tail

38. tail = newNode;

39. //As it is last node, tail's next will point to null

40. tail.next = null;

41. }

42. }

43.

44. //countNodes() will count the nodes present in the list

45. public int countNodes() {

46. int counter = 0;

47. //Node current will point to head

48. Node current = head;

49.

50. while(current != null) {

51. //Increment the counter by 1 for each node

52. counter++;

53. current = current.next;

54. }

55. return counter;

56. }
57.

58. //display() will print out the elements of the list

59. public void display() {

60. //Node current will point to head

61. Node current = head;

62. if(head == null) {

63. System.out.println("List is empty");

64. return;

65. }

66. System.out.println("Nodes of doubly linked list: ");

67. while(current != null) {

68. //Prints each node by incrementing the pointer.

69.

70. System.out.print(current.data + " ");

71. current = current.next;

72. }

73. }

74.

75. public static void main(String[] args) {

76.

77. CountList dList = new CountList();

78. //Add nodes to the list

79. dList.addNode(1);

80. dList.addNode(2);

81. dList.addNode(3);

82. dList.addNode(4);

83. dList.addNode(5);
 84.

85. //Displays the nodes present in the list

86. dList.display();

87.

88. //Counts the nodes present in the given list

89. System.out.println("\nCount of nodes present in the list: " + dList.countNodes());

90. }

91. }

Output:

Nodes of doubly linked list:

12345

Count of nodes present in the list: 5

255) Write a program in Java to find the maximum and minimum value node from a circular linked
list.

Consider the following program.

1. public class MinMax {

2. //Represents the node of list.

3. public class Node{

4. int data;

5. Node next;

6. public Node(int data) {

7. this.data = data;

8. }

9. }

10.

11. //Declaring head and tail pointer as null.

12. public Node head = null;

13. public Node tail = null;

14.

15. //This function will add the new node at the end of the list.

16. public void add(int data){

17. //Create new node

18. Node newNode = new Node(data);

19. //Checks if the list is empty.

20. if(head == null) {

21. //If list is empty, both head and tail would point to new node.

22. head = newNode;

23. tail = newNode;

24. newNode.next = head;

25. }

26. else {

27. //tail will point to new node.

28. tail.next = newNode;

29. //New node will become new tail.

30. tail = newNode;

31. //Since, it is circular linked list tail will points to head.

32. tail.next = head;

33. }

34. }

35.

36. //Finds out the minimum value node in the list

37. public void minNode() {

38. Node current = head;

39. //Initializing min to initial node data

40. int min = head.data;

41. if(head == null) {

42. System.out.println("List is empty");

43. }

44. else {

45. do{

46. //If current node's data is smaller than min

47. //Then replace value of min with current node's data

48. if(min > current.data) {

49. min = current.data;

50. }

51. current= current.next;

52. }while(current != head);

53.

54. System.out.println("Minimum value node in the list: "+ min);

55. }

56. }

57.

58. //Finds out the maximum value node in the list

59. public void maxNode() {

60. Node current = head;

61. //Initializing max to initial node data

62. int max = head.data;

63. if(head == null) {

64. System.out.println("List is empty");

65. }

66. else {
 67. do{

68. //If current node's data is greater than max

69. //Then replace value of max with current node's data

70. if(max < current.data) {

71. max = current.data;

72. }

73. current= current.next;

74. }while(current != head);

75.

76. System.out.println("Maximum value node in the list: "+ max);

77. }

78. }

79.

80. public static void main(String[] args) {

81. MinMax cl = new MinMax();

82. //Adds data to the list

83. cl.add(5);

84. cl.add(20);

85. cl.add(10);

86. cl.add(1);

87. //Prints the minimum value node in the list

88. cl.minNode();

89. //Prints the maximum value node in the list

90. cl.maxNode();

91. }

92. }

Output:
Minimum value node in the list: 1

Maximum value node in the list: 20

256) Write a program in Java to calculate the difference between the sum of the odd level and even
level nodes of a Binary Tree.

Consider the following program.

1. import java.util.LinkedList;

2. import java.util.Queue;

3.

4. public class DiffOddEven {

5.

6. //Represent a node of binary tree

7. public static class Node{

8. int data;

9. Node left;

10. Node right;

11.

12. public Node(int data){

13. //Assign data to the new node, set left and right children to null

14. this.data = data;

15. this.left = null;

16. this.right = null;

17. }

18. }

19.

20. //Represent the root of binary tree

21. public Node root;

22.
23. public DiffOddEven(){

24. root = null;

25. }

26.

27. //difference() will calculate the difference between sum of odd and even levels of binary tr
ee

28. public int difference() {

29. int oddLevel = 0, evenLevel = 0, diffOddEven = 0;

30.

31. //Variable nodesInLevel keep tracks of number of nodes in each level

32. int nodesInLevel = 0;

33.

34. //Variable currentLevel keep track of level in binary tree

35. int currentLevel = 0;

36.

37. //Queue will be used to keep track of nodes of tree level-wise

38. Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<Node>();

39.

40. //Check if root is null

41. if(root == null) {

42. System.out.println("Tree is empty");

43. return 0;

44. }

45. else {

46. //Add root node to queue as it represents the first level

47. queue.add(root);

48. currentLevel++;

49.
50. while(queue.size() != 0) {

51.

52. //Variable nodesInLevel will hold the size of queue i.e. number of elements in queu
e

53. nodesInLevel = queue.size();

54.

55. while(nodesInLevel > 0) {

56. Node current = queue.remove();

57.

58. //Checks if currentLevel is even or not.

59. if(currentLevel % 2 == 0)

60. //If level is even, add nodes's to variable evenLevel

61. evenLevel += current.data;

62. else

63. //If level is odd, add nodes's to variable oddLevel

64. oddLevel += current.data;

65.

66. //Adds left child to queue

67. if(current.left != null)

68. queue.add(current.left);

69. //Adds right child to queue

70. if(current.right != null)

71. queue.add(current.right);

72. nodesInLevel--;

73. }

74. currentLevel++;

75. }

76. //Calculates difference between oddLevel and evenLevel

 77. diffOddEven = Math.abs(oddLevel - evenLevel);

78. }

79. return diffOddEven;

80. }

81.

82. public static void main (String[] args) {

83.

84. DiffOddEven bt = new DiffOddEven();

85. //Add nodes to the binary tree

86. bt.root = new Node(1);

87. bt.root.left = new Node(2);

88. bt.root.right = new Node(3);

89. bt.root.left.left = new Node(4);

90. bt.root.right.left = new Node(5);

91. bt.root.right.right = new Node(6);

92.

93. //Display the difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes

94. System.out.println("Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes: " + bt.di
fference());

95. }

96. }

Output:

Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes: 11

As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming or Java OOPs concept refers to languages that
use objects in programming, they use objects as a primary source to implement what is to happen in
the code. Objects are seen by the viewer or user, performing tasks you assign.

Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities

like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, etc. in programming. The main aim of OOPs is to bind
together the data and the functions that operate on them so that no other part of the code can
access this data except that function.
Object-Oriented Programming is the backbone of Java. Mastering OOP concepts like inheritance,
encapsulation, and polymorphism is critical for writing scalable Java code. The Java Programming
Course takes you through these concepts step by step, providing practical examples that reinforce
your learning

Pre-requisites:

Let us discuss prerequisites by polishing concepts of method declaration and message passing.
Starting with the method declaration consists of six components:

1. Access Modifier: Defines the access type of the method i.e. from where it can be accessed in
your application. In Java, there are 4 types of access specifiers:

• public: Accessible in all classes in your application.

• protected: Accessible within the package in which it is defined and in its subclass(es)
(including subclasses declared outside the package).

• private: Accessible only within the class in which it is defined.

• default (declared/defined without using any modifier): Accessible within the same
class and package within which its class is defined.
 2. The return type: The data type of the value returned by the method or void if it does not
return a value.

3. Method Name: The rules for field names apply to method names as well, but the convention
is a little different.

4. Parameter list: Comma-separated list of the input parameters that are defined, preceded by
their data type, within the enclosed parentheses. If there are no parameters, you must use
empty parentheses ().

5. Exception list: The exceptions you expect the method to throw. You can specify these
exception(s).

6. Method body: It is the block of code, enclosed between braces, that you need to execute to
perform your intended operations.

Message Passing: Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving information to
each other. A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore will
invoke a function in the receiving object that generates the desired results. Message passing involves
specifying the name of the object, the name of the function and the information to be sent.

Master OOP in Java Write cleaner, more modular, and reusable Java code by building a foundation in
object-oriented programming with Educative’s interactive course Learn Object-Oriented
Programming in Java. Sign up at Educative.io with the code GEEKS10 to save 10% on your
subscription.

JAVA OOPs

Now that we have covered the basic prerequisites, we will move on to the 4 pillars of OOPs which
are as follows. But, let us start by learning about the different characteristics of an Object-Oriented
Programming Language.

OOPS concepts are as follows:

1. Class

2. Object

3. Pillars of OOPs

• Abstraction

• Encapsulation

• Inheritance

• Polymorphism

o Compile-time polymorphism

o Runtime polymorphism
What is Class?

A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It represents the set
of properties or methods that are common to all objects of one type. Using classes, you can create
multiple objects with the same behavior instead of writing their code multiple times. This includes
classes for objects occurring more than once in your code. In general, class declarations can include
these components in order:

1. Modifiers: A class can be public or have default access (Refer to this for details).

2. Class name: The class name should begin with the initial letter capitalized by convention.

3. Superclass (if any): The name of the class’s parent (superclass), if any, preceded by the
keyword extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one parent.

4. Interfaces (if any): A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by the class, if any,
preceded by the keyword implements. A class can implement more than one interface.
 5. Body: The class body is surrounded by braces, { }.

What is Object?

An object is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming that represents real-life entities. A typical
Java program creates many objects, which as you know, interact by invoking methods. The objects
are what perform your code, they are the part of your code visible to the viewer/user. An object
mainly consists of:

1. State: It is represented by the attributes of an object. It also reflects the properties of an

object.

2. Behavior: It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects the response of an

object to other objects.

3. Identity: It is a unique name given to an object that enables it to interact with other objects.

4. Method: A method is a collection of statements that perform some specific task and return
the result to the caller. A method can perform some specific task without returning anything.
Methods allow us to reuse the code without retyping it, which is why they are
considered time savers. In Java, every method must be part of some class, which is different
from languages like C, C++, and Python.

Class and Objects one Simple Java Program:

Java

public class GFG {

static String Employee_name;

static float Employee_salary;

static void set(String n, float p) {

Employee_name = n;

Employee_salary = p;

static void get() {

System.out.println("Employee name is: " +Employee_name );

System.out.println("Employee CTC is: " + Employee_salary);

 }

public static void main(String args[]) {

GFG.set("Rathod Avinash", 10000.0f);

GFG.get();

Output

Employee name is: Rathod Avinash

Employee CTC is: 10000.0

What is Method and Method Passing?

Let us now discuss the 4 pillars of OOPs:

Pillar 1: Abstraction

Data Abstraction is the property by virtue of which only the essential details are displayed to the
user. The trivial or non-essential units are not displayed to the user. Ex: A car is viewed as a car rather
than its individual components.
Data Abstraction may also be defined as the process of identifying only the required characteristics
of an object, ignoring the irrelevant details. The properties and behaviors of an object differentiate it
from other objects of similar type and also help in classifying/grouping the object.

Consider a real-life example of a man driving a car. The man only knows that pressing the
accelerators will increase the car speed or applying brakes will stop the car, but he does not know
how on pressing the accelerator, the speed is actually increasing. He does not know about the inner
mechanism of the car or the implementation of the accelerators, brakes etc. in the car. This is what
abstraction is.

In Java, abstraction is achieved by interfaces and abstract classes. We can achieve 100% abstraction
using interfaces.

The abstract method contains only method declaration but not implementation.

Demonstration of Abstract class

Java

//abstract class
abstract class GFG{

//abstract methods declaration

abstract void add();

abstract void mul();

abstract void div();

Pillar 2: Encapsulation

It is defined as the wrapping up of data under a single unit. It is the mechanism that binds together
the code and the data it manipulates. Another way to think about encapsulation is that it is a
protective shield that prevents the data from being accessed by the code outside this shield.

• Technically, in encapsulation, the variables or the data in a class is hidden from any other
class and can be accessed only through any member function of the class in which they are
declared.

• In encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from other classes, which is similar to
what data-hiding does. So, the terms “encapsulation” and “data-hiding” are used
interchangeably.

• Encapsulation can be achieved by declaring all the variables in a class as private and writing
public methods in the class to set and get the values of the variables.

Demonstration of Encapsulation:

Java

//Encapsulation using private modifier

//Employee class contains private data called employee id and employee name

class Employee {

private int empid;

private String ename;

Pillar 3: Inheritance

Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP (Object Oriented Programming). It is the mechanism in Java
by which one class is allowed to inherit the features (fields and methods) of another class. We are
achieving inheritance by using extends keyword. Inheritance is also known as “is-a” relationship.
Let us discuss some frequently used important terminologies:

• Superclass: The class whose features are inherited is known as superclass (also known as
base or parent class).

• Subclass: The class that inherits the other class is known as subclass (also known as derived
or extended or child class). The subclass can add its own fields and methods in addition to
the superclass fields and methods.

• Reusability: Inheritance supports the concept of “reusability”, i.e. when we want to create a
new class and there is already a class that includes some of the code that we want, we can
derive our new class from the existing class. By doing this, we are reusing the fields and
methods of the existing class.

Demonstration of Inheritance :

Java

//base class or parent class or super class

class A{

//parent class methods

void method1(){}

void method2(){}

//derived class or child class or base class

class B extends A{ //Inherits parent class methods

//child class methods

void method3(){}

void method4(){}

Pillar 4: Polymorphism

It refers to the ability of object-oriented programming languages to differentiate between entities

with the same name efficiently. This is done by Java with the help of the signature and declaration of
these entities. The ability to appear in many forms is called polymorphism.

E.g.

Java
sleep(1000) //millis

sleep(1000,2000) //millis,nanos

Note: Polymorphism in Java is mainly of 2 types:

1. Overloading

2. Overriding

Example

Java

// Java program to Demonstrate Polymorphism

// This class will contain

// 3 methods with same name,

// yet the program will

// compile & run successfully

public class Sum {

// Overloaded sum().

// This sum takes two int parameters

public int sum(int x, int y)

return (x + y);

// Overloaded sum().

// This sum takes three int parameters

public int sum(int x, int y, int z)

 {

return (x + y + z);

// Overloaded sum().

// This sum takes two double parameters

public double sum(double x, double y)

return (x + y);

// Driver code

public static void main(String args[])

Sum s = new Sum();

System.out.println(s.sum(10, 20));

System.out.println(s.sum(10, 20, 30));

System.out.println(s.sum(10.5, 20.5));

Output

30

60

31.0

Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language

Object-oriented programming (OOP) offers several key advantages over procedural programming:
 • OOP promotes code reusability: By using objects and classes, you can create reusable
components, leading to less duplication and more efficient development.

• OOP enhances code organization: It provides a clear and logical structure, making the code
easier to understand, maintain, and debug.

• OOP supports the DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) principle: This principle encourages
minimizing code repetition, leading to cleaner, more maintainable code. Common
functionalities are placed in a single location and reused, reducing redundancy.

• OOP enables faster development: By reusing existing code and creating modular
components, OOP allows for quicker and more efficient application development

Conclusion

The Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) concept in Java is a powerful way to organize and write
code. It uses key ideas like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and
abstraction to create flexible and reusable code.

By using the Java OOPs concept, programmers can build complex applications more efficiently,
making the code easier to manage, understand, and modify. Overall, Java’s OOPs concepts help in
creating robust and scalable software solutions. To explore more Java concepts you can enroll free
Java course offered by GeeksforGeeks.

Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept in Java – FAQ

What is OOPs concept in Java?

OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects,

which can contain data in the form of fields (attributes or properties) and code in the form of
procedures (methods or functions). In Java, OOPs concepts include encapsulation, inheritance,
polymorphism, and abstraction.

Why is OOPs important in Java?

OOPs helps in organizing and structuring code in a more manageable way, making it easier to
maintain and scale Java applications. It also promotes code reusability, modularity, and flexibility,
leading to efficient and robust software development.

What are the main principles of OOPs in Java?

The main principles of OOPs in Java are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.
Encapsulation ensures that the internal state of an object is hidden and can only be accessed through
public methods. Inheritance allows one class to inherit properties and behavior from another.
Polymorphism enables objects to be treated as instances of their parent class. Abstraction focuses on
hiding the implementation details and showing only the necessary information to the outside world.

How is OOPs implemented in Java?

In Java, OOPs is implemented through classes and objects. A class serves as a blueprint for creating
objects, which are instances of that class. Each object has its own set of attributes (variables) and
methods (functions). By following OOPs concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and
abstraction, Java developers can design well-structured and maintainable code.

What are the advantages of using OOPs in Java?

Some advantages of using OOPs in Java include code reusability, modularity, flexibility, scalability,
and easier maintenance. OOPs enables developers to model real-world entities as objects, leading to
more intuitive and organized code. It also supports features like inheritance and polymorphism, which
enhance the extensibility and readability of Java applications.

Can you provide an example of OOPs concept implementation in Java?

Sure! An example of OOPs concept implementation in Java is creating a ‘Car’ class with attributes like
‘make’, ‘model’, and ‘year’, along with methods like ‘start()’, ‘accelerate()’, and ‘stop()’. By
instantiating objects from the ‘Car’ class and calling its methods, we can simulate the behavior of
different car instances in a structured and object-oriented manner.

OOPs, or Object-Oriented Programming is a programming model or paradigm which revolves around

the concept of “OBJECTS”. Objects can be considered as real-world instances of entities like class,
that contain some characteristics and behaviors specified in the class template.

In simple language, a class can be considered as the blueprint or template, based on which objects
can be created. So the Objects are considered the instance of a class, and are therefore sometimes
called “instances”. The term “characteristics” refers to the “what” about the Object, and the term
“behavior” refers to the “how” about the Object.

For example, if we consider a car, then based on the OOPs model:

• Class = A specific car model, such as Audi A4, BMW I8, Maruti Suzuki Vitara Brezza, etc.

• Object = A specific car of any model, like the car you own

• Characteristics = What is the color of your car? What is the Chassis number of your car? etc

• Behavior = How to start the car? How to change the gear of the car? etc.

Characteristics are also known as data, attributes, or properties, and Behaviours are also known as
the functions, procedures or methods, in the programming language.

The concept of “objects” allows the OOPs model to easily access, use and modify the instance data
and methods, interact with other objects, and define methods in runtime (during the execution of
the program). This gives the OOPs model significance and makes it diverse in its implementation.

In fact, the OOPs model is so popular, that many of the most widely used programming languages
support and use this Object Oriented Programming or OOPs model, such as Java, C++, Python, C#,
etc.
Play

Basic OOPs Interview Questions

1. What is the need for OOPs?

There are many reasons why OOPs is mostly preferred, but the most important among them are:

• OOPs helps users to understand the software easily, although they don’t know the actual
implementation.

• With OOPs, the readability, understandability, and maintainability of the code increase
multifold.

• Even very big software can be easily written and managed easily using OOPs.

Create a free personalised study plan

Get into your dream companies with expert guidance

Real-Life Problems

Prep for Target Roles

Custom Plan Duration

Create My Plan

2. What are some major Object Oriented Programming languages?

The programming languages that use and follow the Object-Oriented Programming paradigm or
OOPs, are known as Object-Oriented Programming languages. Some of the major Object-Oriented
Programming languages include:

• Java

• C++

• Javascript

• Python

• PHP

And many more.

3. What are some other programming paradigms other than OOPs?

Programming paradigms refers to the method of classification of programming languages based on

their features. There are mainly two types of Programming Paradigms:

• Imperative Programming Paradigm

• Declarative Programming Paradigm

Now, these paradigms can be further classified based:

1. Imperative Programming Paradigm: Imperative programming focuses on HOW to execute

program logic and defines control flow as statements that change a program state. This can be
further classified as:
a) Procedural Programming Paradigm: Procedural programming specifies the steps a program must
take to reach the desired state, usually read in order from top to bottom.
b) Object-Oriented Programming or OOP: Object-oriented programming (OOP) organizes programs
as objects, that contain some data and have some behavior.
c) Parallel Programming: Parallel programming paradigm breaks a task into subtasks and focuses on
executing them simultaneously at the same time.

2. Declarative Programming Paradigm: Declarative programming focuses on WHAT to execute and

defines program logic, but not a detailed control flow. Declarative paradigm can be further classified
into:
a) Logical Programming Paradigm: Logical programming paradigm is based on formal logic, which
refers to a set of sentences expressing facts and rules about how to solve a problem
b) Functional Programming Paradigm: Functional programming is a programming paradigm where
programs are constructed by applying and composing functions.
c) Database Programming Paradigm: Database programming model is used to manage data and
information structured as fields, records, and files.
You can download a PDF version of Oops Interview Questions.

Download PDF

4. What is meant by Structured Programming?

Structured Programming refers to the method of programming which consists of a completely

structured control flow. Here structure refers to a block, which contains a set of rules, and has a
definitive control flow, such as (if/then/else), (while and for), block structures, and subroutines.

Nearly all programming paradigms include Structured programming, including the OOPs model.

5. What are the main features of OOPs?

OOPs or Object Oriented Programming mainly comprises of the below four features, and make sure
you don't miss any of these:

• Inheritance

• Encapsulation

• Polymorphism

• Data Abstraction
6. What are some advantages of using OOPs?

• OOPs is very helpful in solving very complex level of problems.

• Highly complex programs can be created, handled, and maintained easily using object-
oriented programming.

• OOPs, promote code reuse, thereby reducing redundancy.

• OOPs also helps to hide the unnecessary details with the help of Data Abstraction.

• OOPs, are based on a bottom-up approach, unlike the Structural programming paradigm,
which uses a top-down approach.

• Polymorphism offers a lot of flexibility in OOPs.

7. Why is OOPs so popular?

OOPs programming paradigm is considered as a better style of programming. Not only it helps in
writing a complex piece of code easily, but it also allows users to handle and maintain them easily as
well. Not only that, the main pillar of OOPs - Data Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, and
Polymorphism, makes it easy for programmers to solve complex scenarios. As a result of these, OOPs
is so popular.

Start Your Coding Journey With Tracks

Master Data Structures and Algorithms with our Learning Tracks

 Topic Buckets

Mock Assessments

Reading Material

View Tracks

8. What is meant by the term OOPs?

OOPs refers to Object-Oriented Programming. It is the programming paradigm that is defined using
objects. Objects can be considered as real-world instances of entities like class, that have some
characteristics and behaviors.

Advanced OOPs Interview Questions

1. What are access specifiers and what is their significance?

Access specifiers, as the name suggests, are a special type of keywords, which are used to control or
specify the accessibility of entities like classes, methods, etc. Some of the access specifiers or access
modifiers include “private”, “public”, etc. These access specifiers also play a very vital role in
achieving Encapsulation - one of the major features of OOPs.

2. Are there any limitations of Inheritance?

Yes, with more powers comes more complications. Inheritance is a very powerful feature in OOPs,
but it has some limitations too. Inheritance needs more time to process, as it needs to navigate
through multiple classes for its implementation. Also, the classes involved in Inheritance - the base
class and the child class, are very tightly coupled together. So if one needs to make some changes,
they might need to do nested changes in both classes. Inheritance might be complex for
implementation, as well. So if not correctly implemented, this might lead to unexpected errors or
incorrect outputs.

3. What are the various types of inheritance?

The various types of inheritance include:

• Single inheritance

• Multiple inheritances

• Multi-level inheritance

• Hierarchical inheritance

• Hybrid inheritance
4. What is a subclass?

The subclass is a part of Inheritance. The subclass is an entity, which inherits from another class. It is
also known as the child class.

Discover your path to a Successful Tech Career for FREE!

Answer 4 simple questions & get a career plan tailored for you

Interview Process

CTC & Designation

Projects on the Job

Try It Out

2 Lakh+ Roadmaps Created

5. Define a superclass?

Superclass is also a part of Inheritance. The superclass is an entity, which allows subclasses or child
classes to inherit from itself.
6. What is an interface?

An interface refers to a special type of class, which contains methods, but not their definition. Only
the declaration of methods is allowed inside an interface. To use an interface, you cannot create
objects. Instead, you need to implement that interface and define the methods for their
implementation.

7. What is meant by static polymorphism?

Static Polymorphism is commonly known as the Compile time polymorphism. Static polymorphism is
the feature by which an object is linked with the respective function or operator based on the values
during the compile time. Static or Compile time Polymorphism can be achieved through Method
overloading or operator overloading.

8. What is meant by dynamic polymorphism?

Dynamic Polymorphism or Runtime polymorphism refers to the type of Polymorphism in OOPs, by

which the actual implementation of the function is decided during the runtime or execution. The
dynamic or runtime polymorphism can be achieved with the help of method overriding.
9. What is the difference between overloading and overriding?

Overloading is a compile-time polymorphism feature in which an entity has multiple

implementations with the same name. For example, Method overloading and Operator overloading.

Whereas Overriding is a runtime polymorphism feature in which an entity has the same name, but its
implementation changes during execution. For example, Method overriding.
Image

10. How is data abstraction accomplished?

Data abstraction is accomplished with the help of abstract methods or abstract classes.

11. What is an abstract class?

An abstract class is a special class containing abstract methods. The significance of abstract class is
that the abstract methods inside it are not implemented and only declared. So as a result, when a
subclass inherits the abstract class and needs to use its abstract methods, they need to define and
implement them.

12. How is an abstract class different from an interface?

Interface and abstract classes both are special types of classes that contain only the methods
declaration and not their implementation. But the interface is entirely different from an abstract
class. The main difference between the two is that when an interface is implemented, the subclass
must define all its methods and provide its implementation. Whereas in object-oriented
programming, when a subclass inherits from an abstract class with abstract methods, the subclass is
generally required to provide concrete implementations for all of those abstract methods in the
abstract class unless the subclass itself is declared as abstract.

Also, an abstract class can contain abstract methods as well as non-abstract methods.

13. Explain Inheritance with an example?

Inheritance is one of the major features of object-oriented programming, by which an entity inherits
some characteristics and behaviors of some other entity and makes them their own. Inheritance
helps to improve and facilitate code reuse.

Let me explain to you with a common example. Let's take three different vehicles - a car, truck, or
bus. These three are entirely different from one another with their own specific characteristics and
behavior. But. in all three, you will find some common elements, like steering wheel, accelerator,
clutch, brakes, etc. Though these elements are used in different vehicles, still they have their own
features which are common among all vehicles. This is achieved with inheritance. The car, the truck,
and the bus have all inherited the features like steering wheel, accelerator, clutch, brakes, etc, and
used them as their own. Due to this, they did not have to create these components from scratch,
thereby facilitating code reuse.
14. What is an exception?

An exception can be considered as a special event, which is raised during the execution of a program
at runtime, that brings the execution to a halt. The reason for the exception is mainly due to a
position in the program, where the user wants to do something for which the program is not
specified, like undesirable input.

15. What is meant by exception handling?

No one wants its software to fail or crash. Exceptions are the major reason for software failure. The
exceptions can be handled in the program beforehand and prevent the execution from stopping. This
is known as exception handling.
So exception handling is the mechanism for identifying the undesirable states that the program can
reach and specifying the desirable outcomes of such states.
Try-catch is the most common method used for handling exceptions in the program.

16. What is meant by Garbage Collection in OOPs world?

Object-oriented programming revolves around entities like objects. Each object consumes memory
and there can be multiple objects of a class. So if these objects and their memories are not handled
properly, then it might lead to certain memory-related errors and the system might fail.

Garbage collection refers to this mechanism of handling the memory in the program. Through
garbage collection, the unwanted memory is freed up by removing the objects that are no longer
needed.

17. Can we run a Java application without implementing the OOPs concept?

No. Java applications are based on Object-oriented programming models or OOPs concept, and
hence they cannot be implemented without it.
However, on the other hand, C++ can be implemented without OOPs, as it also supports the C-like
structural programming model.

18. What is Compile time Polymorphism and how is it different from Runtime Polymorphism?

Compile Time Polymorphism: Compile time polymorphism, also known as Static Polymorphism,
refers to the type of Polymorphism that happens at compile time. What it means is that the compiler
decides what shape or value has to be taken by the entity in the picture.

Example:

// In this program, we will see how multiple functions are created with the same name,

// but the compiler decides which function to call easily at the compile time itself.

class CompileTimePolymorphism{

// 1st method with name add

public int add(int x, int y){

return x+y;

// 2nd method with name add

public int add(int x, int y, int z){

return x+y+z;

}
 // 3rd method with name add

public int add(double x, int y){

return (int)x+y;

// 4th method with name add

public int add(int x, double y){

return x+(int)y;

class Test{

public static void main(String[] args){

CompileTimePolymorphism demo=new CompileTimePolymorphism();

// In the below statement, the Compiler looks at the argument types and decides to call method 1

System.out.println(demo.add(2,3));

// Similarly, in the below statement, the compiler calls method 2

System.out.println(demo.add(2,3,4));

// Similarly, in the below statement, the compiler calls method 4

System.out.println(demo.add(2,3.4));

// Similarly, in the below statement, the compiler calls method 3

System.out.println(demo.add(2.5,3));

In the above example, there are four versions of add methods. The first method takes two
parameters while the second one takes three. For the third and fourth methods, there is a change of
order of parameters. The compiler looks at the method signature and decides which method to
invoke for a particular method call at compile time.

Runtime Polymorphism: Runtime polymorphism, also known as Dynamic Polymorphism, refers to the
type of Polymorphism that happens at the run time. What it means is it can't be decided by the
compiler. Therefore what shape or value has to be taken depends upon the execution. Hence the
name Runtime Polymorphism.
Example:

class AnyVehicle{

public void move(){

System.out.println(“Any vehicle should move!!”);

class Bike extends AnyVehicle{

public void move(){

System.out.println(“Bike can move too!!”);

class Test{

public static void main(String[] args){

AnyVehicle vehicle = new Bike();

// In the above statement, as you can see, the object vehicle is of type AnyVehicle

// But the output of the below statement will be “Bike can move too!!”,

// because the actual implementation of object ‘vehicle’ is decided during runtime vehicle.move();

vehicle = new AnyVehicle();

// Now, the output of the below statement will be “Any vehicle should move!!”,

vehicle.move();

As the method to call is determined at runtime, as shown in the above code, this is called runtime
polymorphism.

19. What is a class?

A class can be understood as a template or a blueprint, which contains some values, known as
member data or member, and some set of rules, known as behaviors or functions. So when an object
is created, it automatically takes the data and functions that are defined in the class.
Therefore the class is basically a template or blueprint for objects. Also one can create as many
objects as they want based on a class.

For example, first, a car’s template is created. Then multiple units of car are created based on that
template.

20. What is an object?

An object refers to the instance of the class, which contains the instance of the members and
behaviors defined in the class template. In the real world, an object is an actual entity to which a
user interacts, whereas class is just the blueprint for that object. So the objects consume space and
have some characteristic behavior.
For example, a specific car.

21. What is encapsulation?

One can visualize Encapsulation as the method of putting everything that is required to do the job,
inside a capsule and presenting that capsule to the user. What it means is that by Encapsulation, all
the necessary data and methods are bind together and all the unnecessary details are hidden to the
normal user. So Encapsulation is the process of binding data members and methods of a program
together to do a specific job, without revealing unnecessary details.

Encapsulation can also be defined in two different ways:

1) Data hiding: Encapsulation is the process of hiding unwanted information, such as restricting
access to any member of an object.

2) Data binding: Encapsulation is the process of binding the data members and the methods
together as a whole, as a class.
22. What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism is composed of two words - “poly” which means “many”, and “morph” which means
“shapes”. Therefore Polymorphism refers to something that has many shapes.

In OOPs, Polymorphism refers to the process by which some code, data, method, or object behaves
differently under different circumstances or contexts. Compile-time polymorphism and Run time
polymorphism are the two types of polymorphisms in OOPs languages.

23. How does C++ support Polymorphism?

C++ is an Object-oriented programming language and it supports Polymorphism as well:

• Compile Time Polymorphism: C++ supports compile-time polymorphism with the help of
features like templates, function overloading, and default arguments.

• Runtime Polymorphism: C++ supports Runtime polymorphism with the help of features like
virtual functions. Virtual functions take the shape of the functions based on the type of
object in reference and are resolved at runtime.

24. What is meant by Inheritance?

The term “inheritance” means “receiving some quality or behavior from a parent to an offspring.” In
object-oriented programming, inheritance is the mechanism by which an object or class (referred to
as a child) is created using the definition of another object or class (referred to as a parent).
Inheritance not only helps to keep the implementation simpler but also helps to facilitate code reuse.

25. What is Abstraction?

If you are a user, and you have a problem statement, you don't want to know how the components
of the software work, or how it's made. You only want to know how the software solves your
problem. Abstraction is the method of hiding unnecessary details from the necessary ones. It is one
of the main features of OOPs.
For example, consider a car. You only need to know how to run a car, and not how the wires are
connected inside it. This is obtained using Abstraction.

26. How much memory does a class occupy?

Classes do not consume any memory. They are just a blueprint based on which objects are created.
Now when objects are created, they actually initialize the class members and methods and therefore
consume memory.

27. Is it always necessary to create objects from class?

No. An object is necessary to be created if the base class has non-static methods. But if the class has
static methods, then objects don’t need to be created. You can call the class method directly in this
case, using the class name.

28. What is a constructor?

Constructors are special methods whose name is the same as the class name. The constructors serve
the special purpose of initializing the objects.
For example, suppose there is a class with the name “MyClass”, then when you instantiate this class,
you pass the syntax:
MyClass myClassObject = new MyClass();

Now here, the method called after “new” keyword - MyClass(), is the constructor of this class. This
will help to instantiate the member data and methods and assign them to the object myClassObject.

29. What are the various types of constructors in C++?

The most common classification of constructors includes:

Default constructor: The default constructor is the constructor which doesn’t take any argument. It
has no parameters.

class ABC

int x;

ABC()

x = 0;

Parameterized constructor: The constructors that take some arguments are known as parameterized
constructors.

class ABC

int x;

ABC(int y)

x = y;

Copy constructor: A copy constructor is a member function that initializes an object using another
object of the same class.

class ABC

int x;

ABC(int y)
 {

x = y;

// Copy constructor

ABC(ABC abc)

x = abc.x;

30. What is a copy constructor?

Copy Constructor is a type of constructor, whose purpose is to copy an object to another. What it
means is that a copy constructor will clone an object and its values, into another object, is provided
that both the objects are of the same class.

31. What is a destructor?

Contrary to constructors, which initialize objects and specify space for them, Destructors are also
special methods. But destructors free up the resources and memory occupied by an object.
Destructors are automatically called when an object is being destroyed.

32. Are class and structure the same? If not, what's the difference between a class and a structure?

No, class and structure are not the same. Though they appear to be similar, they have differences
that make them apart. For example, the structure is saved in the stack memory, whereas the class is
saved in the heap memory. Also, Data Abstraction cannot be achieved with the help of structure, but
with class, Abstraction is majorly used.

OOPs Coding Problems

1. What is the output of the below code?

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class BaseClass1 {

public:

BaseClass1()
 { cout << " BaseClass1 constructor called" << endl; }

};

class BaseClass2 {

public:

BaseClass2()

{ cout << "BaseClass2 constructor called" << endl; }

};

class DerivedClass: public BaseClass1, public BaseClass2 {

public:

DerivedClass()

{ cout << "DerivedClass constructor called" << endl; }

};

int main()

DerivedClass derived_class;

return 0;

Output:

BaseClass1 constructor called

BaseClass2 constructor called

DerivedClass constructor called

Reason:
The above program demonstrates Multiple inheritances. So when the Derived class’s constructor is
called, it automatically calls the Base class's constructors from left to right order of inheritance.

2. What will be the output of the below code?

class Scaler

static int i;

static

System.out.println(“a”);

i = 100;

public class StaticBlock

static

System.out.println(“b”);

public static void main(String[] args)

System.out.println(“c”);

System.out.println(Scaler.i);

Output:
b

100

Reason:
Firstly the static block inside the main-method calling class will be implemented. Hence ‘b’ will be
printed first. Then the main method is called, and now the sequence is kept as expected.

3. Predict the output?

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class ClassA {

public:

ClassA(int ii = 0) : i(ii) {}

void show() { cout << "i = " << i << endl;}

private:

int i;

};

class ClassB {

public:

ClassB(int xx) : x(xx) {}

operator ClassA() const { return ClassA(x); }

private:

int x;

};

void g(ClassA a)
{ a.show(); }

int main() {

ClassB b(10);

g(b);

g(20);

getchar();

return 0;

Output:

i = 10

i = 20

Reason:
ClassA contains a conversion constructor. Due to this, the objects of ClassA can have integer values.
So the statement g(20) works. Also, ClassB has a conversion operator overloaded. So the statement
g(b) also works.

4. What will be the output in below code?

public class Demo{

public static void main(String[] arr){

System.out.println(“Main1”);

public static void main(String arr){

System.out.println(“Main2”);

Output:

Main1

Reason:
Here the main() method is overloaded. But JVM only understands the main method which has a
String[] argument in its definition. Hence Main1 is printed and the overloaded main method is
ignored.

5. Predict the output?

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class BaseClass{

int arr[10];

};

class DerivedBaseClass1: public BaseClass { };

class DerivedBaseClass2: public BaseClass { };

class DerivedClass: public DerivedBaseClass1, public DerivedBaseClass2{};

int main(void)

cout<<sizeof(DerivedClass);

return 0;

Output:

If the size of the integer is 4 bytes, then the output will be 80.

Reason:
Since DerivedBaseClass1 and DerivedBaseClass2 both inherit from class BaseClass, DerivedClass
contains two copies of BaseClass. Hence it results in wastage of space and a large size output. It can
be reduced with the help of a virtual base class.

6. What is the output of the below program?

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class A {

public:

void print()

{ cout <<" Inside A::"; }

};

class B : public A {

public:

void print()

{ cout <<" Inside B"; }

};

class C: public B {

};

int main(void)

C c;

c.print();

return 0;

Output:

Inside B

Reason:
The above program implements a Multi-level hierarchy. So the program is linearly searched up until a
matching function is found. Here, it is present in both classes A and B. So class B’s print() method is
called.

Useful Resource

Features of OOPS

OOPs MCQ

1.

Who developed the first object-oriented programming language?

Adele Goldberg

Dennis Ritchie

Alan Kay

Andrea Ferro

2.

Which among the following operators can be used to show Polymorphism in CPP?

Overloading <<

Overloading &&

Overloading | |

Overloading +=

3.

Which of the following is not a main feature of OOPs?

Encapsulation

Polymorphism

Exception

Abstraction

4.

Which among the following does not show or cannot be used, to show Polymorphism?

Static member function

Constructor Overloading
Member function overloading

Global member function

5.

What feature among the following is not right for OOPs?

Modularity

Efficient Code

Code reusability

Duplicate or Redundant Data

6.

Which superclass member won’t be accessible to the subclass?

Public member

Protected member

Private member

All of the mentioned

7.

_______ is the feature of the Object-oriented programming model which allows one class to derive
features from another class?

Inheritance

Data hiding

Encapsulation

Polymorphism

8.

Which among the following functions represent the concept of Polymorphism?

Class member function

Virtual function

Inline function

Undefined function

9.
_______ was the first language to be developed as a purely object-oriented programming language?

Smalltalk

C++

PHP

Java

10.

Which language among the following supports classes, but does not support the concept of
Polymorphism?

C++ programming language

Java programming language

Ada programming language

C# programming language

11.

Which feature of OOPs facilitates code reusability?

Abstraction

Encapsulation

Polymorphism

Inheritance

12.

Can you use C language to demonstrate Polymorphism?

True

False

13.

________ is an object-oriented programming language but does not support all inheritance types.

Smalltalk

Kotlin

Java
C++

14.

State true or false: A Java application can be created without implementing the OOPs concept.

True

False

15.

_ is the feature of OOPs which is responsible for binding data with their implementation as a single
entity?

Polymorphism

Inheritance

Abstraction

Encapsulation

OOPs Interview Questions

Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a programming paradigm that is based on the concept of

objects rather than just functions and procedures. It is the most popular methodology among
developers.

Nowadays tech giants demanding and hiring who has expertise in object-oriented approaches and
patterns and conducting interviews for the same. The advantage of hiring such candidates is that
they can also learn other OOP languages easily as per organization requirements. Since, going
through the section, you can increase your chance to get hire by companies if you have well
prepared for OOPs interview questions.

In this section, we have collected some commonly asked OOPs interview questions for both fresher
and experienced. It can help you to crack the interview to get your dream job.
1) What do you understand by OOP?

OOP stands for object-oriented programming. It is a programming paradigm that revolves around the
object rather than function and procedure. In other words, it is an approach for developing
applications that emphasize on objects. An object is a real word entity that contains data and code. It
allows binding data and code together.

PauseNext

Mute

Current Time 0:25

Duration 18:10

Loaded: 7.34%

Fullscreen

2) Name any seven widely used OOP languages.

There are various OOP languages but the most widely used are:

o Python

o Java

o Go
 o Dart

o C++

o C#

o Ruby

3) What is the purpose of using OOPs concepts?

The aim of OOP is to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism in
programming. The main purpose of OOP is to bind together the data and the functions that operate
on them so that no other part of the code can access this data except that function.

4) What are the four main features of OOPs?

The OOP has the following four features:

o Inheritance

o Encapsulation

o Polymorphism

o Data Abstraction
5) Why OOP is so popular?

OOPs, programming paradigm is considered as a better style of programming. Not only it helps in
writing a complex piece of code easily, but it also allows users to handle and maintain them easily as
well. Not only that, the main pillar of OOPs - Data Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, and
Polymorphism, makes it easy for programmers to solve complex scenarios. As a result of these, OOPs
is so popular.

6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of OOP?

Advantages of OOP

o It follows a bottom-up approach.

o It models the real word well.

o It allows us the reusability of code.

o Avoids unnecessary data exposure to the user by using the abstraction.

o OOP forces the designers to have a long and extensive design phase that results in better
design and fewer flaws.

o Decompose a complex problem into smaller chunks.

o Programmer are able to reach their goals faster.

o Minimizes the complexity.

o Easy redesign and extension of code that does not affect the other functionality.

Disadvantages of OOP

Advertisement

o Proper planning is required.

o Program design is tricky.

o Programmer should be well skilled.

o Classes tend to be overly generalized.

7) What are the limitations of OOPs?

o Requires intensive testing processes.

 o Solving problems takes more time as compared to Procedure Oriented Programming.

o The size of the programs created using this approach may become larger than the programs
written using the procedure-oriented programming approach.

o Software developed using this approach requires a substantial amount of pre-work and
planning.

o OOP code is difficult to understand if you do not have the corresponding class
documentation.

o In certain scenarios, these programs can consume a large amount of memory.

o Not suitable for small problems.

o Takes more time to solve problems.

8) What are the differences between object-oriented programming and structural programming?

Object-oriented Programming Structural Programming

It follows a bottom-up approach. It follows a top-down approach.

It provides data hiding. Data hiding is not allowed.

It is used to solve complex problems. It is used to solve moderate problems.

It allows reusability of code that reduces redundancy of

Reusability of code is not allowed.
code.

It is based on objects rather than functions and It provides a logical structure to a program in which the
procedures. program is divided into functions.

It provides less security as it does not support the data

It provides more security as it has a data hiding feature.
hiding feature.

More abstraction more flexibility. Less abstraction less flexibility.

It focuses on data. It focuses on the process or logical structure.

9) What do you understand by pure object-oriented language? Why Java is not a pure object-
oriented programming language?

The programming language is called pure object-oriented language that treats everything inside the
program as an object. The primitive types are not supported by the pure OOPs language. There are
some other features that must satisfy by a pure object-oriented language:

o Encapsulation

o Inheritance

o Polymorphism

o Abstraction

o All predefined types are objects

o All user-defined types are objects

o All operations performed on objects must be only through methods exposed to the objects.

Java is not a pure object-oriented programming language because pre-defined data types in Java
are not treated as objects. Hence, it is not an object-oriented language.

10) What do you understand by class and object? Also, give example.

Class: A class is a blueprint or template of an object. It is a user-defined data type. Inside a class, we
define variables, constants, member functions, and other functionality. It does not consume memory
at run time. Note that classes are not considered as a data structure. It is a logical entity. It is the best
example of data binding.

Object: An object is a real-world entity that has attributes, behavior, and properties. It is referred to
as an instance of the class. It contains member functions, variables that we have defined in the class.
It occupies space in the memory. Different objects have different states or attributes, and behaviors.

The following figure best illustrates the class and object.

11) What are the differences between class and object?

Class Object

It is a logical entity. It is a real-world entity.

It is conceptual. It is real.

It binds data and methods together into a single unit. It is just like a variable of a class.

It does not occupy space in the memory. It occupies space in the memory.

It is a data type that represents the blueprint of an object. It is an instance of the class.

It is declared once. Multiple objects can be declared as and when required.

It uses the keyword class when declared. It uses the new keyword to create an object.

A class can exist without any object. Objects cannot exist without a class.

12) What are the key differences between class and structure?
Class Structure

Class is a group of common objects that shares common

The structure is a collection of different data types.
properties.

It deals with data members and member functions. It deals with data members only.

It supports inheritance. It does not support inheritance.

Member variables cannot be initialized directly. Member variables can be initialized directly.

It is of type reference. It is of a type value.

It's members are private by default. It's members are public by default.

The keyword class defines a class. The keyword struct defines a structure.

An instance of a class is an object. An instance of a structure is a structure variable.

Useful while dealing with the complex data structure. Useful while dealing with the small data structure.

13) What is the concept of access specifiers when should we use these?

In OOPs language, access specifiers are reserved keyword that is used to set the accessibility of the
classes, methods and other members of the class. It is also known as access modifiers. It
includes public, private, and protected. There is some other access specifier that is language-
specific. Such as Java has another access specifier default. These access specifiers play a vital role in
achieving one of the major functions of OOP, i.e. encapsulation. The following table depicts the
accessibility.
14) What are the manipulators in OOP and how it works?

Manipulators are helping functions. It is used to manipulate or modify the input or output stream.
The modification is possible by using the insertion (<<) and extraction (>>) operators. Note that the
modification of input or output stream does not mean to change the values of variables. There are
two types of manipulators with arguments or without arguments.

The example of manipulators that do not have arguments is endl, ws, flush, etc. Manipulators with
arguments are setw(val), setfill(c), setbase(val), setiosflags(flag). Some other manipulators
are showpos, fixed, scientific, hex, dec, oct, etc.

15) What are the rules for creating a constructor?

o It cannot have a return type.

o It must have the same name as the Class name.

o It cannot be marked as static.

o It cannot be marked as abstract.

o It cannot be overridden.

o It cannot be final.

16) What are the differences between the constructor and the method in Java?
Constructor Method

Constructor has the same name as the class name. The method name and class name are not the same.

It is a special type of method that is used to initialize an It is a set of instructions that can be invoked at any point
object of its class. a program.

It creates an instance of a class. It is used to execute Java code.

It is invoked implicitly when we create an object of the

It gets executed when we explicitly called it.
class.

It cannot be inherited by the subclass. It can be inherited by the subclass.

It does not have any return type. It must have a return type.

It cannot be overridden in Java. It can be overridden in Java.

It cannot be declared as static. It can be declared as static.

Java compiler automatically provides a default constructor. Java compiler does not provide any method by default.

17) How does procedural programming be different from OOP differ?

Procedural Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming

It is based on functions. It is based on real-world objects.

It follows a top-down approach. It follows a bottom-up approach.

It is less secure because there is no proper way to hide

It provides more security.
data.

Data is visible to the whole program. It encapsulates the data.

Reuse of code is not allowed. The code can be reused.

Modification and extension of code are not easy. We can easily modify and extend code.

Examples of POP are C, VB, FORTRAN, Pascal, etc. Examples of OOPs are C++, Java, C#, .NET, etc.

18) What are the differences between error and exception?

Basis of Comparison Exception Error

Exception can be recovered by using the try-

Recoverable/ Irrecoverable An error cannot be recovered.
catch block.

It can be classified into two categories i.e.

Type All errors in Java are unchecked.
checked and unchecked.

Occurrence It occurs at compile time or run time. It occurs at run time.

Package It belongs to java.lang.Exception package. It belongs to java.lang.Error packa

Only checked exceptions are known to the Errors will not be known to the
Known or unknown
compiler. compiler.

It is mostly caused by the

Causes It is mainly caused by the application itself. environment in which the
application is running.

Checked Exceptions: SQLException,

IOException
Java.lang.StackOverFlow,
Example Unchecked
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError
Exceptions: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException,
NullPointerException, ArithmaticException

19) What are the characteristics of an abstract class?

An abstract class is a class that is declared as abstract. It cannot be instantiated and is always used as
a base class. The characteristics of an abstract class are as follows:
 o Instantiation of an abstract class is not allowed. It must be inherited.

o An abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract methods.

o An abstract class must have at least one abstract method.

o You must declare at least one abstract method in the abstract class.

o It is always public.

o It is declared using the abstract

The purpose of an abstract class is to provide a common definition of the base class that multiple
derived classes can share.

20) Is it possible for a class to inherit the constructor of its base class?

No, a class cannot inherit the constructor of its base class.

21) Identify which OOPs concept should be used in the following scenario?

A group of 5 friends, one boy never gives any contribution when the group goes for the outing.
Suddenly a beautiful girl joins the same group. The boy who never contributes is now spending a
lot of money for the group.

Runtime Polymorphism

22) What is composition?

Composition is one of the vital concepts in OOP. It describes a class that references one or more
objects of other classes in instance variables. It allows us to model a has-a association between
objects. We can find such relationships in the real world. For example, a car has an engine. the
following figure depicts the same
The main benefits of composition are:

o Reuse existing code

o Design clean APIs

o Change the implementation of a class used in a composition without adapting any external
clients.

23) What are the differences between copy constructor and assignment operator?

The copy constructor and the assignment operator (=) both are used to initialize one object using
another object. The main difference between the two is that the copy constructor allocates separate
memory to both objects i.e. existing object and newly created object while the assignment operator
does not allocate new memory for the newly created object. It uses the reference variable that
points to the previous memory block (where an old object is located).

Syntax of Copy Constructor

1. class_name (const class_name &obj)

2. {

3. //body

4. }

Syntax of Assignment Operator

1. class_name obj1, obj2;

2. obj1=obj2;
Copy Constructor Assignment Operator

It is an overloaded constructor. It is an operator.

It assigns the value of one object to another object both

It creates a new object as a copy of an existing object.
which already exist.

The copy constructor is used when a new object is created It is used when we want to assign an existing object to a
with some existing object. new object.

Both objects share the same memory but use the two
Both the objects use separate memory locations. different reference variables that point to the same
location.

If no copy constructor is defined in the class, the compiler If the assignment operator is not overloaded then the
provides one. bitwise copy will be made.

24) What is the difference between Composition and Inheritance?

Inheritance means an object inheriting reusable properties of the base class. Compositions mean
that an object holds other objects. In Inheritance, there is only one object in memory (derived
object) whereas, in Composition, the parent object holds references of all composed objects. From a
design perspective, inheritance is "is a" relationship among objects whereas Composition is "has a"
relationship among objects.
25) What is constructor chaining?

In OOPs, constructor chaining is a sequence of invoking constructors (of the same class) upon
initializing an object. It is used when we want to invoke a number of constructors, one after another
by using only an instance. In other words, if a class has more than one constructor (overloaded) and
one of them tries to invoke another constructor, this process is known as constructor chaining.
In C++, it is known as constructor delegation and it is present from C++ 11.
26) What are the limitations of inheritance?

o The main disadvantage of using inheritance is two classes get tightly coupled. That means
one cannot be used independently of the other. If a method or aggregate is deleted in the
Super Class, we have to refactor using that method in SubClass.

o Inherited functions work slower compared to normal functions.

o Need careful implementation otherwise leads to improper solutions.

27) What are the differences between Inheritance and Polymorphism?

Inheritance Polymorphism

Inheritance is one in which a derived class inherits the

Polymorphism is one that you can define in different for
already existing class's features.

It refers to using the structure and behavior of a superclass It refers to changing the behavior of a superclass in the
in a subclass. subclass.
 In order to achieve polymorphism, inherence is not
It is required in order to achieve polymorphism.
required.

It is applied to classes. It is applied to functions and methods.

It can be single, hybrid, multiple, hierarchical, multipath, There are two types of polymorphism compile time and
and multilevel inheritance. run time.

It allows the object to decide which form of the function

It supports code reusability and reduces lines of code. be invoked at run-time (overriding) and compile-time
(overloading).

28) What is Coupling in OOP and why it is helpful?

In programming, separation of concerns is known as coupling. It means that an object cannot

directly change or modify the state or behavior of other objects. It defines how closely two objects
are connected together. There are two types of coupling, loose coupling, and tight coupling.

Objects that are independent of one another and do not directly modify the state of other objects is
called loosely coupled. Loose coupling makes the code more flexible, changeable, and easier to work
with.

Objects that depend on other objects and can modify the states of other objects are called tightly
coupled. It creates conditions where modifying the code of one object also requires changing the
code of other objects. The reuse of code is difficult in tight coupling because we cannot separate the
code.

Since using loose coupling is always a good habit.

29) Name the operators that cannot be overload.

1. Scope Resolution Operator (::)

2. Ternary Operator (? :)

3. Member Access or Dot Operator (.)

4. Pointer to Member Operator (.*)

5. sizeof operator

30) What is the difference between new and override?

The new modifier instructs the compiler to use the new implementation instead of the base class
function. Whereas, Override modifier helps to override the base class function.

virtual: indicates that a method may be overridden by an inheritor

override: Overrides the functionality of a virtual method in a base class, providing different
functionality.

new: Hides the original method (which doesn't have to be virtual), providing different functionality.
This should only be used where it is absolutely necessary.

When you hide a method, you can still access the original method by upcasting to the base class. This
is useful in some scenarios, but dangerous.

31) Explain overloading and overriding with example?

Overloading

Overloading is a concept in OOP when two or more methods in a class with the same name but the
method signature is different. It is also known as compile-time polymorphism. For example, in the
following code snippet, the method add() is an overloaded method.

1. public class Sum

2. {

3. int a, b, c;

4. public int add();

5. {

6. c=a+b;

7. return c;

8. }

9. add(int a, int b);

10. {

11. //logic

12. }

13. add(int a, int b, int c);

14. {

15. //logic
 16. }

17. add(double a, double b, double c);

18. {

19. //logic

20. }

21. //statements

22. }

Overriding

If a method with the same method signature is presented in both child and parent class is known as
method overriding. The methods must have the same number of parameters and the same type of
parameter. It overrides the value of the parent class method. It is also known as runtime
polymorphism. For example, consider the following program.

1. class Dog

2. {

3. public void bark()

 4. {

5. System.out.println("woof ");

6. }

7. }

8. class Hound extends Dog

9. {

10. public void sniff()

11. {

12. System.out.println("sniff ");

13. }

14. //overrides the method bark() of the Dog class

15. public void bark()

16. {

17. System.out.println("bowl");

18. }

19. }

20. public class OverridingExample

21. {

22. public static void main(String args[])

23. {

24. Dog dog = new Hound();

25. //invokes the bark() method of the Hound class

26. dog.bark();

27. }

28. }

32) What is Cohesion in OOP?

In OOP, cohesion refers to the degree to which the elements inside a module belong together. It
measures the strength of the relationship between the module and data. In short, cohesion
represents the clarity of the responsibilities of a module. It is often contrasted with coupling.

It focuses on a how single module or class is intended. Higher the cohesiveness of the module or
class, better is the object-oriented design.

There are two types of cohesion, i.e. High and Low.

o High cohesion is associated with several required qualities of software including robustness,
reliability, and understandability.

o Low cohesion is associated with unwanted qualities such as being difficult to maintain, test,
reuse, or even understand.

High cohesion often associates with loose coupling and vice versa.

33) Give a real-world example of polymorphism?

The general meaning of Polymorphism is one that has different forms. The best real-world example
of polymorphism is a person that plays different roles at different palaces or situations.

o At home a person can play the role of father, husband, and son.

o At the office the same person plays the role of boss or employee.
 o In public transport, he plays the role of passenger.

o In the hospital, he can play the role of doctor or patient.

o At the shop, he plays the role of customer.

Hence, the same person possesses different behavior in different situations. It is called
polymorphism.

34) What is the difference between a base class and a superclass?

The base class is the root class- the most generalized class. At the same time, the superclass is the
immediate parent class from which the other class inherits.

35) What is data abstraction and how can we achieve data abstraction?

It is one of the most important features of OOP. It allows us to show only essential data or
information to the user and hides the implementation details from the user. A real-world example of
abstraction is driving a car. When we drive a car, we do not need to know how the engine works
(implementation) we only know how ECG works.

There are two ways to achieve data abstraction

o Abstract class

o Abstract method

36) What are the levels of data abstraction?

There are three levels of data abstraction:

 o Physical Level: It is the lowest level of data abstraction. It shows how the data is actually
stored in memory.

o Logical Level: It includes the information that is actually stored in the database in the form of
tables. It also stores the relationship among the data entities in relatively simple structures.
At this level, the information available to the user at the view level is unknown.

o View Level: It is the highest level of data abstraction. The actual database is visible to the
user. It exists to ease the availability of the database by an individual user.

37) What are the types of variables in OOP?

There are three types of variables:

Instance Variable: It is an object-level variable. It should be declared inside a class but must be
outside a method, block, and constructor. It is created when an object is created by using the new
keyword. It can be accessed directly by calling the variable name inside the class.

Static Variable: It is a class-level variable. It is declared with keyword static inside a class but must be
outside of the method, block, and constructor. It stores in static memory. Its visibility is the same as
the instance variable. The default value of a static variable is the same as the instance variable. It can
be accessed by calling the class_name.variable_name.

Local Variable: It is a method-level variable. It can be declared in method, constructor, or block. Note
that the use of an access modifier is not allowed with local variables. It is visible only to the method,
block, and constructor in which it is declared. Internally, it is implemented at the stack level. It must
be declared and initialized before use.

Another type of variable is used in object-oriented programming is the reference variable.

Reference Variable: It is a variable that points to an object of the class. It points to the location of the
object that is stored in the memory.

38) Is it possible to overload a constructor?

Yes, the constructors can be overloaded by changing the number of arguments accepted by the
constructor or by changing the data type of the parameters. For example:

1. public class Demo

2. {
 3. Demo()

4. {

5. //logic

6. }

7. Demo(String str) //overloaded constructor

8. {

9. //logic

10. }

11. Demo(double d) //overloaded constructor

12. {

13. //logic

14. }

15. //statements

16. }

39) Can we overload the main() method in Java also give an example?

Yes, we can also overload the main() method in Java. Any number of main() methods can be defined
in the class, but the method signature must be different. Consider the following code.

1. class OverloadMain

2. {

3. public static void main(int a) //overloaded main method

4. {

5. System.out.println(a);

6. }

7. public static void main(String args[])

8. {

9. System.out.println("main method invoked");

10. main(6);
 11. }

12. }

40) Consider the following scenario:

If a class Demo has a static block and a main() method. A print statement is presented in both. The
question is which one will first execute, static block or the main() method, and why?

JVM first executes the static block on a priority basis. It means JVM first goes to static block even
before it looks for the main() method in the program. After that main() method will be executed.

1. class Demo

2. {

3. static //static block

4. {

5. System.out.println("Static block");

6. }

7. public static void main(String args[]) //static method

8. {

9. System.out.println("Static method");

10. }

11. }